{"id":358,"date":"2020-03-17T17:18:28","date_gmt":"2020-03-17T17:18:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-introtocollegereadingandwriting\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=358"},"modified":"2020-06-20T15:28:56","modified_gmt":"2020-06-20T15:28:56","slug":"analyzing-the-main-idea","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-introtocollegereadingandwriting\/chapter\/analyzing-the-main-idea\/","title":{"raw":"Main Idea, Purpose, &amp; Audience","rendered":"Main Idea, Purpose, &amp; Audience"},"content":{"raw":"<div id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1586962225431_36\" class=\"no-overflow\">\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1194 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4969\/2020\/03\/21125017\/42-300x212.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\" \/>\r\n\r\nText evaluation and analysis usually start with the core elements of that text: main idea, purpose, and audience.\u00a0 An author needs to consider all three of these elements before writing, as they help determine the author's content and language.\u00a0 As a reader, it's important to ascertain these aspects of a text which exist as a foundation for the author's content and language.\r\n<h2>Main Idea<\/h2>\r\nAlways start with the main idea.\u00a0 Main ideas may be stated directly in the text or implied; you need to read a text carefully in order to determine the main idea. Put the main idea into your own words, so that it's expressed in a way that makes sense to you.\u00a0 Then ask and answer the following basic questions about that main idea:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Is the main idea reasonable\/believable to most readers?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is the main idea clear and if not, why do you think the author embedded it?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is the main idea the author's opinion, or is it something that the author asserts about an issue?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAsking and answering these questions should help you get a sense of the author's intention in the text, and lead into considering the author's purpose.\r\n<h2>Purpose<\/h2>\r\nMain idea and purpose are intricately linked. There are a few basic purposes for texts; figuring out the basic purpose leads to more nuanced text analysis based on its purpose. Basic purposes of a text include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>to inform - to describe, explain, or teach something to your audience<\/li>\r\n \t<li>to persuade\/argue - to get your audience to do something, to take a particular action, or to think in a certain way<\/li>\r\n \t<li>to entertain - to provide your audience with insight into a different reality, distraction, and\/or enjoyment<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe following video more fully explains these different purposes of a text, and adds a fourth, to share insights or feelings.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=z6H2NLPqWtI\r\n<h2>Main Idea &amp; Purpose Determine Analysis<\/h2>\r\nThe author's main idea and purpose in writing a text determine whether you need to analyze and evaluate the text.\u00a0 They also determine the pieces of the text you should analyze\u2014content or language or both.\r\n<h3>If the purpose is to persuade or argue<\/h3>\r\nYou <strong><em>always<\/em><\/strong> need to analyze the text to see if the main idea is justified.\u00a0 Do the supporting ideas relate to and develop the main idea? Is the supporting evidence taken from recognized, valid sources?\u00a0 Is the author arguing via language instead of evidence or facts?\u00a0 Persuasion and argument need to present logically valid information to make the reader agree intellectually (not emotionally) with the main idea.\r\n<h3>If the purpose is to inform<\/h3>\r\nYou <strong><em>usually<\/em><\/strong> need to analyze the text, since the text needs to present valid information in as objective a way as possible, in order to meet its purpose of explaining concepts so a reader understands.\r\n<h3>If the purpose is to entertain<\/h3>\r\nYou <strong><em>may or may not<\/em><\/strong> need to analyze the text. Writing that entertains does not necessarily have to be either logical or complete in order to accomplish its purpose. You may want to analyze the text for language, though, to see how the author manipulates language to accomplish their purpose.\r\n<h2>Audience<\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1143 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4969\/2020\/03\/16150414\/32-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/>\r\n\r\nWho are the author's intended readers?\u00a0 Figuring out this will help you understand an author's approach to providing the main idea with a particular purpose. Does the audience know little or nothing about the topic, or are they already knowledgeable?\u00a0 Is the audience's knowledge at beginner or expert level, somewhere in between, or mixed? Does the audience include people who may be skeptical of the author's ideas?\u00a0 Does the audience include people who outright oppose the author's ideas? As you can see, asking and answering questions about audience can help an author determine the type and amount of content to include in a text. As a reader, it's important to figure out the author's intended audience, to help you analyze the type, amount, and appropriateness of the text's information.\r\n\r\nThe following video presents the concept of audience from a writer's perspective, but the concepts are applicable to you as a reader who needs to consider audience as a foundation for evaluating a text.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4_ypxLRYsrE\r\n\r\nYou may also want to link to one of Purdue's Online Writing Lab's page on <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/general_writing\/academic_writing\/rhetorical_situation\/author_and_audience.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Author and Audience<\/a> to get a sense of the wide array of variables that can influence an author's purpose, and that an author may consider about an audience.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>try it<\/h3>\r\nRead the article \"<a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-introtocollegereadingandwriting\/chapter\/article-3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forget Shorter Showers<\/a>\" by Derrick Jensen.\r\n\r\nNote that most of the Try It exercises in this section of the text will be based on this article, so you should read carefully, annotate, take notes, and apply appropriate strategies for reading to understand a text.\r\n\r\nThen answer the following questions about the article's main idea, purpose, and audience.\r\n\r\n<strong>Which selection best represents the author's main idea?<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>We have it in our power and right to take action to stop the industrial economy over-using and wasting our natural resources.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>We are victims of a campaign of misdirection, being told and accepting that our personal use of natural resources is both the cause of scarcity and the solution to preservation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Because we have accepted our identities as consumers, we reduce our forms of political existence to consuming and not consuming.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Simple living is better for the planet than over-consumption.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"1\"] Main Idea\u00a0 [\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"1\"]\r\n\r\nSentence 1 is the best answer. Although sentences 2 and 3 extract main ideas from the text, they are key supporting points that help lead to the author's conclusion and main idea.\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Which selection best represents the author's purpose?<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>to inform readers about the actual use of resources by individuals vs. the industrial economy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>to persuade readers to consider taking action against an unjust situation that assigns blame to individuals instead of big business in regard to the depletion of natural resources<\/li>\r\n \t<li>to persuade readers to re-think their personal attempts to live more simply and more \"green\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>to entertain readers interested in nature with accusations against the industrial economy<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"2\"] Purpose\u00a0 [\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"2\"]\r\n\r\nSelection 2 best represents the author's purpose. The author's purpose is to get readers thinking about conservation of resources in order to spur them to action against a system that, in his opinion, exploits those resources as well as individuals. His purpose is both to inform and persuade, but persuasion seems to take precedence, as he both starts and ends with a reminder about historically justified instances of activism.\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Who comprises the author's audience and what cues can you use to determine that audience?<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"3\"] Audience\u00a0 [\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"3\"]\r\n\r\nThe author is writing to an audience of readers who are interested in nature and conservation. If you look on the Orion website and read the \"About\" section on Mission and History, you'll see that this publication started as a magazine about nature and grew from there. Based on reading the text, the author's intended audience has the following characteristics:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Educated - The author assumes that readers know about WWII, the Civil Rights Act of 1974, and other historic events.\u00a0 The author also uses language such as \"systematic misdirection,\" \"solar photovoltaics,\" and even \"consensus\" (instead of agreement).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Concerned about the environment - because they are reading this magazine in the first place<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Willing to entertain the idea of taking action to improve quality of life and preserve resources<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Comfortable enough (with themselves? with their social status? with their personal philosophies?) to feel that their voices might make a difference if they choose to protest the current use of natural resources<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1586962225431_36\" class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1194 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4969\/2020\/03\/21125017\/42-300x212.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Text evaluation and analysis usually start with the core elements of that text: main idea, purpose, and audience.\u00a0 An author needs to consider all three of these elements before writing, as they help determine the author&#8217;s content and language.\u00a0 As a reader, it&#8217;s important to ascertain these aspects of a text which exist as a foundation for the author&#8217;s content and language.<\/p>\n<h2>Main Idea<\/h2>\n<p>Always start with the main idea.\u00a0 Main ideas may be stated directly in the text or implied; you need to read a text carefully in order to determine the main idea. Put the main idea into your own words, so that it&#8217;s expressed in a way that makes sense to you.\u00a0 Then ask and answer the following basic questions about that main idea:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Is the main idea reasonable\/believable to most readers?<\/li>\n<li>Is the main idea clear and if not, why do you think the author embedded it?<\/li>\n<li>Is the main idea the author&#8217;s opinion, or is it something that the author asserts about an issue?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Asking and answering these questions should help you get a sense of the author&#8217;s intention in the text, and lead into considering the author&#8217;s purpose.<\/p>\n<h2>Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>Main idea and purpose are intricately linked. There are a few basic purposes for texts; figuring out the basic purpose leads to more nuanced text analysis based on its purpose. Basic purposes of a text include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>to inform &#8211; to describe, explain, or teach something to your audience<\/li>\n<li>to persuade\/argue &#8211; to get your audience to do something, to take a particular action, or to think in a certain way<\/li>\n<li>to entertain &#8211; to provide your audience with insight into a different reality, distraction, and\/or enjoyment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The following video more fully explains these different purposes of a text, and adds a fourth, to share insights or feelings.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"The author&#39;s purpose for writing (1\/3) | Interpreting Series\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/z6H2NLPqWtI?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Main Idea &amp; Purpose Determine Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>The author&#8217;s main idea and purpose in writing a text determine whether you need to analyze and evaluate the text.\u00a0 They also determine the pieces of the text you should analyze\u2014content or language or both.<\/p>\n<h3>If the purpose is to persuade or argue<\/h3>\n<p>You <strong><em>always<\/em><\/strong> need to analyze the text to see if the main idea is justified.\u00a0 Do the supporting ideas relate to and develop the main idea? Is the supporting evidence taken from recognized, valid sources?\u00a0 Is the author arguing via language instead of evidence or facts?\u00a0 Persuasion and argument need to present logically valid information to make the reader agree intellectually (not emotionally) with the main idea.<\/p>\n<h3>If the purpose is to inform<\/h3>\n<p>You <strong><em>usually<\/em><\/strong> need to analyze the text, since the text needs to present valid information in as objective a way as possible, in order to meet its purpose of explaining concepts so a reader understands.<\/p>\n<h3>If the purpose is to entertain<\/h3>\n<p>You <strong><em>may or may not<\/em><\/strong> need to analyze the text. Writing that entertains does not necessarily have to be either logical or complete in order to accomplish its purpose. You may want to analyze the text for language, though, to see how the author manipulates language to accomplish their purpose.<\/p>\n<h2>Audience<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1143 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4969\/2020\/03\/16150414\/32-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Who are the author&#8217;s intended readers?\u00a0 Figuring out this will help you understand an author&#8217;s approach to providing the main idea with a particular purpose. Does the audience know little or nothing about the topic, or are they already knowledgeable?\u00a0 Is the audience&#8217;s knowledge at beginner or expert level, somewhere in between, or mixed? Does the audience include people who may be skeptical of the author&#8217;s ideas?\u00a0 Does the audience include people who outright oppose the author&#8217;s ideas? As you can see, asking and answering questions about audience can help an author determine the type and amount of content to include in a text. As a reader, it&#8217;s important to figure out the author&#8217;s intended audience, to help you analyze the type, amount, and appropriateness of the text&#8217;s information.<\/p>\n<p>The following video presents the concept of audience from a writer&#8217;s perspective, but the concepts are applicable to you as a reader who needs to consider audience as a foundation for evaluating a text.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Audience: Introduction &amp; Overview\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4_ypxLRYsrE?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You may also want to link to one of Purdue&#8217;s Online Writing Lab&#8217;s page on <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/general_writing\/academic_writing\/rhetorical_situation\/author_and_audience.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Author and Audience<\/a> to get a sense of the wide array of variables that can influence an author&#8217;s purpose, and that an author may consider about an audience.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>try it<\/h3>\n<p>Read the article &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-introtocollegereadingandwriting\/chapter\/article-3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forget Shorter Showers<\/a>&#8221; by Derrick Jensen.<\/p>\n<p>Note that most of the Try It exercises in this section of the text will be based on this article, so you should read carefully, annotate, take notes, and apply appropriate strategies for reading to understand a text.<\/p>\n<p>Then answer the following questions about the article&#8217;s main idea, purpose, and audience.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Which selection best represents the author&#8217;s main idea?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>We have it in our power and right to take action to stop the industrial economy over-using and wasting our natural resources.<\/li>\n<li>We are victims of a campaign of misdirection, being told and accepting that our personal use of natural resources is both the cause of scarcity and the solution to preservation.<\/li>\n<li>Because we have accepted our identities as consumers, we reduce our forms of political existence to consuming and not consuming.<\/li>\n<li>Simple living is better for the planet than over-consumption.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q1\"> Main Idea\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q1\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>Sentence 1 is the best answer. Although sentences 2 and 3 extract main ideas from the text, they are key supporting points that help lead to the author&#8217;s conclusion and main idea.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Which selection best represents the author&#8217;s purpose?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>to inform readers about the actual use of resources by individuals vs. the industrial economy<\/li>\n<li>to persuade readers to consider taking action against an unjust situation that assigns blame to individuals instead of big business in regard to the depletion of natural resources<\/li>\n<li>to persuade readers to re-think their personal attempts to live more simply and more &#8220;green&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>to entertain readers interested in nature with accusations against the industrial economy<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q2\"> Purpose\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q2\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>Selection 2 best represents the author&#8217;s purpose. The author&#8217;s purpose is to get readers thinking about conservation of resources in order to spur them to action against a system that, in his opinion, exploits those resources as well as individuals. His purpose is both to inform and persuade, but persuasion seems to take precedence, as he both starts and ends with a reminder about historically justified instances of activism.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Who comprises the author&#8217;s audience and what cues can you use to determine that audience?<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q3\"> Audience\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q3\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>The author is writing to an audience of readers who are interested in nature and conservation. If you look on the Orion website and read the &#8220;About&#8221; section on Mission and History, you&#8217;ll see that this publication started as a magazine about nature and grew from there. Based on reading the text, the author&#8217;s intended audience has the following characteristics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Educated &#8211; The author assumes that readers know about WWII, the Civil Rights Act of 1974, and other historic events.\u00a0 The author also uses language such as &#8220;systematic misdirection,&#8221; &#8220;solar photovoltaics,&#8221; and even &#8220;consensus&#8221; (instead of agreement).<\/li>\n<li>Concerned about the environment &#8211; because they are reading this magazine in the first place<\/li>\n<li>Willing to entertain the idea of taking action to improve quality of life and preserve resources<\/li>\n<li>Comfortable enough (with themselves? with their social status? with their personal philosophies?) to feel that their voices might make a difference if they choose to protest the current use of natural resources<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-358\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Purpose &amp; Audience. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Susan Oaks. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Introduction to College Reading &amp; Writing. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>video The Author&#039;s Purpose. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Marc Franco. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Snap Language. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=z6H2NLPqWtI\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=z6H2NLPqWtI<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: YouTube video<\/li><li>video Audience: Introduction &amp; Overview. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Gracemarie Mike and Daniel Liddle. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Purdue Online Writing Lab. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4_ypxLRYsrE\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4_ypxLRYsrE<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: YouTube video<\/li><li>image of woman with a stack of books instead of a head, facing shelves of books. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Gerd Altmann. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/books-question-mark-student-stack-4158244\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/books-question-mark-student-stack-4158244\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>image of the word Evaluation. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Gerd Altmann. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/illustrations\/district-evaluation-assessment-1264717\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/illustrations\/district-evaluation-assessment-1264717\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":81366,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Purpose & Audience\",\"author\":\"Susan Oaks\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"Introduction to College Reading & 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