{"id":38,"date":"2016-04-16T17:55:32","date_gmt":"2016-04-16T17:55:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontosociology-waymaker\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=38"},"modified":"2020-07-02T21:07:32","modified_gmt":"2020-07-02T21:07:32","slug":"sociological-perspectives","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-introtosociology\/chapter\/sociological-perspectives\/","title":{"raw":"Sociological Perspectives","rendered":"Sociological Perspectives"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain sociological theories<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nSociologists study social events, interactions, and patterns, and they develop a theory in an attempt to explain why things work as they do. A sociological\u00a0<strong>theory<\/strong>\u00a0seeks to explain social phenomena. Theories can be used to\u00a0create a testable proposition, called a <strong>hypothesis<\/strong>, about society (Allan, 2006).\r\n\r\nTheories vary in scope depending on the scale of the issues that they are meant to explain. <strong>Macro-level<\/strong> theories relate to large-scale issues and large groups of people, while <strong>micro-level<\/strong> theories look at very specific relationships between individuals or small groups. <strong>Grand theories<\/strong> attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change. Sociological theory is constantly evolving and should never be considered complete. Classic sociological theories are still considered important and current, but new sociological theories build upon the work of their predecessors and add to them (Calhoun, 2002).\r\n\r\nIn sociology, a few theories provide broad perspectives that help explain many different aspects of social life, and these are called paradigms. <strong>Paradigms<\/strong> are philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them. In other words, a paradigm is a broad viewpoint, perspective, or lens that permit social scientists to have a wide range of tools to describe society, and then to build hypotheses and theories. You can also consider paradigms to be guiding principles or belief systems.\r\n\r\nIn sociology, there are three <em>main<\/em> paradigms: the structural functionalist paradigm, the conflict paradigm, and the symbolic interactionist paradigm. These are not all of the paradigms, however, and\u00a0we'll consider others as well as more specific topic-based variations of each of the \"Big Three\" theories. As you read through the material in this section, consider which paradigm resonates the most with your own views about society.\u00a0 In the text, you'll sometimes see the word <em>paradigm <\/em>used interchangeably with perspective, theory, or approach. In this section, you'll learn about how sociologists use paradigms to understand the social world.\r\n<table style=\"height: 48px\" summary=\"A table displaying the level of analysis and focus of structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.\"><caption>Sociological Theories or Perspectives. Different sociological perspectives enable sociologists to view social issues through a variety of useful lenses.<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 12px;width: 137.5px\">Sociological Paradigm<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 12px;width: 105.5px\">Level of Analysis<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 12px;width: 500.5px\">Focus<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 137.5px\">Structural Functionalism<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 105.5px\">Macro or mid<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 500.5px\">The way each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 137.5px\">Conflict Theory<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 105.5px\">Macro<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 500.5px\">The way inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuate differences in power<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 137.5px\">Symbolic Interactionism<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 105.5px\">Micro<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 500.5px\">One-to-one interactions and communications<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Watch the following video for an overview of each of the sociological paradigms:<\/strong>\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DbTt_ySTjaY[\/embed]<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<dl>\r\n \t<dd><\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl>\r\n \t<dt>grand theories:<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>an attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl>\r\n \t<dt>hypothesis:<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>a testable proposition<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl>\r\n \t<dt>macro-level theories:<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>a wide-scale view of the role of social structures within a society<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl>\r\n \t<dt>micro-level theories:<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>the study of specific relationships between individuals or small groups<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl>\r\n \t<dt>paradigms:<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl>\r\n \t<dt>theory:<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>a proposed explanation about social interactions or society<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain sociological theories<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Sociologists study social events, interactions, and patterns, and they develop a theory in an attempt to explain why things work as they do. A sociological\u00a0<strong>theory<\/strong>\u00a0seeks to explain social phenomena. Theories can be used to\u00a0create a testable proposition, called a <strong>hypothesis<\/strong>, about society (Allan, 2006).<\/p>\n<p>Theories vary in scope depending on the scale of the issues that they are meant to explain. <strong>Macro-level<\/strong> theories relate to large-scale issues and large groups of people, while <strong>micro-level<\/strong> theories look at very specific relationships between individuals or small groups. <strong>Grand theories<\/strong> attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change. Sociological theory is constantly evolving and should never be considered complete. Classic sociological theories are still considered important and current, but new sociological theories build upon the work of their predecessors and add to them (Calhoun, 2002).<\/p>\n<p>In sociology, a few theories provide broad perspectives that help explain many different aspects of social life, and these are called paradigms. <strong>Paradigms<\/strong> are philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them. In other words, a paradigm is a broad viewpoint, perspective, or lens that permit social scientists to have a wide range of tools to describe society, and then to build hypotheses and theories. You can also consider paradigms to be guiding principles or belief systems.<\/p>\n<p>In sociology, there are three <em>main<\/em> paradigms: the structural functionalist paradigm, the conflict paradigm, and the symbolic interactionist paradigm. These are not all of the paradigms, however, and\u00a0we&#8217;ll consider others as well as more specific topic-based variations of each of the &#8220;Big Three&#8221; theories. As you read through the material in this section, consider which paradigm resonates the most with your own views about society.\u00a0 In the text, you&#8217;ll sometimes see the word <em>paradigm <\/em>used interchangeably with perspective, theory, or approach. In this section, you&#8217;ll learn about how sociologists use paradigms to understand the social world.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 48px\" summary=\"A table displaying the level of analysis and focus of structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.\">\n<caption>Sociological Theories or Perspectives. Different sociological perspectives enable sociologists to view social issues through a variety of useful lenses.<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px\">\n<th style=\"height: 12px;width: 137.5px\">Sociological Paradigm<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 12px;width: 105.5px\">Level of Analysis<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 12px;width: 500.5px\">Focus<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px\">\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 137.5px\">Structural Functionalism<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 105.5px\">Macro or mid<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 500.5px\">The way each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px\">\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 137.5px\">Conflict Theory<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 105.5px\">Macro<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 500.5px\">The way inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuate differences in power<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px\">\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 137.5px\">Symbolic Interactionism<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 105.5px\">Micro<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 12px;width: 500.5px\">One-to-one interactions and communications<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Watch the following video for an overview of each of the sociological paradigms:<\/strong><br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Major Sociological Paradigms: Crash Course Sociology #2\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DbTt_ySTjaY?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<dl>\n<dd><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl>\n<dt>grand theories:<\/dt>\n<dd>an attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl>\n<dt>hypothesis:<\/dt>\n<dd>a testable proposition<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl>\n<dt>macro-level theories:<\/dt>\n<dd>a wide-scale view of the role of social structures within a society<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl>\n<dt>micro-level theories:<\/dt>\n<dd>the study of specific relationships between individuals or small groups<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl>\n<dt>paradigms:<\/dt>\n<dd>philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl>\n<dt>theory:<\/dt>\n<dd>a proposed explanation about social interactions or society<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-38\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Introduction to Sociological Perspectives. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Major Sociological Paradigms: Crash Course Sociology #2. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CrashCourse. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=DbTt_ySTjaY\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=DbTt_ySTjaY<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sarah Hoiland for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Three Sociological Paradigms\/Perspectives. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Ruth Dunn. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/M_RkLtXv@2\/The-Three-Sociological-Paradig\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/M_RkLtXv@2\/The-Three-Sociological-Paradig<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Theoretical Perspectives. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax CNX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/AgQDEnLI@11.2:QMRfI2p1@11\/Theoretical-Perspectives\">https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/AgQDEnLI@11.2:QMRfI2p1@11\/Theoretical-Perspectives<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d@3.49<\/li><li>People crossing street in Vienna. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Jacek Dylag. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Unsplash. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/PMxT0XtQ--A\">https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/PMxT0XtQ--A<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license<\/li><li>Karl Marx &amp; Conflict Theory: Crash Course Sociology #6. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Crash Course. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gR3igiwaeyc&#038;index=7&#038;list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMJ-AfB_7J1538YKWkZAnGA\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gR3igiwaeyc&#038;index=7&#038;list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMJ-AfB_7J1538YKWkZAnGA<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Feminist Theory. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: William Little. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: BC Campus. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology\/chapter\/chapter1-an-introduction-to-sociology\/\">https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology\/chapter\/chapter1-an-introduction-to-sociology\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>The Feminist Perspective. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Boundless Sociology. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>WSPU leaders. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suffragette#\/media\/File:Annie_Kenney_and_Christabel_Pankhurst.jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suffragette#\/media\/File:Annie_Kenney_and_Christabel_Pankhurst.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of protestors. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Steve Lyon. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right_to_protest#\/media\/File:Janitor_strike_santa_monica.jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right_to_protest#\/media\/File:Janitor_strike_santa_monica.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Symbolic interactionism | Society and Culture | MCAT | Khan Academy. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ux2E6uhEVk0\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ux2E6uhEVk0<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>image of man in gears. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: geralt. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/gear-team-man-team-spirit-67139\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/gear-team-man-team-spirit-67139\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>image of Max Weber. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Max_Weber#\/media\/File:Max_Weber_1894.jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Max_Weber#\/media\/File:Max_Weber_1894.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Introduction to Sociological Perspectives\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Three Sociological Paradigms\/Perspectives\",\"author\":\"Ruth 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