{"id":445,"date":"2019-03-19T19:49:09","date_gmt":"2019-03-19T19:49:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-communicationforprofessionals\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=445"},"modified":"2019-07-29T18:28:56","modified_gmt":"2019-07-29T18:28:56","slug":"communication-process-overview","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-communicationforprofessionals\/chapter\/communication-process-overview\/","title":{"raw":"Communication Models","rendered":"Communication Models"},"content":{"raw":"How does communication occur?\u00a0 A brief look at the evolution of models that visualize the communication process shows how our thinking about communication has developed:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>from communication as a linear process with a sender sending a message to a receiver (Transmission Model),<\/li>\r\n \t<li>to communication as a two-way process with information and feedback going back and forth between sender and receiver and understood through the lens of each participant's context (Interactive Model),<\/li>\r\n \t<li>to communication as an almost instantaneous process with participants creating and negotiating meaning simultaneously (Transaction Model).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Linear\/Transmission Model of Communication<\/h2>\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/kSq5lw1qDUk\r\n\r\nThe linear or transmission model of communication describes communication as a one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver (Ellis &amp; McClintock, 1990). This model focuses on the sender and message within a communication encounter. Although the receiver is included in the model, this role is viewed as more of a target or end point rather than part of an ongoing process. We are left to presume that the receiver either successfully receives and understands the message or does not. The scholars who designed this model were influenced by the advent and spread of new communication technologies of the time such as telegraphy and radio, and you can probably see these technical influences within the model (Shannon &amp; Weaver, 1949).<sup>[1]<\/sup> Think of how a radio message is sent from a person in the radio studio to you listening in your car. The sender is the radio announcer who encodes a verbal message that is transmitted by a radio tower through electromagnetic waves (the channel) and eventually reaches your (the receiver\u2019s) ears via an antenna and speakers in order to be decoded. The radio announcer doesn\u2019t really know if you receive their message or not, but if the equipment is working and the channel is free of static, then there is a good chance that the message was successfully received.\r\n<div id=\"jones_1.0-ch01_s02_s01_f01\">\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/mashmantest\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/486\/2018\/05\/7ca391217888c4249c92e580b1552e5f.jpg\" alt=\"The sender sends a message to the receiver in a one-way format\" width=\"500\" height=\"457\" \/>\r\n\r\nAlthough the transmission model may seem simple or even underdeveloped to us today, the creation of this model allowed scholars to examine the communication process in new ways, which eventually led to more complex models and theories of communication.\r\n<h2>Interactive Model of Communication<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/Ml5tieIioLc?t=112\r\n\r\nThe interactive or interaction model of communication describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts (Schramm, 1997). Rather than illustrating communication as a linear, one-way process, the interactive model incorporates feedback, which makes communication a more interactive, two-way process. Feedback includes messages sent in response to other messages. For example, a workplace trainer may respond to a point you raise during a discussion. The inclusion of a feedback loop also leads to a more complex understanding of the roles of participants in a communication encounter. Rather than having one sender, one message, and one receiver, this model has two sender-receivers who exchange messages. Each participant alternates roles as sender and receiver in order to keep a communication encounter going. Although this seems like a perceptible and deliberate process, we alternate between the roles of sender and receiver very quickly and often without conscious thought.\r\n\r\nThe interactive model is also less message focused and more interaction focused. While the linear model focused on how a message was transmitted and whether or not it was received, the interactive model is more concerned with the communication process itself. In fact, this model acknowledges that there are so many messages being sent at one time that many of them may not even be received. Some messages are also unintentionally sent. Therefore, communication isn\u2019t judged effective or ineffective in this model based on whether or not a single message was successfully transmitted and received.\r\n<div id=\"jones_1.0-ch01_s02_s02_f01\">\r\n\r\n<a><img class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/mashmantest\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/486\/2018\/05\/d36f6f82eecf21ec7a2716ca4a27670a.jpg\" alt=\"The sender and receiver alternate roles and feedback and context are included in this model.\" width=\"500\" height=\"624\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\nThe interactive model takes physical and psychological context into account. Physical context includes the environmental factors in a communication encounter. For example, the size, layout, temperature, and lighting of a space may influence in-person communication, just as the layout and interface of a digital tool may influence digital communication. Whether it\u2019s the size of the room or other environmental factors, it\u2019s important to consider the role that physical context plays in our communication. Psychological context includes the mental and emotional factors in a communication encounter. Stress, anxiety, and emotions are just some examples of psychological influences that can affect our communication. Seemingly positive psychological states, like experiencing the emotion of love, can also affect communication. Feedback and context help make the interaction model a more useful illustration of the communication process.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"mclean-ch01_s02_s03_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Researchers have examined the idea that we all construct our own interpretations of the message. As a common saying goes, \"What I said and what you heard may be different.\"\u00a0 The interactive model of communication, from a <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">constructivist<\/a><\/span> viewpoint, focuses on negotiated meaning or common ground reached through participants' dual roles as sender and receiver (Pearce &amp; Cronen, 1980).<sup>[4]<\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"mclean-ch01_s02_s03_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Imagine that you are visiting Atlanta, Georgia, and you go to a restaurant for dinner. When asked if you want a \u201cCoke,\u201d you may reply, \u201csure.\u201d The waiter may then ask you again, \u201cwhat kind?\u201d and you may reply, \u201cCoke is fine.\u201d The waiter then may ask a third time, \u201cwhat kind of soft drink would you like?\u201d The misunderstanding in this example is that in Atlanta, the home of the Coca-Cola Company, most soft drinks are generically referred to as \u201cCoke.\u201d When you order a soft drink, you need to specify what type, even if you wish to order a beverage that is not a cola or not even made by the Coca-Cola Company. To someone from other regions of the United States, the words \u201cpop,\u201d \u201csoda pop,\u201d or \u201csoda\u201d may be the familiar way to refer to a soft drink; not necessarily the brand \u201cCoke.\u201d In this example, both you and the waiter understand the word \u201cCoke,\u201d but you each understand it to mean something different. In order to communicate, you must each realize what the term means to the other person, and establish common ground, in order to fully understand the request and provide an answer.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/app\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2015\/08\/e18dc3e43bf86801e44729d6497ca5c1.jpg\"><img class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/app\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2015\/08\/e18dc3e43bf86801e44729d6497ca5c1.jpg\" alt=\"Constructivist Model of Communication showing two receiver\/sources connected by &quot;negotiated meaning&quot;\" width=\"265\" height=\"264\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Transaction Model of Communication<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/yxyuPO451ZU?t=133\r\n<div id=\"jones_1.0-ch01_s02_s01_f01\">\r\n<div id=\"jones_1.0-ch01_s02_s02_f01\">\r\n\r\nAs the study of communication progressed, models expanded to account for more of the communication process. Many scholars view communication as more than a process that is used to carry on conversations and convey meaning. We don\u2019t send messages like computers, and we don\u2019t neatly alternate between the roles of sender and receiver as an interaction unfolds. We also can\u2019t consciously decide to stop communicating because communication is more than sending and receiving messages. The transaction model differs from the transmission and interaction models in significant ways, including the conceptualization of communication, the role of sender and receiver, and the role of context (Barnlund, 1970).\r\n\r\nThe transaction model of communication describes communication as a process in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts. In this model, we don\u2019t just communicate to exchange messages; we communicate to create relationships, form intercultural alliances, shape our self-concepts, and engage with others in dialogue to create communities. The transaction model thus views communication as a powerful tool that shapes our realities beyond individual communication encounters.\r\n\r\nThe roles of sender and receiver in the transaction model of communication differ significantly from the other models. Instead of labeling participants as senders and receivers, the people in a communication encounter are referred to as communicators. Unlike the interactive model, which suggests that participants alternate positions as sender and receiver, the transaction model suggests that we are simultaneously senders and receivers. This is an important addition to the model because it allows us to understand how we are able to adapt our communication\u2014for example, a verbal message\u2014in the middle of sending it based on the communication we are simultaneously receiving from our communication partner.\r\n<div id=\"jones_1.0-ch01_s02_s03_f01\">\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/mashmantest\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/486\/2018\/05\/ee0e813e88fc1b3686c61e78f804c799.jpg\" alt=\"The senders and receivers are labelled as communicators who are co-creating meaning simultaneously within a broader relational, social, physical\/psychological, and cultural context\" width=\"500\" height=\"284\" \/>\r\n\r\nThe transaction model also includes a more complex understanding of context. The interaction model portrays context as physical and psychological influences that enhance or impede communication. While these contexts are important, they focus on message transmission and reception. Since the transaction model of communication views communication as a force that shapes our realities before and after specific interactions occur, it must account for contextual influences outside of a single interaction. To do this, the transaction model considers how social, relational, and cultural contexts frame and influence our communication encounters.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\r\nImagine you are in Lebanon, a high context culture.\u00a0 When you are introduced to the professionals with whom you are meeting, everyone is standing outside of a meeting room.\u00a0 Another professional arrives late, after the meeting has started and everyone is seated around a conference table.\u00a0 You sense a hesitation in his words and body language as you are introduced.\u00a0 You remember seeing that a Lebanese colleague with whom you have worked in the past always stood when greeting someone; you stand up to introduce yourself, and see a change in demeanor in the late arrival.\u00a0 You realize, through this non-verbal transaction, that standing up to first meet a person is a sign of respect that is important in this particular culture.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nKnowing about the evolution and different models that describe communication processes should help you as a professional communicator, to develop fuller insight into what happens during a communication and how others may react to and process information.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<sup>[1]<\/sup> Shannon, C. and Weaver, W. (1949).\u00a0<em>The mathematical theory of communication<\/em>.\u00a0Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.\r\n\r\n<sup>[2]<\/sup> Schramm, W. (1997).\u00a0<em>The beginnings of communication study in America<\/em>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n\r\n<sup>[3]<\/sup> Barnlund, D. C. (1970). A transactional model of communication\u00a0in\u00a0 K.K. Sereno and C.D. Mortenson (Eds.),\u00a0<em>Foundations of communication theory<\/em>\u00a0(pp. 83-92). New York, NY: Harper and Row.\r\n\r\n<sup>[4] <\/sup>Pearce, W. B., &amp; Cronen, V. (1980).\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">Communication, action, and meaning: The creating of social realities<\/em>. New York, NY: Praeger.","rendered":"<p>How does communication occur?\u00a0 A brief look at the evolution of models that visualize the communication process shows how our thinking about communication has developed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>from communication as a linear process with a sender sending a message to a receiver (Transmission Model),<\/li>\n<li>to communication as a two-way process with information and feedback going back and forth between sender and receiver and understood through the lens of each participant&#8217;s context (Interactive Model),<\/li>\n<li>to communication as an almost instantaneous process with participants creating and negotiating meaning simultaneously (Transaction Model).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Linear\/Transmission Model of Communication<\/h2>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Transmission Model of Communication\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/kSq5lw1qDUk?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>The linear or transmission model of communication describes communication as a one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver (Ellis &amp; McClintock, 1990). This model focuses on the sender and message within a communication encounter. Although the receiver is included in the model, this role is viewed as more of a target or end point rather than part of an ongoing process. We are left to presume that the receiver either successfully receives and understands the message or does not. The scholars who designed this model were influenced by the advent and spread of new communication technologies of the time such as telegraphy and radio, and you can probably see these technical influences within the model (Shannon &amp; Weaver, 1949).<sup>[1]<\/sup> Think of how a radio message is sent from a person in the radio studio to you listening in your car. The sender is the radio announcer who encodes a verbal message that is transmitted by a radio tower through electromagnetic waves (the channel) and eventually reaches your (the receiver\u2019s) ears via an antenna and speakers in order to be decoded. The radio announcer doesn\u2019t really know if you receive their message or not, but if the equipment is working and the channel is free of static, then there is a good chance that the message was successfully received.<\/p>\n<div id=\"jones_1.0-ch01_s02_s01_f01\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/mashmantest\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/486\/2018\/05\/7ca391217888c4249c92e580b1552e5f.jpg\" alt=\"The sender sends a message to the receiver in a one-way format\" width=\"500\" height=\"457\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Although the transmission model may seem simple or even underdeveloped to us today, the creation of this model allowed scholars to examine the communication process in new ways, which eventually led to more complex models and theories of communication.<\/p>\n<h2>Interactive Model of Communication<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Interactive Model of Communication\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Ml5tieIioLc?start=112&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>The interactive or interaction model of communication describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts (Schramm, 1997). Rather than illustrating communication as a linear, one-way process, the interactive model incorporates feedback, which makes communication a more interactive, two-way process. Feedback includes messages sent in response to other messages. For example, a workplace trainer may respond to a point you raise during a discussion. The inclusion of a feedback loop also leads to a more complex understanding of the roles of participants in a communication encounter. Rather than having one sender, one message, and one receiver, this model has two sender-receivers who exchange messages. Each participant alternates roles as sender and receiver in order to keep a communication encounter going. Although this seems like a perceptible and deliberate process, we alternate between the roles of sender and receiver very quickly and often without conscious thought.<\/p>\n<p>The interactive model is also less message focused and more interaction focused. While the linear model focused on how a message was transmitted and whether or not it was received, the interactive model is more concerned with the communication process itself. In fact, this model acknowledges that there are so many messages being sent at one time that many of them may not even be received. Some messages are also unintentionally sent. Therefore, communication isn\u2019t judged effective or ineffective in this model based on whether or not a single message was successfully transmitted and received.<\/p>\n<div id=\"jones_1.0-ch01_s02_s02_f01\">\n<p><a><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/mashmantest\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/486\/2018\/05\/d36f6f82eecf21ec7a2716ca4a27670a.jpg\" alt=\"The sender and receiver alternate roles and feedback and context are included in this model.\" width=\"500\" height=\"624\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The interactive model takes physical and psychological context into account. Physical context includes the environmental factors in a communication encounter. For example, the size, layout, temperature, and lighting of a space may influence in-person communication, just as the layout and interface of a digital tool may influence digital communication. Whether it\u2019s the size of the room or other environmental factors, it\u2019s important to consider the role that physical context plays in our communication. Psychological context includes the mental and emotional factors in a communication encounter. Stress, anxiety, and emotions are just some examples of psychological influences that can affect our communication. Seemingly positive psychological states, like experiencing the emotion of love, can also affect communication. Feedback and context help make the interaction model a more useful illustration of the communication process.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<p id=\"mclean-ch01_s02_s03_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Researchers have examined the idea that we all construct our own interpretations of the message. As a common saying goes, &#8220;What I said and what you heard may be different.&#8221;\u00a0 The interactive model of communication, from a <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">constructivist<\/a><\/span> viewpoint, focuses on negotiated meaning or common ground reached through participants&#8217; dual roles as sender and receiver (Pearce &amp; Cronen, 1980).<sup>[4]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p id=\"mclean-ch01_s02_s03_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Imagine that you are visiting Atlanta, Georgia, and you go to a restaurant for dinner. When asked if you want a \u201cCoke,\u201d you may reply, \u201csure.\u201d The waiter may then ask you again, \u201cwhat kind?\u201d and you may reply, \u201cCoke is fine.\u201d The waiter then may ask a third time, \u201cwhat kind of soft drink would you like?\u201d The misunderstanding in this example is that in Atlanta, the home of the Coca-Cola Company, most soft drinks are generically referred to as \u201cCoke.\u201d When you order a soft drink, you need to specify what type, even if you wish to order a beverage that is not a cola or not even made by the Coca-Cola Company. To someone from other regions of the United States, the words \u201cpop,\u201d \u201csoda pop,\u201d or \u201csoda\u201d may be the familiar way to refer to a soft drink; not necessarily the brand \u201cCoke.\u201d In this example, both you and the waiter understand the word \u201cCoke,\u201d but you each understand it to mean something different. In order to communicate, you must each realize what the term means to the other person, and establish common ground, in order to fully understand the request and provide an answer.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/app\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2015\/08\/e18dc3e43bf86801e44729d6497ca5c1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/app\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2015\/08\/e18dc3e43bf86801e44729d6497ca5c1.jpg\" alt=\"Constructivist Model of Communication showing two receiver\/sources connected by &quot;negotiated meaning&quot;\" width=\"265\" height=\"264\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Transaction Model of Communication<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"Transaction Model of Communication\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yxyuPO451ZU?start=133&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div id=\"jones_1.0-ch01_s02_s01_f01\">\n<div id=\"jones_1.0-ch01_s02_s02_f01\">\n<p>As the study of communication progressed, models expanded to account for more of the communication process. Many scholars view communication as more than a process that is used to carry on conversations and convey meaning. We don\u2019t send messages like computers, and we don\u2019t neatly alternate between the roles of sender and receiver as an interaction unfolds. We also can\u2019t consciously decide to stop communicating because communication is more than sending and receiving messages. The transaction model differs from the transmission and interaction models in significant ways, including the conceptualization of communication, the role of sender and receiver, and the role of context (Barnlund, 1970).<\/p>\n<p>The transaction model of communication describes communication as a process in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts. In this model, we don\u2019t just communicate to exchange messages; we communicate to create relationships, form intercultural alliances, shape our self-concepts, and engage with others in dialogue to create communities. The transaction model thus views communication as a powerful tool that shapes our realities beyond individual communication encounters.<\/p>\n<p>The roles of sender and receiver in the transaction model of communication differ significantly from the other models. Instead of labeling participants as senders and receivers, the people in a communication encounter are referred to as communicators. Unlike the interactive model, which suggests that participants alternate positions as sender and receiver, the transaction model suggests that we are simultaneously senders and receivers. This is an important addition to the model because it allows us to understand how we are able to adapt our communication\u2014for example, a verbal message\u2014in the middle of sending it based on the communication we are simultaneously receiving from our communication partner.<\/p>\n<div id=\"jones_1.0-ch01_s02_s03_f01\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/mashmantest\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/486\/2018\/05\/ee0e813e88fc1b3686c61e78f804c799.jpg\" alt=\"The senders and receivers are labelled as communicators who are co-creating meaning simultaneously within a broader relational, social, physical\/psychological, and cultural context\" width=\"500\" height=\"284\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The transaction model also includes a more complex understanding of context. The interaction model portrays context as physical and psychological influences that enhance or impede communication. While these contexts are important, they focus on message transmission and reception. Since the transaction model of communication views communication as a force that shapes our realities before and after specific interactions occur, it must account for contextual influences outside of a single interaction. To do this, the transaction model considers how social, relational, and cultural contexts frame and influence our communication encounters.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<p>Imagine you are in Lebanon, a high context culture.\u00a0 When you are introduced to the professionals with whom you are meeting, everyone is standing outside of a meeting room.\u00a0 Another professional arrives late, after the meeting has started and everyone is seated around a conference table.\u00a0 You sense a hesitation in his words and body language as you are introduced.\u00a0 You remember seeing that a Lebanese colleague with whom you have worked in the past always stood when greeting someone; you stand up to introduce yourself, and see a change in demeanor in the late arrival.\u00a0 You realize, through this non-verbal transaction, that standing up to first meet a person is a sign of respect that is important in this particular culture.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Knowing about the evolution and different models that describe communication processes should help you as a professional communicator, to develop fuller insight into what happens during a communication and how others may react to and process information.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup>[1]<\/sup> Shannon, C. and Weaver, W. (1949).\u00a0<em>The mathematical theory of communication<\/em>.\u00a0Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.<\/p>\n<p><sup>[2]<\/sup> Schramm, W. (1997).\u00a0<em>The beginnings of communication study in America<\/em>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.<\/p>\n<p><sup>[3]<\/sup> Barnlund, D. C. (1970). A transactional model of communication\u00a0in\u00a0 K.K. Sereno and C.D. Mortenson (Eds.),\u00a0<em>Foundations of communication theory<\/em>\u00a0(pp. 83-92). New York, NY: Harper and Row.<\/p>\n<p><sup>[4] <\/sup>Pearce, W. B., &amp; Cronen, V. (1980).\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">Communication, action, and meaning: The creating of social realities<\/em>. New York, NY: Praeger.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-445\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>video Transmission Model of Communication. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Alex Fish. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/kSq5lw1qDUk\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/kSq5lw1qDUk<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: YouTube video<\/li><li>video Interactive Model of Communication. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Alex Fish. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Ml5tieIioLc?t=112\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/Ml5tieIioLc?t=112<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: YouTube video<\/li><li>video Transaction Model of Communication. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Alex Fish. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/yxyuPO451ZU?t=133\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/yxyuPO451ZU?t=133<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: YouTube video<\/li><li>edits of page on Linear, Interactive, and Transactional models of communication from Introduction to Professional Communications, which uses material taken from Chapter 1.2 u201cThe communication processu201d in Communication in the real world: An introduction to communication studies. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Melissa Ashman. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/professionalcomms\/chapter\/2-2-the-communication-process-communication-in-the-real-world-an-introduction-to-communication-studies\/\">https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/professionalcomms\/chapter\/2-2-the-communication-process-communication-in-the-real-world-an-introduction-to-communication-studies\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Introduction to Professional Communications. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Example edited from Constructivist Model of Communication, chapter 1.2 What is Communication? 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