{"id":620,"date":"2016-07-07T15:13:18","date_gmt":"2016-07-07T15:13:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level3-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=620"},"modified":"2018-08-28T17:09:50","modified_gmt":"2018-08-28T17:09:50","slug":"text-lower-order-concerns","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-englishcomposition1-2\/chapter\/text-lower-order-concerns\/","title":{"raw":"Revision Stage 3: Sentences, Words, Format","rendered":"Revision Stage 3: Sentences, Words, Format"},"content":{"raw":"<img class=\"alignleft wp-image-2676 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3033\/2018\/06\/01154114\/CW-OER-Student-Reading-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"decorative image\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/>The third and final stage of revision deals with sentence structure, grammar, word choice, spelling, and all aspects of language use and format. Although many beginning writers equate the concept of revision wholly with language use, know that revising for idea structure and development should be the final stage in revision,<em> after<\/em> you have reviewed and verified your thesis, topic sentences, and idea order and development.\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Revision stage 3 is often called\u00a0proofreading which, again,\u00a0should be the very last step in revising an essay.\u00a0 Once you move to the proofreading stage, it's time to consider\u00a0lower-order concerns related to sentence structure, punctuation, and language use (as opposed to the higher-order concerns in the first two stages which are more\u00a0global issues that affect how a reader understands the entire essay).\u00a0 Lower-order concerns are\u00a0issues that don\u2019t <i>necessarily<\/i> interrupt understanding of the writing by themselves.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><strong>Higher-Order Concerns<\/strong>\r\n\r\nRevision Stages 1 &amp; 2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><strong>Lower-Order Concerns<\/strong>\r\n\r\nRevision Stage 3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Audience<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Grammar<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Thesis Sentence<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Sentence Structure<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Topic Sentences<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Punctuation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Organization of Ideas<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Spelling<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Development of Ideas (&amp; citation as needed)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Citation Format<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Are Higher-Order Concerns\u00a0More Important than Lower-Order Concerns?<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">No, not necessarily. Higher-order concerns\u00a0tend to interrupt a reader\u2019s understanding of the writing, and that\u2019s why they need to be addressed first. However, if a lower-order concern\u00a0becomes a major obstacle, then it naturally becomes a higher priority.\u00a0 For example, consider an essay that uses semi-colons incorrectly, each and every time, where there should be commas.\u00a0 Consider how many times in writing you actually use commas (a lot!).\u00a0 Your reader may start to focus on the error more than the content of your ideas, in the way that a driver and her passengers start to count the potholes they hit on a stretch of road desperately in need of repair.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"s1\">The purpose of proofreading to find and correct lower-order concerns in order\u00a0to make the road smooth, so that your readers, like the driver, can concentrate on the content of the journey, and not the bumps in the road. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">To address lower-order concerns, c<\/span><span class=\"s1\">onsider individual sentences in terms of grammar, mechanics, and punctuation. Also consider conventions of citation format, if you have used sources. Ask<\/span> and answer the following questions:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Are the sentences grammatically correct?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is the sentence structure clear and varied?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is language used clearly, in a way appropriate to your reading audience?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is the punctuation correct?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is the documentation format correct, if the essay uses sources?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Many\u00a0language items\u00a0can be revised by isolating and examining different elements of\u00a0your written\u00a0text. Read the text sentence by sentence,\u00a0looking for grammatical and punctuation errors to correct and asking yourself if your sentence structure and word choice are as clear as possible. Remember, a sentence may be grammatically correct and still confuse readers.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>\u00a0<\/sup><\/span><span class=\"s1\">If you notice a pattern\u2014say, a tendency to misplace modifiers or\u00a0use unnecessary commas\u2014read the paper looking only for that error so that you can find and correct it throughout.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Also realize\u00a0that spell-checks, even though their useful,\u00a0do not always replace a close reading for errors. [The error in this sentence is intentional, to prove the point. Can you find it?] <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Revising for Format<\/h3>\r\nAlthough format is\u00a0the least important aspect of revising, it's still important that your essay be readable and use certain conventions, such as the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Use 10-12 point size, depending on the font.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Choose a simple, easy-to-read font (e.g., Calibri, Ariel, Times New Roman).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use 1-inch margins.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Check with your instructor about spacing and layout preferences.\u00a0 If you single-space, then left-justify all paragraphs and leave a space between paragraphs; if you double-space, then indent each paragraph 5 spaces.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Put your name and the date in the upper left-hand corner of the first page of the\u00a0essay.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Put your last name and page number in the upper right-hand corner of each page of the essay.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If you're writing a research essay, make sure to use correct citation format.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-2676 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3033\/2018\/06\/01154114\/CW-OER-Student-Reading-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"decorative image\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/>The third and final stage of revision deals with sentence structure, grammar, word choice, spelling, and all aspects of language use and format. Although many beginning writers equate the concept of revision wholly with language use, know that revising for idea structure and development should be the final stage in revision,<em> after<\/em> you have reviewed and verified your thesis, topic sentences, and idea order and development.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Revision stage 3 is often called\u00a0proofreading which, again,\u00a0should be the very last step in revising an essay.\u00a0 Once you move to the proofreading stage, it&#8217;s time to consider\u00a0lower-order concerns related to sentence structure, punctuation, and language use (as opposed to the higher-order concerns in the first two stages which are more\u00a0global issues that affect how a reader understands the entire essay).\u00a0 Lower-order concerns are\u00a0issues that don\u2019t <i>necessarily<\/i> interrupt understanding of the writing by themselves.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><strong>Higher-Order Concerns<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Revision Stages 1 &amp; 2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><strong>Lower-Order Concerns<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Revision Stage 3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Audience<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Grammar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Thesis Sentence<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Sentence Structure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Topic Sentences<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Punctuation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Organization of Ideas<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Spelling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Development of Ideas (&amp; citation as needed)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Citation Format<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Are Higher-Order Concerns\u00a0More Important than Lower-Order Concerns?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">No, not necessarily. Higher-order concerns\u00a0tend to interrupt a reader\u2019s understanding of the writing, and that\u2019s why they need to be addressed first. However, if a lower-order concern\u00a0becomes a major obstacle, then it naturally becomes a higher priority.\u00a0 For example, consider an essay that uses semi-colons incorrectly, each and every time, where there should be commas.\u00a0 Consider how many times in writing you actually use commas (a lot!).\u00a0 Your reader may start to focus on the error more than the content of your ideas, in the way that a driver and her passengers start to count the potholes they hit on a stretch of road desperately in need of repair.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"s1\">The purpose of proofreading to find and correct lower-order concerns in order\u00a0to make the road smooth, so that your readers, like the driver, can concentrate on the content of the journey, and not the bumps in the road. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">To address lower-order concerns, c<\/span><span class=\"s1\">onsider individual sentences in terms of grammar, mechanics, and punctuation. Also consider conventions of citation format, if you have used sources. Ask<\/span> and answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Are the sentences grammatically correct?<\/li>\n<li>Is the sentence structure clear and varied?<\/li>\n<li>Is language used clearly, in a way appropriate to your reading audience?<\/li>\n<li>Is the punctuation correct?<\/li>\n<li>Is the documentation format correct, if the essay uses sources?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Many\u00a0language items\u00a0can be revised by isolating and examining different elements of\u00a0your written\u00a0text. Read the text sentence by sentence,\u00a0looking for grammatical and punctuation errors to correct and asking yourself if your sentence structure and word choice are as clear as possible. Remember, a sentence may be grammatically correct and still confuse readers.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>\u00a0<\/sup><\/span><span class=\"s1\">If you notice a pattern\u2014say, a tendency to misplace modifiers or\u00a0use unnecessary commas\u2014read the paper looking only for that error so that you can find and correct it throughout.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Also realize\u00a0that spell-checks, even though their useful,\u00a0do not always replace a close reading for errors. [The error in this sentence is intentional, to prove the point. Can you find it?] <\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Revising for Format<\/h3>\n<p>Although format is\u00a0the least important aspect of revising, it&#8217;s still important that your essay be readable and use certain conventions, such as the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use 10-12 point size, depending on the font.<\/li>\n<li>Choose a simple, easy-to-read font (e.g., Calibri, Ariel, Times New Roman).<\/li>\n<li>Use 1-inch margins.<\/li>\n<li>Check with your instructor about spacing and layout preferences.\u00a0 If you single-space, then left-justify all paragraphs and leave a space between paragraphs; if you double-space, then indent each paragraph 5 spaces.<\/li>\n<li>Put your name and the date in the upper left-hand corner of the first page of the\u00a0essay.<\/li>\n<li>Put your last name and page number in the upper right-hand corner of each page of the essay.<\/li>\n<li>If you&#8217;re writing a research essay, make sure to use correct citation format.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-620\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision Stage 3: Sentences, Words, Format.  Revision and adpatation of the page Lower-Order Concerns at https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomposition1\/chapter\/text-lower-order-concerns\/ which is a revision and adaptation of the sources listed below. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Susan Oaks. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Empire State College, SUNY OER Services. <strong>Project<\/strong>: College Writing. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Lower-Order Concerns. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomposition1\/chapter\/text-lower-order-concerns\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomposition1\/chapter\/text-lower-order-concerns\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: English Composition I. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Revision Strategies. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Kristin Messuri. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/pulmonarychronicles.com\/ojs\/index.php?journal=pulmonarychronicles&#038;page=article&#038;op=view&#038;path%5B%5D=263&#038;path%5B%5D=662\">http:\/\/pulmonarychronicles.com\/ojs\/index.php?journal=pulmonarychronicles&#038;page=article&#038;op=view&#038;path%5B%5D=263&#038;path%5B%5D=662<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Pulmonary Chronicles. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Writing Center Theory and Pedagogy. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Missouri State University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/msuwritingcenter.wikispaces.com\/Writing+Center+Theory+and+Pedagogy\">https:\/\/msuwritingcenter.wikispaces.com\/Writing+Center+Theory+and+Pedagogy<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: MSU Writing Center Wiki. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>image of students in library, one of whom is reading a text carefully. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: ernestoeslava. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/students-education-school-young-2817247\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/students-education-school-young-2817247\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Lower-Order Concerns\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomposition1\/chapter\/text-lower-order-concerns\/\",\"project\":\"English Composition I\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Revision Strategies\",\"author\":\"Kristin Messuri\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/pulmonarychronicles.com\/ojs\/index.php?journal=pulmonarychronicles&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=263&path%5B%5D=662\",\"project\":\"Pulmonary Chronicles\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Writing Center Theory and Pedagogy\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Missouri State University\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/msuwritingcenter.wikispaces.com\/Writing+Center+Theory+and+Pedagogy\",\"project\":\"MSU Writing Center Wiki\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"image of students in library, one of whom is reading a text carefully\",\"author\":\"ernestoeslava\",\"organization\":\"Pixabay\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/students-education-school-young-2817247\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision Stage 3: Sentences, Words, Format.  Revision and adpatation of the page Lower-Order Concerns at https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomposition1\/chapter\/text-lower-order-concerns\/ which is a revision and adaptation of the sources listed below\",\"author\":\"Susan Oaks\",\"organization\":\"Empire State College, SUNY OER Services\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"College Writing\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"1179fb4a-d8e3-40fe-bf9a-1d837db342dc, e8622c55-b020-423a-88ed-e3d1b7e177ef","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-620","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2449,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-englishcomposition1-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/620","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-englishcomposition1-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-englishcomposition1-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-englishcomposition1-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-englishcomposition1-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/620\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3959,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-englishcomposition1-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/620\/revisions\/3959"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-englishcomposition1-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2449"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-englishcomposition1-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/620\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-englishcomposition1-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=620"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-englishcomposition1-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=620"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-englishcomposition1-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=620"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-englishcomposition1-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=620"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}