{"id":60,"date":"2016-05-16T19:57:22","date_gmt":"2016-05-16T19:57:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level3-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=60"},"modified":"2018-08-28T17:14:03","modified_gmt":"2018-08-28T17:14:03","slug":"1-4-supporting-claims-text","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-englishcomposition1-2\/chapter\/1-4-supporting-claims-text\/","title":{"raw":"Supporting Claims","rendered":"Supporting Claims"},"content":{"raw":"<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Writers are generally most successful with their audiences when they can skillfully and appropriately balance the\u00a0three core types of appeals\u00a0to support\u00a0their claim.\u00a0These types of appeals are traditionally referred to by their Greek names:\u00a0<strong>logos<\/strong> (the appeal to logic), <strong>pathos<\/strong> (the appeal to emotion), and <strong>ethos<\/strong> (the appeal to authority).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-230\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/05\/16193141\/Ethos-Pathos-Logos.jpg\" alt=\"Central circle reads &quot;Persuasion.&quot; Three circles connect out from it: 1-&quot;Ethos \/ trust \/ authority.&quot; 2 - &quot;Pathos \/ emotion \/ beliefs.&quot; 3 -&quot;Logos \/ logic \/ reasoning.&quot;\" width=\"520\" height=\"414\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"p2\">Logical Appeals<\/h4>\r\nAuthors using logic to support their claims\u00a0may include a combination of different types of evidence, which may\u00a0include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>established\u00a0facts<\/li>\r\n \t<li>case studies<\/li>\r\n \t<li>statistics<\/li>\r\n \t<li>experiments<\/li>\r\n \t<li>analogies and logical reasoning<\/li>\r\n \t<li>citation of recognized experts on the issue<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>Authoritative Appeals<\/h4>\r\nAuthors using authority to support their claims may\u00a0draw from a variety of techniques, which may\u00a0include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>personal anecdotes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>illustration of deep knowledge on the issue<\/li>\r\n \t<li>citation of recognized experts on the issue<\/li>\r\n \t<li>testimony of those involved first-hand on the issue<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>Emotional Appeals<\/h4>\r\nAuthors using emotion to support their claims\u00a0have a variety of options, which may\u00a0include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>personal anecdotes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>narratives<\/li>\r\n \t<li>impact studies<\/li>\r\n \t<li>testimony of those involved first-hand\u00a0with the issue<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAs you can see, there is some overlap on these lists. Different types of appeals may be used in a variety of ways.\r\n\r\nMost logical argument essays rely on some combination\u00a0these three types of supporting appeals, perhaps with one type as the primary method of support, as appropriate to the claim, but with enhancement from the other types of supporting appeals\u00a0at\u00a0the same time.\r\n<h4>Application of Concepts<\/h4>\r\nAs you develop support for your thesis\/claim, consider the type of claim and the type of support that will best convince your audience of your claim, with the understanding that you are still writing a logical argument (and not an argument based solely on emotional appeals).\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-2431 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3033\/2016\/05\/24182448\/CW-OER-Supporting-Claims-2-300x210.jpg\" alt=\"decorative image\" width=\"300\" height=\"210\" \/>\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n<strong>Claim of fact<\/strong> - Decreasing carbon dioxide emissions from car exhaust, manufacturing processes, fertilizers, and landfills, while slowing deforestation, may help slow the process of global warming.\r\n\r\nLogical support might include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Facts that show the linkage between increased carbon dioxide levels and warmer temperatures<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies done showing that fuel emission laws enacted in a certain location cut down on carbon dioxide levels<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Citation of recognized experts in the field<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Testimony of those involved first-hand with the issue<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Claim of value<\/strong> - Good nutrition should be taught in school rather than at home.\r\n\r\nLogical support might include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Statistics - studies done over time, showing that elementary school children who receive lessons on good nutrition maintain good eating habits into adulthood moreso than those do not receive formal lessons<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Personal narratives<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Citation of recognized experts in the field<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Testimony of those involved first-hand in the issue<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Claim of policy<\/strong> - Just as smoking ads have been banned in order to decrease viewers\u2019 urges to engage in unhealthy behavior, soda ads should be banned for the same reason.\r\n\r\nLogical support might include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Facts showing linkage of soda consumption to increased chance of various diseases<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Citation of recognized experts on the issue<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Case studies<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Statistics<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Narratives<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Another application of concepts<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Claim of Fact:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDecreasing carbon dioxide emissions from car exhaust, manufacturing processes, fertilizers, and landfills, while slowing deforestation, may help slow the process of global warming.\r\n\r\n<strong>Supporting appeal to logos:<\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\"The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.<a class=\"citation\" href=\"https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/evidence\/#footnote_5\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010. Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year \u2014 from January through September, with the exception of June \u2014 were the warmest on record for those respective months.\u00a0<a class=\"citation\" href=\"https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/evidence\/#footnote_6\"><sup>6\"\u00a0<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(from NASA's website at https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/evidence\/; there's also a very useful chart showing the increase in carbon dioxide levels\u00a0)<\/p>\r\n<strong>Supporting appeal to ethos:<\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">On the same NASA site, you can find an appeal to ethos, or authority.\u00a0 At https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/scientific-consensus\/, NASA provides a graph that shows the rise in temperature and states that the graph includes\u00a0\"Temperature data from four international science institutions. All show rapid warming in the past few decades and that the last decade has been the warmest on record. Data sources: NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NOAA National Climatic Data Center, Met Office Hadley Centre\/Climatic Research Unit and the Japanese Meteorological Agency.\"<\/p>\r\n<strong>Supporting appeal to pathos:<\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The following is a pathos-based appeal from the trailer for Al Gore\u2019s documentary\u00a0<em>An Inconvenient Truth\u00a0<\/em>meant to convince viewers that they should do something about global warming (and, of course, watch the movie):<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">The Arctic is experiencing faster melting. If this [Arctic ice] were to go, sea level worldwide would go up 20 feet. . . . Here\u2019s Manhattan. The World Trade Center Memorial would be underwater. Think of the impact of a couple hundred thousand refugees and then imagine 100 million.\u00a0 . . . We have to act together to solve this global crisis. Our ability to live is what is at stake. (Gore, 2007)<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Gore\u2019s statement about the World Trade Center Memorial clearly appeals to our emotions. After all, he could have chosen countless other landmarks in the country, but he chose the site commemorating the loss of several thousand innocent civilians from an act of terrorism. We might assume, then, that his primary goal is to instill a sense of grief, fear, and outrage.<\/p>\r\nAnalyze your claim (fact-value-policy) to determine the types of supporting appeals that will best prove that claim, keeping in mind that you may use appeals to logos, ethos, and pathos for any type of claim.\u00a0 The type of claim may\u00a0simply help you understand the type of supporting appeal you might emphasize in your essay.","rendered":"<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Writers are generally most successful with their audiences when they can skillfully and appropriately balance the\u00a0three core types of appeals\u00a0to support\u00a0their claim.\u00a0These types of appeals are traditionally referred to by their Greek names:\u00a0<strong>logos<\/strong> (the appeal to logic), <strong>pathos<\/strong> (the appeal to emotion), and <strong>ethos<\/strong> (the appeal to authority).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-230\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/05\/16193141\/Ethos-Pathos-Logos.jpg\" alt=\"Central circle reads &quot;Persuasion.&quot; Three circles connect out from it: 1-&quot;Ethos \/ trust \/ authority.&quot; 2 - &quot;Pathos \/ emotion \/ beliefs.&quot; 3 -&quot;Logos \/ logic \/ reasoning.&quot;\" width=\"520\" height=\"414\" \/><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"p2\">Logical Appeals<\/h4>\n<p>Authors using logic to support their claims\u00a0may include a combination of different types of evidence, which may\u00a0include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>established\u00a0facts<\/li>\n<li>case studies<\/li>\n<li>statistics<\/li>\n<li>experiments<\/li>\n<li>analogies and logical reasoning<\/li>\n<li>citation of recognized experts on the issue<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Authoritative Appeals<\/h4>\n<p>Authors using authority to support their claims may\u00a0draw from a variety of techniques, which may\u00a0include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>personal anecdotes<\/li>\n<li>illustration of deep knowledge on the issue<\/li>\n<li>citation of recognized experts on the issue<\/li>\n<li>testimony of those involved first-hand on the issue<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Emotional Appeals<\/h4>\n<p>Authors using emotion to support their claims\u00a0have a variety of options, which may\u00a0include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>personal anecdotes<\/li>\n<li>narratives<\/li>\n<li>impact studies<\/li>\n<li>testimony of those involved first-hand\u00a0with the issue<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As you can see, there is some overlap on these lists. Different types of appeals may be used in a variety of ways.<\/p>\n<p>Most logical argument essays rely on some combination\u00a0these three types of supporting appeals, perhaps with one type as the primary method of support, as appropriate to the claim, but with enhancement from the other types of supporting appeals\u00a0at\u00a0the same time.<\/p>\n<h4>Application of Concepts<\/h4>\n<p>As you develop support for your thesis\/claim, consider the type of claim and the type of support that will best convince your audience of your claim, with the understanding that you are still writing a logical argument (and not an argument based solely on emotional appeals).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2431 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3033\/2016\/05\/24182448\/CW-OER-Supporting-Claims-2-300x210.jpg\" alt=\"decorative image\" width=\"300\" height=\"210\" \/><\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Claim of fact<\/strong> &#8211; Decreasing carbon dioxide emissions from car exhaust, manufacturing processes, fertilizers, and landfills, while slowing deforestation, may help slow the process of global warming.<\/p>\n<p>Logical support might include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Facts that show the linkage between increased carbon dioxide levels and warmer temperatures<\/li>\n<li>Studies done showing that fuel emission laws enacted in a certain location cut down on carbon dioxide levels<\/li>\n<li>Citation of recognized experts in the field<\/li>\n<li>Testimony of those involved first-hand with the issue<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Claim of value<\/strong> &#8211; Good nutrition should be taught in school rather than at home.<\/p>\n<p>Logical support might include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Statistics &#8211; studies done over time, showing that elementary school children who receive lessons on good nutrition maintain good eating habits into adulthood moreso than those do not receive formal lessons<\/li>\n<li>Personal narratives<\/li>\n<li>Citation of recognized experts in the field<\/li>\n<li>Testimony of those involved first-hand in the issue<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Claim of policy<\/strong> &#8211; Just as smoking ads have been banned in order to decrease viewers\u2019 urges to engage in unhealthy behavior, soda ads should be banned for the same reason.<\/p>\n<p>Logical support might include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Facts showing linkage of soda consumption to increased chance of various diseases<\/li>\n<li>Citation of recognized experts on the issue<\/li>\n<li>Case studies<\/li>\n<li>Statistics<\/li>\n<li>Narratives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Another application of concepts<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Claim of Fact:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Decreasing carbon dioxide emissions from car exhaust, manufacturing processes, fertilizers, and landfills, while slowing deforestation, may help slow the process of global warming.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Supporting appeal to logos:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">&#8220;The planet&#8217;s average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.<a class=\"citation\" href=\"https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/evidence\/#footnote_5\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010. Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year \u2014 from January through September, with the exception of June \u2014 were the warmest on record for those respective months.\u00a0<a class=\"citation\" href=\"https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/evidence\/#footnote_6\"><sup>6&#8243;\u00a0<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(from NASA&#8217;s website at https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/evidence\/; there&#8217;s also a very useful chart showing the increase in carbon dioxide levels\u00a0)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Supporting appeal to ethos:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">On the same NASA site, you can find an appeal to ethos, or authority.\u00a0 At https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/scientific-consensus\/, NASA provides a graph that shows the rise in temperature and states that the graph includes\u00a0&#8220;Temperature data from four international science institutions. All show rapid warming in the past few decades and that the last decade has been the warmest on record. Data sources: NASA&#8217;s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NOAA National Climatic Data Center, Met Office Hadley Centre\/Climatic Research Unit and the Japanese Meteorological Agency.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Supporting appeal to pathos:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The following is a pathos-based appeal from the trailer for Al Gore\u2019s documentary\u00a0<em>An Inconvenient Truth\u00a0<\/em>meant to convince viewers that they should do something about global warming (and, of course, watch the movie):<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">The Arctic is experiencing faster melting. If this [Arctic ice] were to go, sea level worldwide would go up 20 feet. . . . Here\u2019s Manhattan. The World Trade Center Memorial would be underwater. Think of the impact of a couple hundred thousand refugees and then imagine 100 million.\u00a0 . . . We have to act together to solve this global crisis. Our ability to live is what is at stake. (Gore, 2007)<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Gore\u2019s statement about the World Trade Center Memorial clearly appeals to our emotions. After all, he could have chosen countless other landmarks in the country, but he chose the site commemorating the loss of several thousand innocent civilians from an act of terrorism. We might assume, then, that his primary goal is to instill a sense of grief, fear, and outrage.<\/p>\n<p>Analyze your claim (fact-value-policy) to determine the types of supporting appeals that will best prove that claim, keeping in mind that you may use appeals to logos, ethos, and pathos for any type of claim.\u00a0 The type of claim may\u00a0simply help you understand the type of supporting appeal you might emphasize in your essay.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Supporting Claims. Revision and adaptation of the page Supporting Claims at https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomposition1\/chapter\/1-4-supporting-claims-text\/ which is a revision and adaptation of the page CORE 101: Approaches to Written Argument . <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Susan Oaks. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Empire State College, SUNY OER Services. <strong>Project<\/strong>: College Writing. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Supporting Claims. Revision and adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomposition1\/chapter\/1-4-supporting-claims-text\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomposition1\/chapter\/1-4-supporting-claims-text\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: English Composition I. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>image of Persuasion (Logos, Ethos, Pathos). <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Mrs. Adcock. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/agi241classes.wikispaces.com\/Fifth+Grade\">https:\/\/agi241classes.wikispaces.com\/Fifth+Grade<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Computer Class AGI241. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>image of person at desk, holding a bubble making a statement. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: rawpixel. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/office-adult-computer-african-3370835\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/office-adult-computer-african-3370835\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>CORE 101: Approaches to Written Argument. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Radford University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/lcubbison.pressbooks.com\/chapter\/core-101-opposing-viewpoints\/\">https:\/\/lcubbison.pressbooks.com\/chapter\/core-101-opposing-viewpoints\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Radford University Core Handbook. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Supporting Claims. 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