{"id":7960,"date":"2019-07-19T12:44:15","date_gmt":"2019-07-19T12:44:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmopen-introtosociology\/chapter\/introduction-to-types-of-social-movements\/"},"modified":"2020-07-03T22:20:35","modified_gmt":"2020-07-03T22:20:35","slug":"social-movements","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-introtosociology\/chapter\/social-movements\/","title":{"raw":"Social Movements","rendered":"Social Movements"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Distinguish between different types of social movements<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe and apply the four stages of social movements<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discuss theoretical perspectives on social movements, like resource mobilization, framing, and new social movement theory<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333\">How do you distinguish one social movement from the other? How do social movements evolve and create substantial change in society? This section will help you distinguish between four types of social movements according to their collective goals. You'll also learn about the life cycle of a social movement\u2014how they get started, gain momentum, and decline.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6813\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"532\"]<img class=\"wp-image-6813\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2034\/2019\/03\/16191310\/800px-Albert_Howard_hield_lezing_over_Black_Panther_beweging_in_USA_in_Mozes_en_Aaro_Bestanddeelnr_923-1651.jpg\" alt=\"Elbert Howard in front of a Black Panther sign giving a lecture in Amsterdam.\" width=\"532\" height=\"352\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Elbert Howard, one of the founders of the Black Panther Party, lecturing in Amsterdam. The Black Panther Party was part of the greater Black Power movement, which advocated for black pride, empowerment, and equality. The group was founded in the Bay Area of California in 1966, and reached its peak influence later in the decade.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Types and Stages of Social Movements<\/h2>\r\nWe know that social movements can occur on the local, national, or even global stage. Are there other patterns or classifications that can help us understand them?\r\n<h3>Types of Social Movements<\/h3>\r\nSociologist David Aberle (1966) addresses this question by developing categories that distinguish among social movements by considering 1) what it is the movement wants to change and 2) how much change they want. He described four types of social movements, including: alternative, redemptive, reformative, and revolutionary social movements.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Alternative movements<\/strong> are typically focused on self-improvement and limited, specific changes to individual beliefs and behavior. These include things like Alcoholics Anonymous, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD),\u00a0and Planned Parenthood.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span id=\"import-auto-id1453930\">Redemptive movements<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0(sometimes called religions movements) are \u201cmeaning seeking,\u201d are focused on a specific segment of the population, and their goal is to provoke inner change or spiritual growth in individuals. Some sects fit in this category.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Reformative social movements<\/strong>, seek to change something specific about the social structure. They may seek a more limited change, but are targeted at the entire population. Environmental movements, the women's suffrage movement, or the more contemporary \"Buy Nothing Day\", which protests the rampant consumerism of Black Friday, are examples of reformative movements.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span id=\"import-auto-id1521965\">Revolutionary movements<\/span><\/strong> seek to completely change every aspect of society\u2014their goal is to change all of society in a dramatic way. Examples include the Civil Rights Movement or the political movements, such as a push for communism.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6815\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"412\"]<img class=\"wp-image-6815 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2034\/2016\/06\/17034215\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-16-at-11.41.56-PM.png\" alt=\"How much change diagram showing the four types of social movements. Alternative social movements are limited in the amount of change but focused on specific individuals. Radical movements also focus on specific individuals but want more radical change. Reformative social movements focus on everyone but want limited change, while revolutionary movements focus on everyone and are also radical.\" width=\"412\" height=\"305\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. David Aberle identified these four types of social movements, with some types of movements targeting either specific individuals or everyone, while some want limited changes, and others are more radical.[\/caption]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<section id=\"fs-id1545160\">Other helpful categories that are helpful for sociologists to describe and distinguish between types of social movements include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Scope: A movement can be either reform or radical. A reform movement advocates changing some norms or laws while a radical movement is dedicated to changing value systems in some fundamental way. A reform movement might be a green movement advocating a sect of ecological laws, or a movement against pornography, while the American Civil Rights movement is an example of a radical movement.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Type of Change: A movement might seek change that is either innovative or conservative. An innovative movement wants to introduce or change norms and values, like moving towards self-driving cars, while a conservative movement seeks to preserve existing norms and values, such as a group opposed to genetically modified foods.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Targets: Group-focused movements focus on influencing groups or society in general; for example, attempting to change the political system from a monarchy to a democracy. An individual-focused movement seeks to affect individuals.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Methods of Work: Peaceful movements utilize techniques such as nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience. Violent movements resort to violence when seeking social change. In extreme cases, violent movements may take the form of paramilitary or terrorist organizations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Range: Global movements, such as communism in the early 20<sup>th<\/sup> century, have transnational objectives. Local movements are focused on local or regional objectives such as preserving anhistoric building or protecting a natural habitat.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Stages of Social Movements<\/h3>\r\nSociologists have studied the lifecycle of social movements\u2014how they emerge, grow, and in some cases, die out. Blumer (1969) and Tilly (1978) outlined a four-stage process through which social movements develop.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>In the <em>preliminary stage<\/em>, people become aware of an issue, and leaders emerge.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This is followed by the <em>coalescence stage<\/em> when people join together and organize in order to publicize the issue and raise awareness.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <em>institutionalization stage<\/em>, the movement no longer requires grassroots volunteerism: it is an established organization, typically with a paid staff.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When people fall away and adopt a new movement, the movement successfully brings about the change it sought, or when people no longer take the issue seriously, the movement falls into the <em>decline stage<\/em>.<strong>\r\n<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6817\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"475\"]<img class=\"wp-image-6817 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2034\/2016\/06\/17112650\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-17-at-7.26.38-AM.png\" alt=\"Flowchart of the stages through a social movement: emerge, then coalesce, then bureaucratise, then come several things at the same time: success or failure, cooptation, repression, or going mainstream, and then a decline.\" width=\"475\" height=\"246\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. As social movements grow, they typically become increasingly organized and bureacratized, add members, which either leads to success or failure as a movement.[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Social Movement Stages and Media: The Black Lives Matter movement<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2690596\">Chances are you have been asked to tweet, friend, like, or donate online for a cause.\u00a0Nowadays, social movements are woven throughout our social media activities. After all, social movements start by activating people.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1446073\">Considering the ideal type stages discussed above, you can see that social media has the potential to dramatically transform how people get involved. Look at stage one, the <em>preliminary stage<\/em>: people become aware of an issue, and leaders emerge. Imagine how social media speeds up this step. Suddenly, a shrewd user of Twitter can alert his thousands of followers about an emerging cause or an issue on his mind. Issue awareness can spread at the speed of a click, with thousands of people across the globe becoming informed at the same time. In a similar vein, those who are savvy and engaged with social media emerge as leaders. Suddenly, you don\u2019t need to be a powerful public speaker. You don\u2019t even need to leave your house. You can build an audience through social media without ever meeting the people you are inspiring.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>This is what happened in the case of Black Lives Matter movement.\u00a0The movement was co-founded in 2013 by three black community organizers: Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi. Garza, Cullors and Tometi met through \"Black Organizing for Leadership &amp; Dignity\" (BOLD), a national organization that trains community organizers. They began to question how they were going to respond to what they saw as the devaluation of black lives after George Zimmerman's acquittal in the shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin in February 2012. Garza wrote a Facebook post titled \"A Love Note to Black People\" in which she said: \"Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter\". Cullors replied: \"#BlackLivesMatter\". Tometi then added her support, and Black Lives Matter was born as an online campaign.\r\n\r\nThis emergence stage quickly escalated to <em>coalescence<\/em>, as the movement\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">became nationally recognized for its street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: Michael Brown\u2014resulting in protests and unrest in Ferguson\u2014and Eric Garner in New York City. Since the Ferguson protests, participants in the movement have demonstrated against the deaths of numerous other African Americans by police actions or while in police custody. In the summer of 2015, Black Lives Matter activists became involved in the 2016 United States presidential election.<\/span>\r\n\r\nSocial media is immensely helpful during the coalescence stage<em>.<\/em>\u00a0Coalescence is the point when people join together to publicize the issue and get organized. President Obama\u2019s 2008 campaign was essentially a case study in organizing and publicizing through social media. Using Twitter and other online tools, the campaign engaged volunteers who had typically not bothered with politics and empowered those who were more active to generate still more activity. It is no coincidence that Obama\u2019s earlier work experience included grassroots community organizing. In 2009, when student protests erupted in Tehran, social media was considered so important to the organizing effort that the U.S. State Department actually asked Twitter to suspend scheduled maintenance so that a vital tool would not be disabled during the demonstrations.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">The next stage of the development of a social movement is <em>institutionalization<\/em>, when it becomes more organized. In the case of Black Lives Matter, the movement grew into a national network of over 30 local chapters between 2014 and 2016. The overall Black Lives Matter movement, however, is a decentralized network and has no formal hierarchy. The movement still has a strong presence and has even joined forces with other, more systematically organized groups, such as the\u00a0Movement for Black Lives (M4BL).\u00a0<\/span>The is a coalition of groups across the United States which represent the interests of black communities. It was formed in 2014 as a response to sustained and increasingly visible violence against black communities, with the purpose of creating a united front and establishing a political platform. The collective, also known as a social movement sector, is made up of more than 150 organizations, with members such as the Black Lives Matter Network, the National Conference of Black Lawyers, and the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning: Black Lives Matter<\/h3>\r\nWatch <a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/279925690\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this video<\/a> as it explains the initial stages and goals of the Black Lives Matter movement.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-id1545160\">\r\n<h3 id=\"import-auto-id1169034204477\">Occupy Wall Street<\/h3>\r\nPerhaps the social movement that ran the most contrary to theory in recent history is Occupy Wall Street (OWS). Although it contains many of the classic developmental elements of a social movement described in this module, it is set apart by its lack of a single message, its leaderless organization, and its target\u2014financial institutions instead of the government. OWS baffled much of the public, and certainly the mainstream media, leading many to ask, \"Who are they, and what do they want?\"\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1169034242530\">On July 13, 2011, the organization Adbusters posted on its blog, \"Are you ready for a Tahrir moment? On September 17th, flood into lower Manhattan, set up tents, kitchens, peaceful barricades and occupy Wall Street\" (Castells, 2012). The \"Tahrir moment\" was a reference to the 2010 political uprising that began in Tunisia and spread throughout the Middle East and North Africa, including Egypt\u2019s Tahrir Square in Cairo. Although OWS was a reaction to the continuing financial chaos that resulted from the 2008 market meltdown and not a political movement, the Arab Spring was its catalyst.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1169034180773\">Manuel Castells (2012) notes that the years leading up to the Occupy movement had witnessed a dizzying increase in the disparity of wealth in the United States, stemming back to the 1980s. The top 1 percent in the nation had secured 58 percent of the economic growth in the period for themselves, while real hourly wages for the average worker had increased by only 2 percent. The wealth of the top 5 percent had increased by 42 percent. The average pay of a CEO was now 350 times that of the average worker, compared to less than 50 times in 1983 (AFL-CIO, 2014). The country\u2019s leading financial institutions were, to many, clearly to blame for the crisis but dubbed \"too big to fail.\" These big banks were in trouble after many poorly qualified borrowers defaulted on their mortgage loans when the loans\u2019 interest rates rose. The banks were eventually \"bailed out\" by the government with over $700 billion of taxpayer money. According to many reports, that same year, top executives and traders received large bonuses.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1169034211397\">On September 17, 2011, an anniversary of the signing of the U.S. Constitution, the occupation began. One thousand outraged protesters descended upon Wall Street, and up to 20,000 people moved into Zuccotti Park, only two blocks away, where they began building a village of tents and organizing a system of communication. The protest soon began spreading throughout the nation, and its members started calling themselves \"the 99 percent.\" More than a thousand cities and towns had Occupy demonstrations.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>This video gives an idea of the protest\u2014what it looked like, and how it played out.<\/strong>\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0Cca6YViKFU[\/embed]<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1169034197134\">In answer to the question \"Who are they?\" Castells noted \". . . by and large the movement was made up of a large majority of democratic voters, as well as of politically independent minded people who were in search of new forms of changing the world . . . \" (Castells, 2012). What do they want? Castells has dubbed OWS \"A non-demand movement: The process is the message.\" Using Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and live-stream video, the protesters conveyed a multifold message with a long list of reforms and social change, including the need to address the rising disparity of wealth, the influence of money on election outcomes, the notion of \"corporate personhood,\" a corporatized political system (to be replaced by \"direct democracy\u201d), political favoring of the rich, and rising student debt. Regardless, some in the media appeared confused about the protestors\u2019 intentions, and articles carried titles like, \"The Wall Street Protesters: What the Hell Do They Want?\" (Gell, 2011) from <em>The New York Observer<\/em>, and person-in-the-street quotations like, \"I think they're idiots. They have no agenda . . . \" from the <em>Los Angeles Times<\/em> (Le Tellier, 2012).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1169034179722\">The late James C. Davies suggested in his 1962 paper, \"Toward a Theory of Revolution\" (from the <em>American Sociological Review<\/em>, Vol, 27 Issue 1) that revolution depends upon the mood of the people, and that it is extremely unlikely those in absolute poverty will be able to overturn a government, simply because the government has infinitely more power. Instead, a revolution is more possible when expected need satisfaction and actual need satisfaction are out of sync. As actual need satisfaction trends downward and away from what a formerly prosperous people have come to expect\u2014tracing a curve that looks somewhat like an upside-down J and is called the Davies-J curve\u2014the gap between expectations and reality widens. Eventually an intolerable point is reached, and revolution occurs. Thus, change comes not from the very bottom of the social hierarchy, but from somewhere in the middle. Indeed, the Arab Spring was driven by mostly young people whose education had offered promise and expectations that were thwarted by corrupt autocratic governments. Occupy Wall Street too came not from the bottom but from people in the middle, who exploited the power of social media to enhance communication.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1542938\" class=\"section-summary\"><\/section><section id=\"fs-id1589237\" class=\"short-answer\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Think It Over<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1346940\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1285409\" class=\"problem\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Do you think social media is an important tool in creating social change? Why, or why not? Defend your opinion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe a social movement in the decline stage. What is its issue? Why has it reached this stage?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Theoretical Perspectives on Social Movements<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2266203\">Most theories of social movements are called collective action theories, indicating the purposeful nature of this form of collective behavior. The following three theories are but a few of the many classic and modern theories developed by social scientists.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-id1172029979122\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/120\/2016\/04\/15204816\/Figure_21_02_04.jpg\" alt=\"A screenshot of the Twitter page for #Haiti donations is shown here. The tweet reads: Donation Update: Over $21 Million in $10 donations raised for the people of #Haiti through the @RedCross Text HAITI to 90999 campaign.\" width=\"300\" height=\"380\" \/> <strong>Figure 4.\u00a0<\/strong>After a devastating earthquake in 2010, Twitter and the Red Cross raised millions for Haiti relief efforts through phone donations alone. (Photo courtesy of Cambodia4KidsOrg\/flickr)[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Resource Mobilization<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1395900\">McCarthy and Zald (1977) conceptualize <strong>resource mobilization theory<\/strong> as a way to explain movement success in terms of the ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals. Resources are primarily time and money, and the more of both, the greater the power of organized movements. Numbers of social movement organizations (SMOs), which are single social movement groups, with the same goals constitute a social movement industry (SMI). Together they create what McCarthy and Zald (1977) refer to as \"the sum of all social movements in a society.\"<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-id1172028151770\">\r\n<h4>Resource Mobilization and the Civil Rights Movement<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id7981820\">An example of resource mobilization theory is activity of the civil rights movement in the decade between the mid 1950s and the mid 1960s. Social movements had existed before, notably the Women's Suffrage Movement and a long line of labor movements, thus constituting an <strong>existing social movement sector<\/strong>, which is the multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely varying constituents and goals. The civil rights movement had also existed well before Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white man. Less known is that Parks was a member of the NAACP and trained in leadership (A&amp;E Television Networks, LLC. 2014). But her action that day was spontaneous and unplanned (Schmitz, 2014). Her arrest triggered a public outcry that led to the famous Montgomery bus boycott, turning the movement into what we now think of as the \"civil rights movement\" (Schmitz, 2014).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1172023108332\">Mobilization had to begin immediately. Boycotting the bus made other means of transportation necessary, which was provided through car pools. Churches and their ministers joined the struggle, and the protest organization In Friendship was formed as well as The Friendly Club and the Club From Nowhere. A <strong>social movement industry<\/strong>, which is the collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goals, was growing.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1172038243569\">Martin Luther King Jr. emerged during these events to become the charismatic leader of the movement, gained respect from elites in the federal government, and aided by even more emerging SMOs such as the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), among others. Several still exist today. Although the movement in that period was an overall success, and laws were changed (even if not attitudes), the \"movement\" continues. So do struggles to keep the gains that were made, even as the U.S. Supreme Court has recently weakened the Voter Rights Act of 1965, once again making it more difficult for black Americans and other minorities to vote.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>\r\n<figure id=\"eip-id1851082\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"594\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/120\/2016\/04\/15204817\/Figure_21_02_05a.jpg\" alt=\"Pictured is a flow chart showing the tiers of the Social Movement Sector. At the top of the chart is the social movement sector. Below that box is the social movement industries. Three boxes come from that one; and, they are the animal right industry, the marriage rights industry, and the food movement industry. One box comes from the animal rights industry box; and, it is social movement organization. Two boxes come from the social movement organization box; and, they are People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and Animal Liberation Front (ALF). One box comes from the marriage rights industry; and, it is social movement organizations. Two more boxes come from the social movement organizations box; and, they are the Human Rights Campaign, and the National Organization for Marriage. One box come from the food movement industry box; and, it is social movement organizations. Two more boxes come from the social movement organizations box; and, they are the Slow Food Movement, and the Locavore Movement.\" width=\"594\" height=\"382\" \/> <strong>Figure 5.\u00a0<\/strong>Multiple social movement organizations concerned about the same issue form a social movement industry. A society\u2019s many social movement industries comprise its social movement sector. With so many options, to whom will you give your time and money?[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1555634\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>This video provides an explanation of how theories on social movements have evolved over time.\u00a0For example, you'll learn about mass society theory, relative deprivation theory, resource mobilization theory, and rational choice theory.\u00a0\u00a0Consider which of these theories\u00a0best explains the emergence of\u00a0a social movement you've learned about in this module.<\/strong>\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=y7YPTD7QwR4[\/embed]<\/p>\r\n<h3>Framing\/Frame Analysis<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1507004\">Over the past several decades, sociologists have developed the concept of frames to explain how individuals identify and understand social events and which norms they should follow in any given situation (Benford and Snow, 2000; Goffman, 1974; Snow et al., 1986). Imagine entering a restaurant. Your \u201cframe\u201d immediately provides you with a behavior template. It probably does not occur to you to wear pajamas to a fine-dining establishment, throw food at other patrons, or spit your drink onto the table. However, eating food at a sleepover pizza party provides you with an entirely different behavior template. It might be perfectly acceptable to eat in your pajamas and maybe even throw popcorn at others or guzzle drinks from cans.<\/p>\r\nSuccessful social movements use three kinds of frames (Snow and Benford, 1988) to further their goals. The first type, <strong><span id=\"import-auto-id3112581\">diagnostic framing<\/span><\/strong>, states the problem in a clear, easily understood way. When applying diagnostic frames, there are no shades of gray: instead, there is the belief that what \u201cthey\u201d do is wrong and this is how \u201cwe\u201d will fix it. The anti-gay marriage movement is an example of diagnostic framing with its uncompromising insistence that marriage is only between a man and a woman. <strong><span id=\"import-auto-id3126608\">Prognostic framing<\/span><\/strong>, the second type, offers a solution and states how it will be implemented. Some examples of this frame, when looking at the issue of marriage equality as framed by the anti-gay marriage movement, include the plan to restrict marriage to \u201cone man\/one woman\u201d or to allow only \u201ccivil unions\u201d instead of marriages. As you can see, there may be many competing prognostic frames even within social movements adhering to similar diagnostic frames. Finally, <strong><span id=\"import-auto-id1975435\">motivational framing<\/span><\/strong> is the call to action: what should you do once you agree with the diagnostic frame and believe in the prognostic frame? These frames are action-oriented. In the gay marriage movement, a call to action might encourage you to vote \u201cno\u201d on Proposition 8 in California (a move to limit marriage to male-female couples), or conversely, to contact your local congressperson to express your viewpoint that marriage should be restricted to male-female couples.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5705\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"275\"]<img class=\"wp-image-5705 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2034\/2016\/06\/01135828\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-01-at-8.58.07-AM.png\" alt=\"Figure (a) shows women\u2019s suffrage marchers. Figure (b) shows a large group of marchers for civil rights. Figure (c) shows people waving a U.S. flag and a rainbow flag.\" width=\"275\" height=\"547\" \/> <strong>Figure 6<\/strong>. Extension occurs when social movements have sympathetic causes. Women\u2019s rights, racial equality, and LGBT advocacy are all human rights issues. (Photos (a) and (b) courtesy of Wikimedia Commons; Photo (c) courtesy of Charlie Nguyen\/flickr)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWith so many similar diagnostic frames, some groups find it best to join together to maximize their impact. When social movements link their goals to the goals of other social movements and merge into a single group, a <strong><span id=\"import-auto-id1759575\">frame alignment process<\/span><\/strong> (Snow et al., 1986) occurs\u2014an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to the movement.\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2022306\">This frame alignment process has four aspects: bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation. <em>Bridging<\/em> describes a \u201cbridge\u201d that connects uninvolved individuals and unorganized or ineffective groups with social movements that, though structurally unconnected, nonetheless share similar interests or goals. These organizations join together to create a new, stronger social movement organization. Can you think of examples of different organizations with a similar goal that have banded together?<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1363408\">In the <em>amplification<\/em> model, organizations seek to expand their core ideas to gain a wider, more universal appeal. By expanding their ideas to include a broader range, they can mobilize more people for their cause. For example, the Slow Food movement extends its arguments in support of local food to encompass reduced energy consumption, pollution, obesity from eating more healthfully, and more.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3028451\">In <em>extension<\/em>, social movements agree to mutually promote each other, even when the two social movement organization\u2019s goals don\u2019t necessarily relate to each other\u2019s immediate goals. This often occurs when organizations are sympathetic to each others\u2019 causes, even if they are not directly aligned, such as women\u2019s equal rights and the civil rights movement.<\/p>\r\n<em>Transformation<\/em> means a complete revision of goals. Once a movement has succeeded, it risks losing relevance. If it wants to remain active, the movement has to change with the transformation or risk becoming obsolete. For instance, when the women\u2019s suffrage movement gained women the right to vote, members turned their attention to advocating equal rights and campaigning to elect women to office. In short, transformation is an evolution in the existing diagnostic or prognostic frames that generally achieves a total conversion of the movement.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/120\/2016\/04\/15204749\/CNX_Soc2e_Figure_21_01_001.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of a man with a mask turned backwards around his head.\" width=\"424\" height=\"259\" \/> <strong>Figure 7. <\/strong>In many ways, this mask, which perhaps became infamous due to its use by the \"hacktivist\" group Anonymous, has come to stand for revolution and social change around the world. (Photo courtesy of Coco Curranski\/flickr)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1530799\">\r\n<h3>New Social Movement Theory<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1777158\"><strong><span id=\"import-auto-id2189577\">New social movement theory<\/span><\/strong>, a term developed by European social scientists in the 1950s and 1960s, attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to analyze using traditional social movement theories. Rather than being one specific theory, it is more of a perspective that revolves around understanding movements as they relate to politics, identity, culture, and social change. The primary difference is in their goals, as the new movements focus not on issues of materialistic qualities such as economic well-being, but on issues related to human rights (such as gay rights or pacifism).<\/p>\r\nSome of these more complex interrelated movements include ecofeminism, which focuses on the patriarchal society as the source of environmental problems, and the transgender rights movement. Sociologist Steven Buechler (2000) suggests that we should be looking at the bigger picture in which these movements arise\u2014shifting to a macro-level, global analysis of social movements.\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-id1165930227264\">\r\n<h3>The Movement to Legalize Marijuana<\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333\">The movement to legalize marijuana can be an example of a New Social Movement theory as it focuses on changing the culture of the United States by assimilating a previous illegal substance into something people could legalize use in their everyday life thus creating a new norm for what is considered deviant in society. The early history of marijuana in the United States includes its use as an over-the-counter medicine as well as various industrial applications. Its recreational use eventually became a focus of regulatory concern. Public opinion, swayed by a powerful propaganda campaign by the Federal Bureau of Narcotics in the 1930s, remained firmly opposed to the use of marijuana for decades. In the 1936 church-financed propaganda film \"Reefer Madness,\" marijuana was portrayed as a dangerous drug that caused insanity and violent behavior.<\/span>\r\n<p id=\"eip-id1172649539976\">One reason for the recent shift in public attitudes about marijuana, and the social movement pushing for its decriminalization, is a more-informed understanding of its effects that largely contradict its earlier characterization. The public has also become aware that penalties for possession have been significantly disproportionate along racial lines. U.S. Census and FBI data reveal that blacks in the United States are between two to eight times more likely than whites to be arrested for possession of marijuana (Matthews, 2013; Urbina 2013). Further, the resulting incarceration costs and prison overcrowding are causing states to look closely at decriminalization and legalization.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"eip-id1172645198513\">In 2012, marijuana was legalized for recreational purposes in Washington and Colorado through ballot initiatives approved by voters. While it remains a Schedule One controlled substance under federal law, the federal government has indicated that it will not intervene in state decisions to ease marijuana laws. Cannabis is now legal for recreational use in over 10 states, legal for medical use for other 33, and decriminalized in many others.[footnote]Berke, Jeremy and Skye Gould (March 2016). New Jersey lawmakers postponed a critical vote to legalize marijuana\u2014here are all the states where pot is legal. Business Insider. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Watch this Ted talk by Greg Satell to learn more about the things that make a successful social movement.<\/strong>\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IOt1dLVyHjQ[\/embed]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/section><section id=\"fs-id1589237\" class=\"short-answer\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Think It Over<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1346940\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1285409\" class=\"problem\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Think about a social movement industry dealing with a cause that is important to you. How do the different social movement organizations of this industry seek to engage you? Which techniques do you respond to? Why?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do you think social media is an important tool in creating social change? Why, or why not? Defend your opinion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe a social movement in the decline stage. What is its issue? Why has it reached this stage?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1515115\" class=\"references\">\r\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2729010\" class=\"definition\">\r\n \t<dt><\/dt>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2729010\" class=\"definition\">\r\n \t<dt>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>glossary<\/h3>\r\n[glossary-page]\r\n[glossary-term]alternative movements:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]diagnostic framing:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]a the social problem that is stated in a clear, easily understood manner[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]frame alignment process:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]motivational framing:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]a call to action[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]new social movement theory:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]a theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]prognostic framing:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]reform movements:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]religious\/redemptive movements:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]resource mobilization theory:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]a theory that explains social movements\u2019 success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]revolutionary movements:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]social movement industry:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]the collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goals[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]social movement organization:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]a single social movement group[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]social movement sector:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]the multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely varying constituents and goals[\/glossary-definition]\r\n[\/glossary-page]\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/dt>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Distinguish between different types of social movements<\/li>\n<li>Describe and apply the four stages of social movements<\/li>\n<li>Discuss theoretical perspectives on social movements, like resource mobilization, framing, and new social movement theory<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333\">How do you distinguish one social movement from the other? How do social movements evolve and create substantial change in society? This section will help you distinguish between four types of social movements according to their collective goals. You&#8217;ll also learn about the life cycle of a social movement\u2014how they get started, gain momentum, and decline.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6813\" style=\"width: 542px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6813\" class=\"wp-image-6813\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2034\/2019\/03\/16191310\/800px-Albert_Howard_hield_lezing_over_Black_Panther_beweging_in_USA_in_Mozes_en_Aaro_Bestanddeelnr_923-1651.jpg\" alt=\"Elbert Howard in front of a Black Panther sign giving a lecture in Amsterdam.\" width=\"532\" height=\"352\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6813\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Elbert Howard, one of the founders of the Black Panther Party, lecturing in Amsterdam. The Black Panther Party was part of the greater Black Power movement, which advocated for black pride, empowerment, and equality. The group was founded in the Bay Area of California in 1966, and reached its peak influence later in the decade.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Types and Stages of Social Movements<\/h2>\n<p>We know that social movements can occur on the local, national, or even global stage. Are there other patterns or classifications that can help us understand them?<\/p>\n<h3>Types of Social Movements<\/h3>\n<p>Sociologist David Aberle (1966) addresses this question by developing categories that distinguish among social movements by considering 1) what it is the movement wants to change and 2) how much change they want. He described four types of social movements, including: alternative, redemptive, reformative, and revolutionary social movements.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Alternative movements<\/strong> are typically focused on self-improvement and limited, specific changes to individual beliefs and behavior. These include things like Alcoholics Anonymous, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD),\u00a0and Planned Parenthood.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span id=\"import-auto-id1453930\">Redemptive movements<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0(sometimes called religions movements) are \u201cmeaning seeking,\u201d are focused on a specific segment of the population, and their goal is to provoke inner change or spiritual growth in individuals. Some sects fit in this category.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reformative social movements<\/strong>, seek to change something specific about the social structure. They may seek a more limited change, but are targeted at the entire population. Environmental movements, the women&#8217;s suffrage movement, or the more contemporary &#8220;Buy Nothing Day&#8221;, which protests the rampant consumerism of Black Friday, are examples of reformative movements.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span id=\"import-auto-id1521965\">Revolutionary movements<\/span><\/strong> seek to completely change every aspect of society\u2014their goal is to change all of society in a dramatic way. Examples include the Civil Rights Movement or the political movements, such as a push for communism.\n<div id=\"attachment_6815\" style=\"width: 422px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6815\" class=\"wp-image-6815 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2034\/2016\/06\/17034215\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-16-at-11.41.56-PM.png\" alt=\"How much change diagram showing the four types of social movements. Alternative social movements are limited in the amount of change but focused on specific individuals. Radical movements also focus on specific individuals but want more radical change. Reformative social movements focus on everyone but want limited change, while revolutionary movements focus on everyone and are also radical.\" width=\"412\" height=\"305\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6815\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. David Aberle identified these four types of social movements, with some types of movements targeting either specific individuals or everyone, while some want limited changes, and others are more radical.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<section id=\"fs-id1545160\">Other helpful categories that are helpful for sociologists to describe and distinguish between types of social movements include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Scope: A movement can be either reform or radical. A reform movement advocates changing some norms or laws while a radical movement is dedicated to changing value systems in some fundamental way. A reform movement might be a green movement advocating a sect of ecological laws, or a movement against pornography, while the American Civil Rights movement is an example of a radical movement.<\/li>\n<li>Type of Change: A movement might seek change that is either innovative or conservative. An innovative movement wants to introduce or change norms and values, like moving towards self-driving cars, while a conservative movement seeks to preserve existing norms and values, such as a group opposed to genetically modified foods.<\/li>\n<li>Targets: Group-focused movements focus on influencing groups or society in general; for example, attempting to change the political system from a monarchy to a democracy. An individual-focused movement seeks to affect individuals.<\/li>\n<li>Methods of Work: Peaceful movements utilize techniques such as nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience. Violent movements resort to violence when seeking social change. In extreme cases, violent movements may take the form of paramilitary or terrorist organizations.<\/li>\n<li>Range: Global movements, such as communism in the early 20<sup>th<\/sup> century, have transnational objectives. Local movements are focused on local or regional objectives such as preserving anhistoric building or protecting a natural habitat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Stages of Social Movements<\/h3>\n<p>Sociologists have studied the lifecycle of social movements\u2014how they emerge, grow, and in some cases, die out. Blumer (1969) and Tilly (1978) outlined a four-stage process through which social movements develop.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>In the <em>preliminary stage<\/em>, people become aware of an issue, and leaders emerge.<\/li>\n<li>This is followed by the <em>coalescence stage<\/em> when people join together and organize in order to publicize the issue and raise awareness.<\/li>\n<li>In the <em>institutionalization stage<\/em>, the movement no longer requires grassroots volunteerism: it is an established organization, typically with a paid staff.<\/li>\n<li>When people fall away and adopt a new movement, the movement successfully brings about the change it sought, or when people no longer take the issue seriously, the movement falls into the <em>decline stage<\/em>.<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div id=\"attachment_6817\" style=\"width: 485px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6817\" class=\"wp-image-6817 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2034\/2016\/06\/17112650\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-17-at-7.26.38-AM.png\" alt=\"Flowchart of the stages through a social movement: emerge, then coalesce, then bureaucratise, then come several things at the same time: success or failure, cooptation, repression, or going mainstream, and then a decline.\" width=\"475\" height=\"246\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6817\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. As social movements grow, they typically become increasingly organized and bureacratized, add members, which either leads to success or failure as a movement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Social Movement Stages and Media: The Black Lives Matter movement<\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2690596\">Chances are you have been asked to tweet, friend, like, or donate online for a cause.\u00a0Nowadays, social movements are woven throughout our social media activities. After all, social movements start by activating people.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1446073\">Considering the ideal type stages discussed above, you can see that social media has the potential to dramatically transform how people get involved. Look at stage one, the <em>preliminary stage<\/em>: people become aware of an issue, and leaders emerge. Imagine how social media speeds up this step. Suddenly, a shrewd user of Twitter can alert his thousands of followers about an emerging cause or an issue on his mind. Issue awareness can spread at the speed of a click, with thousands of people across the globe becoming informed at the same time. In a similar vein, those who are savvy and engaged with social media emerge as leaders. Suddenly, you don\u2019t need to be a powerful public speaker. You don\u2019t even need to leave your house. You can build an audience through social media without ever meeting the people you are inspiring.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>This is what happened in the case of Black Lives Matter movement.\u00a0The movement was co-founded in 2013 by three black community organizers: Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi. Garza, Cullors and Tometi met through &#8220;Black Organizing for Leadership &amp; Dignity&#8221; (BOLD), a national organization that trains community organizers. They began to question how they were going to respond to what they saw as the devaluation of black lives after George Zimmerman&#8217;s acquittal in the shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin in February 2012. Garza wrote a Facebook post titled &#8220;A Love Note to Black People&#8221; in which she said: &#8220;Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter&#8221;. Cullors replied: &#8220;#BlackLivesMatter&#8221;. Tometi then added her support, and Black Lives Matter was born as an online campaign.<\/p>\n<p>This emergence stage quickly escalated to <em>coalescence<\/em>, as the movement\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">became nationally recognized for its street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: Michael Brown\u2014resulting in protests and unrest in Ferguson\u2014and Eric Garner in New York City. Since the Ferguson protests, participants in the movement have demonstrated against the deaths of numerous other African Americans by police actions or while in police custody. In the summer of 2015, Black Lives Matter activists became involved in the 2016 United States presidential election.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Social media is immensely helpful during the coalescence stage<em>.<\/em>\u00a0Coalescence is the point when people join together to publicize the issue and get organized. President Obama\u2019s 2008 campaign was essentially a case study in organizing and publicizing through social media. Using Twitter and other online tools, the campaign engaged volunteers who had typically not bothered with politics and empowered those who were more active to generate still more activity. It is no coincidence that Obama\u2019s earlier work experience included grassroots community organizing. In 2009, when student protests erupted in Tehran, social media was considered so important to the organizing effort that the U.S. State Department actually asked Twitter to suspend scheduled maintenance so that a vital tool would not be disabled during the demonstrations.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">The next stage of the development of a social movement is <em>institutionalization<\/em>, when it becomes more organized. In the case of Black Lives Matter, the movement grew into a national network of over 30 local chapters between 2014 and 2016. The overall Black Lives Matter movement, however, is a decentralized network and has no formal hierarchy. The movement still has a strong presence and has even joined forces with other, more systematically organized groups, such as the\u00a0Movement for Black Lives (M4BL).\u00a0<\/span>The is a coalition of groups across the United States which represent the interests of black communities. It was formed in 2014 as a response to sustained and increasingly visible violence against black communities, with the purpose of creating a united front and establishing a political platform. The collective, also known as a social movement sector, is made up of more than 150 organizations, with members such as the Black Lives Matter Network, the National Conference of Black Lawyers, and the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning: Black Lives Matter<\/h3>\n<p>Watch <a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/279925690\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this video<\/a> as it explains the initial stages and goals of the Black Lives Matter movement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-id1545160\">\n<h3 id=\"import-auto-id1169034204477\">Occupy Wall Street<\/h3>\n<p>Perhaps the social movement that ran the most contrary to theory in recent history is Occupy Wall Street (OWS). Although it contains many of the classic developmental elements of a social movement described in this module, it is set apart by its lack of a single message, its leaderless organization, and its target\u2014financial institutions instead of the government. OWS baffled much of the public, and certainly the mainstream media, leading many to ask, &#8220;Who are they, and what do they want?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1169034242530\">On July 13, 2011, the organization Adbusters posted on its blog, &#8220;Are you ready for a Tahrir moment? On September 17th, flood into lower Manhattan, set up tents, kitchens, peaceful barricades and occupy Wall Street&#8221; (Castells, 2012). The &#8220;Tahrir moment&#8221; was a reference to the 2010 political uprising that began in Tunisia and spread throughout the Middle East and North Africa, including Egypt\u2019s Tahrir Square in Cairo. Although OWS was a reaction to the continuing financial chaos that resulted from the 2008 market meltdown and not a political movement, the Arab Spring was its catalyst.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1169034180773\">Manuel Castells (2012) notes that the years leading up to the Occupy movement had witnessed a dizzying increase in the disparity of wealth in the United States, stemming back to the 1980s. The top 1 percent in the nation had secured 58 percent of the economic growth in the period for themselves, while real hourly wages for the average worker had increased by only 2 percent. The wealth of the top 5 percent had increased by 42 percent. The average pay of a CEO was now 350 times that of the average worker, compared to less than 50 times in 1983 (AFL-CIO, 2014). The country\u2019s leading financial institutions were, to many, clearly to blame for the crisis but dubbed &#8220;too big to fail.&#8221; These big banks were in trouble after many poorly qualified borrowers defaulted on their mortgage loans when the loans\u2019 interest rates rose. The banks were eventually &#8220;bailed out&#8221; by the government with over $700 billion of taxpayer money. According to many reports, that same year, top executives and traders received large bonuses.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1169034211397\">On September 17, 2011, an anniversary of the signing of the U.S. Constitution, the occupation began. One thousand outraged protesters descended upon Wall Street, and up to 20,000 people moved into Zuccotti Park, only two blocks away, where they began building a village of tents and organizing a system of communication. The protest soon began spreading throughout the nation, and its members started calling themselves &#8220;the 99 percent.&#8221; More than a thousand cities and towns had Occupy demonstrations.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>This video gives an idea of the protest\u2014what it looked like, and how it played out.<\/strong><br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Social Media Fuel Wall Street Protest\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/0Cca6YViKFU?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1169034197134\">In answer to the question &#8220;Who are they?&#8221; Castells noted &#8220;. . . by and large the movement was made up of a large majority of democratic voters, as well as of politically independent minded people who were in search of new forms of changing the world . . . &#8221; (Castells, 2012). What do they want? Castells has dubbed OWS &#8220;A non-demand movement: The process is the message.&#8221; Using Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and live-stream video, the protesters conveyed a multifold message with a long list of reforms and social change, including the need to address the rising disparity of wealth, the influence of money on election outcomes, the notion of &#8220;corporate personhood,&#8221; a corporatized political system (to be replaced by &#8220;direct democracy\u201d), political favoring of the rich, and rising student debt. Regardless, some in the media appeared confused about the protestors\u2019 intentions, and articles carried titles like, &#8220;The Wall Street Protesters: What the Hell Do They Want?&#8221; (Gell, 2011) from <em>The New York Observer<\/em>, and person-in-the-street quotations like, &#8220;I think they&#8217;re idiots. They have no agenda . . . &#8221; from the <em>Los Angeles Times<\/em> (Le Tellier, 2012).<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1169034179722\">The late James C. Davies suggested in his 1962 paper, &#8220;Toward a Theory of Revolution&#8221; (from the <em>American Sociological Review<\/em>, Vol, 27 Issue 1) that revolution depends upon the mood of the people, and that it is extremely unlikely those in absolute poverty will be able to overturn a government, simply because the government has infinitely more power. Instead, a revolution is more possible when expected need satisfaction and actual need satisfaction are out of sync. As actual need satisfaction trends downward and away from what a formerly prosperous people have come to expect\u2014tracing a curve that looks somewhat like an upside-down J and is called the Davies-J curve\u2014the gap between expectations and reality widens. Eventually an intolerable point is reached, and revolution occurs. Thus, change comes not from the very bottom of the social hierarchy, but from somewhere in the middle. Indeed, the Arab Spring was driven by mostly young people whose education had offered promise and expectations that were thwarted by corrupt autocratic governments. Occupy Wall Street too came not from the bottom but from people in the middle, who exploited the power of social media to enhance communication.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1542938\" class=\"section-summary\"><\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1589237\" class=\"short-answer\">\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Think It Over<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-id1346940\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1285409\" class=\"problem\">\n<ul>\n<li>Do you think social media is an important tool in creating social change? Why, or why not? Defend your opinion.<\/li>\n<li>Describe a social movement in the decline stage. What is its issue? Why has it reached this stage?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Theoretical Perspectives on Social Movements<\/h2>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2266203\">Most theories of social movements are called collective action theories, indicating the purposeful nature of this form of collective behavior. The following three theories are but a few of the many classic and modern theories developed by social scientists.<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-id1172029979122\">\n<div style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/120\/2016\/04\/15204816\/Figure_21_02_04.jpg\" alt=\"A screenshot of the Twitter page for #Haiti donations is shown here. The tweet reads: Donation Update: Over $21 Million in $10 donations raised for the people of #Haiti through the @RedCross Text HAITI to 90999 campaign.\" width=\"300\" height=\"380\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4.\u00a0<\/strong>After a devastating earthquake in 2010, Twitter and the Red Cross raised millions for Haiti relief efforts through phone donations alone. (Photo courtesy of Cambodia4KidsOrg\/flickr)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Resource Mobilization<\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1395900\">McCarthy and Zald (1977) conceptualize <strong>resource mobilization theory<\/strong> as a way to explain movement success in terms of the ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals. Resources are primarily time and money, and the more of both, the greater the power of organized movements. Numbers of social movement organizations (SMOs), which are single social movement groups, with the same goals constitute a social movement industry (SMI). Together they create what McCarthy and Zald (1977) refer to as &#8220;the sum of all social movements in a society.&#8221;<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-id1172028151770\">\n<h4>Resource Mobilization and the Civil Rights Movement<\/h4>\n<p id=\"fs-id7981820\">An example of resource mobilization theory is activity of the civil rights movement in the decade between the mid 1950s and the mid 1960s. Social movements had existed before, notably the Women&#8217;s Suffrage Movement and a long line of labor movements, thus constituting an <strong>existing social movement sector<\/strong>, which is the multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely varying constituents and goals. The civil rights movement had also existed well before Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white man. Less known is that Parks was a member of the NAACP and trained in leadership (A&amp;E Television Networks, LLC. 2014). But her action that day was spontaneous and unplanned (Schmitz, 2014). Her arrest triggered a public outcry that led to the famous Montgomery bus boycott, turning the movement into what we now think of as the &#8220;civil rights movement&#8221; (Schmitz, 2014).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1172023108332\">Mobilization had to begin immediately. Boycotting the bus made other means of transportation necessary, which was provided through car pools. Churches and their ministers joined the struggle, and the protest organization In Friendship was formed as well as The Friendly Club and the Club From Nowhere. A <strong>social movement industry<\/strong>, which is the collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goals, was growing.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1172038243569\">Martin Luther King Jr. emerged during these events to become the charismatic leader of the movement, gained respect from elites in the federal government, and aided by even more emerging SMOs such as the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), among others. Several still exist today. Although the movement in that period was an overall success, and laws were changed (even if not attitudes), the &#8220;movement&#8221; continues. So do struggles to keep the gains that were made, even as the U.S. Supreme Court has recently weakened the Voter Rights Act of 1965, once again making it more difficult for black Americans and other minorities to vote.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<figure id=\"eip-id1851082\">\n<div style=\"width: 604px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/120\/2016\/04\/15204817\/Figure_21_02_05a.jpg\" alt=\"Pictured is a flow chart showing the tiers of the Social Movement Sector. At the top of the chart is the social movement sector. Below that box is the social movement industries. Three boxes come from that one; and, they are the animal right industry, the marriage rights industry, and the food movement industry. One box comes from the animal rights industry box; and, it is social movement organization. Two boxes come from the social movement organization box; and, they are People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and Animal Liberation Front (ALF). One box comes from the marriage rights industry; and, it is social movement organizations. Two more boxes come from the social movement organizations box; and, they are the Human Rights Campaign, and the National Organization for Marriage. One box come from the food movement industry box; and, it is social movement organizations. Two more boxes come from the social movement organizations box; and, they are the Slow Food Movement, and the Locavore Movement.\" width=\"594\" height=\"382\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 5.\u00a0<\/strong>Multiple social movement organizations concerned about the same issue form a social movement industry. A society\u2019s many social movement industries comprise its social movement sector. With so many options, to whom will you give your time and money?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1555634\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>This video provides an explanation of how theories on social movements have evolved over time.\u00a0For example, you&#8217;ll learn about mass society theory, relative deprivation theory, resource mobilization theory, and rational choice theory.\u00a0\u00a0Consider which of these theories\u00a0best explains the emergence of\u00a0a social movement you&#8217;ve learned about in this module.<\/strong><br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Social movements | Society and Culture | MCAT | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/y7YPTD7QwR4?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Framing\/Frame Analysis<\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1507004\">Over the past several decades, sociologists have developed the concept of frames to explain how individuals identify and understand social events and which norms they should follow in any given situation (Benford and Snow, 2000; Goffman, 1974; Snow et al., 1986). Imagine entering a restaurant. Your \u201cframe\u201d immediately provides you with a behavior template. It probably does not occur to you to wear pajamas to a fine-dining establishment, throw food at other patrons, or spit your drink onto the table. However, eating food at a sleepover pizza party provides you with an entirely different behavior template. It might be perfectly acceptable to eat in your pajamas and maybe even throw popcorn at others or guzzle drinks from cans.<\/p>\n<p>Successful social movements use three kinds of frames (Snow and Benford, 1988) to further their goals. The first type, <strong><span id=\"import-auto-id3112581\">diagnostic framing<\/span><\/strong>, states the problem in a clear, easily understood way. When applying diagnostic frames, there are no shades of gray: instead, there is the belief that what \u201cthey\u201d do is wrong and this is how \u201cwe\u201d will fix it. The anti-gay marriage movement is an example of diagnostic framing with its uncompromising insistence that marriage is only between a man and a woman. <strong><span id=\"import-auto-id3126608\">Prognostic framing<\/span><\/strong>, the second type, offers a solution and states how it will be implemented. Some examples of this frame, when looking at the issue of marriage equality as framed by the anti-gay marriage movement, include the plan to restrict marriage to \u201cone man\/one woman\u201d or to allow only \u201ccivil unions\u201d instead of marriages. As you can see, there may be many competing prognostic frames even within social movements adhering to similar diagnostic frames. Finally, <strong><span id=\"import-auto-id1975435\">motivational framing<\/span><\/strong> is the call to action: what should you do once you agree with the diagnostic frame and believe in the prognostic frame? These frames are action-oriented. In the gay marriage movement, a call to action might encourage you to vote \u201cno\u201d on Proposition 8 in California (a move to limit marriage to male-female couples), or conversely, to contact your local congressperson to express your viewpoint that marriage should be restricted to male-female couples.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5705\" style=\"width: 285px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5705\" class=\"wp-image-5705 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2034\/2016\/06\/01135828\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-01-at-8.58.07-AM.png\" alt=\"Figure (a) shows women\u2019s suffrage marchers. Figure (b) shows a large group of marchers for civil rights. Figure (c) shows people waving a U.S. flag and a rainbow flag.\" width=\"275\" height=\"547\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5705\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 6<\/strong>. Extension occurs when social movements have sympathetic causes. Women\u2019s rights, racial equality, and LGBT advocacy are all human rights issues. (Photos (a) and (b) courtesy of Wikimedia Commons; Photo (c) courtesy of Charlie Nguyen\/flickr)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>With so many similar diagnostic frames, some groups find it best to join together to maximize their impact. When social movements link their goals to the goals of other social movements and merge into a single group, a <strong><span id=\"import-auto-id1759575\">frame alignment process<\/span><\/strong> (Snow et al., 1986) occurs\u2014an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to the movement.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2022306\">This frame alignment process has four aspects: bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation. <em>Bridging<\/em> describes a \u201cbridge\u201d that connects uninvolved individuals and unorganized or ineffective groups with social movements that, though structurally unconnected, nonetheless share similar interests or goals. These organizations join together to create a new, stronger social movement organization. Can you think of examples of different organizations with a similar goal that have banded together?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1363408\">In the <em>amplification<\/em> model, organizations seek to expand their core ideas to gain a wider, more universal appeal. By expanding their ideas to include a broader range, they can mobilize more people for their cause. For example, the Slow Food movement extends its arguments in support of local food to encompass reduced energy consumption, pollution, obesity from eating more healthfully, and more.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3028451\">In <em>extension<\/em>, social movements agree to mutually promote each other, even when the two social movement organization\u2019s goals don\u2019t necessarily relate to each other\u2019s immediate goals. This often occurs when organizations are sympathetic to each others\u2019 causes, even if they are not directly aligned, such as women\u2019s equal rights and the civil rights movement.<\/p>\n<p><em>Transformation<\/em> means a complete revision of goals. Once a movement has succeeded, it risks losing relevance. If it wants to remain active, the movement has to change with the transformation or risk becoming obsolete. For instance, when the women\u2019s suffrage movement gained women the right to vote, members turned their attention to advocating equal rights and campaigning to elect women to office. In short, transformation is an evolution in the existing diagnostic or prognostic frames that generally achieves a total conversion of the movement.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 434px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/120\/2016\/04\/15204749\/CNX_Soc2e_Figure_21_01_001.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of a man with a mask turned backwards around his head.\" width=\"424\" height=\"259\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 7. <\/strong>In many ways, this mask, which perhaps became infamous due to its use by the &#8220;hacktivist&#8221; group Anonymous, has come to stand for revolution and social change around the world. (Photo courtesy of Coco Curranski\/flickr)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1530799\">\n<h3>New Social Movement Theory<\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1777158\"><strong><span id=\"import-auto-id2189577\">New social movement theory<\/span><\/strong>, a term developed by European social scientists in the 1950s and 1960s, attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to analyze using traditional social movement theories. Rather than being one specific theory, it is more of a perspective that revolves around understanding movements as they relate to politics, identity, culture, and social change. The primary difference is in their goals, as the new movements focus not on issues of materialistic qualities such as economic well-being, but on issues related to human rights (such as gay rights or pacifism).<\/p>\n<p>Some of these more complex interrelated movements include ecofeminism, which focuses on the patriarchal society as the source of environmental problems, and the transgender rights movement. Sociologist Steven Buechler (2000) suggests that we should be looking at the bigger picture in which these movements arise\u2014shifting to a macro-level, global analysis of social movements.<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-id1165930227264\">\n<h3>The Movement to Legalize Marijuana<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333\">The movement to legalize marijuana can be an example of a New Social Movement theory as it focuses on changing the culture of the United States by assimilating a previous illegal substance into something people could legalize use in their everyday life thus creating a new norm for what is considered deviant in society. The early history of marijuana in the United States includes its use as an over-the-counter medicine as well as various industrial applications. Its recreational use eventually became a focus of regulatory concern. Public opinion, swayed by a powerful propaganda campaign by the Federal Bureau of Narcotics in the 1930s, remained firmly opposed to the use of marijuana for decades. In the 1936 church-financed propaganda film &#8220;Reefer Madness,&#8221; marijuana was portrayed as a dangerous drug that caused insanity and violent behavior.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id1172649539976\">One reason for the recent shift in public attitudes about marijuana, and the social movement pushing for its decriminalization, is a more-informed understanding of its effects that largely contradict its earlier characterization. The public has also become aware that penalties for possession have been significantly disproportionate along racial lines. U.S. Census and FBI data reveal that blacks in the United States are between two to eight times more likely than whites to be arrested for possession of marijuana (Matthews, 2013; Urbina 2013). Further, the resulting incarceration costs and prison overcrowding are causing states to look closely at decriminalization and legalization.<\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id1172645198513\">In 2012, marijuana was legalized for recreational purposes in Washington and Colorado through ballot initiatives approved by voters. While it remains a Schedule One controlled substance under federal law, the federal government has indicated that it will not intervene in state decisions to ease marijuana laws. Cannabis is now legal for recreational use in over 10 states, legal for medical use for other 33, and decriminalized in many others.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Berke, Jeremy and Skye Gould (March 2016). New Jersey lawmakers postponed a critical vote to legalize marijuana\u2014here are all the states where pot is legal. Business Insider. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1\" id=\"return-footnote-7960-1\" href=\"#footnote-7960-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Watch this Ted talk by Greg Satell to learn more about the things that make a successful social movement.<\/strong><br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"Why do some movements succeed, while others fail? | Greg Satell | TEDxMorristown\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IOt1dLVyHjQ?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1589237\" class=\"short-answer\">\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Think It Over<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-id1346940\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1285409\" class=\"problem\">\n<ul>\n<li>Think about a social movement industry dealing with a cause that is important to you. How do the different social movement organizations of this industry seek to engage you? Which techniques do you respond to? Why?<\/li>\n<li>Do you think social media is an important tool in creating social change? Why, or why not? Defend your opinion.<\/li>\n<li>Describe a social movement in the decline stage. What is its issue? Why has it reached this stage?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1515115\" class=\"references\">\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2729010\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt><\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2729010\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>\n<\/dt>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>glossary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<dl>\n<dt>alternative movements:<\/dt>\n<dd>social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals<\/dd>\n<dt>diagnostic framing:<\/dt>\n<dd>a the social problem that is stated in a clear, easily understood manner<\/dd>\n<dt>frame alignment process:<\/dt>\n<dd>using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement<\/dd>\n<dt>motivational framing:<\/dt>\n<dd>a call to action<\/dd>\n<dt>new social movement theory:<\/dt>\n<dd>a theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories<\/dd>\n<dt>prognostic framing:<\/dt>\n<dd>social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation<\/dd>\n<dt>reform movements:<\/dt>\n<dd>movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure<\/dd>\n<dt>religious\/redemptive movements:<\/dt>\n<dd>movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals<\/dd>\n<dt>resource mobilization theory:<\/dt>\n<dd>a theory that explains social movements\u2019 success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals<\/dd>\n<dt>revolutionary movements:<\/dt>\n<dd>movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society<\/dd>\n<dt>social movement industry:<\/dt>\n<dd>the collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goals<\/dd>\n<dt>social movement organization:<\/dt>\n<dd>a single social movement group<\/dd>\n<dt>social movement sector:<\/dt>\n<dd>the multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely varying constituents and goals<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/dl>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-7960\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Introduction to Types of Social Movements. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Rebecca Vonderhaar for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Rebecca Vonderhaar for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Elbert Howard at Black Panther Movement. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Albert_Howard_hield_lezing_over_Black_Panther_beweging_in_USA_in_Mozes_en_Aaro,_Bestanddeelnr_923-1651.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Albert_Howard_hield_lezing_over_Black_Panther_beweging_in_USA_in_Mozes_en_Aaro,_Bestanddeelnr_923-1651.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Social Movements. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax CNX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/AgQDEnLI@10.1:zqE5zZje@5\/Social-Movements\">https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/AgQDEnLI@10.1:zqE5zZje@5\/Social-Movements<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d@3.49<\/li><li>How much change? Image. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-sociology\/chapter\/social-change-and-collective-behavior\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-sociology\/chapter\/social-change-and-collective-behavior\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Categoies of Social Movements. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-sociology\/chapter\/social-movements\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-sociology\/chapter\/social-movements\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Types of Social Movement. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_movement\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_movement<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Background information on Black Lives Matter. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Lives_Matter\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Lives_Matter<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Movement for Black Lives description. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Movement_for_Black_Lives\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Movement_for_Black_Lives<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Explanatory sentence on goals of new social movements. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_social_movements\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_social_movements<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Social Media Fuel Wall Street Protest. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: VOA News. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0Cca6YViKFU\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0Cca6YViKFU<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Social movements | Society and Culture | MCAT . <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=y7YPTD7QwR4\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=y7YPTD7QwR4<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Why do some movements succeed, while others fail?. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Greg Satell. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: TEDx. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IOt1dLVyHjQ\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IOt1dLVyHjQ<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-7960-1\">Berke, Jeremy and Skye Gould (March 2016). New Jersey lawmakers postponed a critical vote to legalize marijuana\u2014here are all the states where pot is legal. Business Insider. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-7960-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Introduction to Types of Social Movements\",\"author\":\"Rebecca Vonderhaar for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Elbert Howard at Black Panther Movement\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikimedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Albert_Howard_hield_lezing_over_Black_Panther_beweging_in_USA_in_Mozes_en_Aaro,_Bestanddeelnr_923-1651.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Social Movements\",\"author\":\"OpenStax CNX\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/AgQDEnLI@10.1:zqE5zZje@5\/Social-Movements\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d@3.49\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Rebecca Vonderhaar for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Social Media Fuel Wall Street Protest\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"VOA News\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0Cca6YViKFU\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"How much change? 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