{"id":219,"date":"2020-07-24T18:48:21","date_gmt":"2020-07-24T18:48:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=219"},"modified":"2020-11-10T18:03:28","modified_gmt":"2020-11-10T18:03:28","slug":"explaining-clearly","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/chapter\/explaining-clearly\/","title":{"raw":"Paragraphs, Topic Sentences, &amp; Transitions","rendered":"Paragraphs, Topic Sentences, &amp; Transitions"},"content":{"raw":"<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-649 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/10142109\/554-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/>\r\n\r\nParagraphs are the building blocks of technical documents, and topic sentences and transitions are the mortar that hold the blocks together. Paragraphs put the information you need to convey to your audience into manageable pieces. And topic sentences and transitions show the pattern of that information, which you determine given your audience and purpose. Information order may vary from one document to the next; the pattern just needs to be visible, so your audience knows what to expect, and what's coming next.\r\n<h2><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-650 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/10142613\/555-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/h2>\r\n<h2>Paragraphs<\/h2>\r\nA paragraph is \"a group of sentences or a single sentence that forms a unit.\"<sup>[1]<\/sup> A paragraph can be made up of just one sentence, if that one sentence offers a discrete idea. However, most paragraphs contain a few sentences that coherently support one idea. If there is a lot of information related to that one idea, you may need to break that information into a few paragraphs. Create a new paragraph when there is some shift in topic or subtopic, or some shift in the way a topic is being discussed.\r\n\r\nNote that unless you're writing an extended document for an audience of technical experts, and even in that situation, paragraphs in technical documents tend to be relatively short. Here are some suggestions about paragraphs:\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-652 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/10145041\/556-300x195.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"195\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In longer technical documents, on a page of single-spaced text, you might have at least three-four paragraphs. This is an average; it's not a requirement. You determine paragraphs based on type and coherence of information. You just need to avoid a page with one or two lengthy paragraphs, as big blocks of text are difficult to read.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Within shorter paragraphs, four-five sentences is a widely accepted average.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use short paragraphs for web pages and documents that will be posted online.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn summary, look at long walls of text and think about breaking them up into individual \"bricks.\"\r\n<h2>Topic Sentences<\/h2>\r\nA topic sentence usually occurs toward the beginning of a paragraph. It indicates the focus, purpose, and contents of that paragraph, and in some cases may also preview additional topic sentences that follow the paragraph (e.g., The first of three results is that....) Topic sentences are like signposts. Taken all together, they show the writer\u2019s \u201croute,\u201d the idea structure of the document.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-492 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/30222913\/521-300x111.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"111\" \/>\r\n\r\nOften, when you draft a technical document, you don\u2019t consciously think about indicating your idea structure. Instead, you focus on getting words onto the page, trying to explain your topic. So, the revision process is the time go to back and strengthen topic sentences that can help readers understand\u00a0where they are going, what\u2019s coming up next, where they\u2019ve just been, and how what they are reading connects to the document as a whole.\r\n\r\nHere are some different types of topic sentences.\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Type<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Example<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>keyword topic sentence<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Contains a keyword that hints about the content and organization of the upcoming material. Use if your section (one or more paragraphs) discusses multiple similar things (for example, problems, solutions, causes, consequences, reasons, aspects, factors).<\/td>\r\n<td><em>During Samhain there are a number of activities the Celts took part in that resemble some customs we observe on Halloween today.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>overview topic sentence<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Names all the subtopics in the upcoming material. Use if you want to specify all the subtopics you will address.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Most brains exhibit a visible distinction between gray matter and white matter.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>thesis-statement topic sentence<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Makes an assertion\u2014an argument\u2014that the rest of paragraph must support. Use if your section proves a point and includes multiple supporting statements.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Although Babbage\u2019s machines were mechanical monsters, their basic architecture was astonishingly similar to a modern computer.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>topic definition<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Names the term being defined, identifies the class it belongs to, and describes its distinguishing characteristics. It must contain highly specific information. Use if your section introduces an unfamiliar term.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Stress is a measure of the internal reaction between elementary particles of a material in resisting separation, compacting, or sliding that tend to be induced by external forces.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>topic reference<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Mentions the general subject at hand. It does not forecast what will be said about the subject. Use to remind your reader about the general subject.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>The surface of Mars is thought to be primarily composed of basalt, based upon the Martian meteorite collection and orbital observations.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>no topic sentence<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Sometimes, you may not need or want a topic sentence.\u00a0If your materials contain a story that leads to a point, or are part of a popular science or popular technology writing project, a topic sentence up front may be inappropriate.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>Transitions<\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-494 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/30223324\/522-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/>\r\n\r\nTransitions are words and phrases that indicate how ideas are linked to one another. Together with topic sentences, transitions are the mortar holding the bricks together. You can also think of transitions as bridges from one idea or topic to the next. Like topic sentences, transitions help integrate your information into a unified whole. If you don\u2019t make the document\u2019s \u201cflow\u201d of ideas clear, a reader may not understand how the pieces of information relate or connect to each other. Transitions guide your reader from one idea (one paragraph, one section) to the next.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3>Transitions can show:<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>more of the same<\/strong> \u2013 and, as well as, too, in addition to, additionally, also<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sequence<\/strong> \u2013 then, next, before, after, subsequently, following, during, until<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>similarity or difference<\/strong> \u2013 similarly, but, on the other hand, instead<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>causes<\/strong> \u2013 because, consequently, as a result, thus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>additional explanation<\/strong> \u2013 for example, to illustrate, for instance<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>closure of one concept \/ start of another<\/strong> \u2013 as you can see, in summary \/ next, however<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Paragraphs, Topic sentences, &amp; transitions<\/h3>\r\nParagraphs, topic sentences, and transitions function together as ways to clarify the structure of a technical document.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Writers often incorporate transitional words or phrases into topic sentences.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>On the other hand, the next step in the process requires very little time to complete.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Transitional words and phrases may occur at the end of a paragraph to pave the way for the next paragraph.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>This result actually sparks more results, which will be discussed in the next section of the report.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Headings can sometimes function as\u2014or can reinforce\u2014topic sentences and transitions, linking paragraphs or sections of a technical document.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Methodology<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Immediate Results<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Longer-Term Results<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<sup>[1]<\/sup> Lunsford, Andrea and Robert Collins.\u00a0<i>The St. Martin\u2019s Handbook, Annotated Instructor\u2019s Edition<\/i>. 5th Ed. New York: St. Martin\u2019s, 2003.","rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-649 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/10142109\/554-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Paragraphs are the building blocks of technical documents, and topic sentences and transitions are the mortar that hold the blocks together. Paragraphs put the information you need to convey to your audience into manageable pieces. And topic sentences and transitions show the pattern of that information, which you determine given your audience and purpose. Information order may vary from one document to the next; the pattern just needs to be visible, so your audience knows what to expect, and what&#8217;s coming next.<\/p>\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-650 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/10142613\/555-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/h2>\n<h2>Paragraphs<\/h2>\n<p>A paragraph is &#8220;a group of sentences or a single sentence that forms a unit.&#8221;<sup>[1]<\/sup> A paragraph can be made up of just one sentence, if that one sentence offers a discrete idea. However, most paragraphs contain a few sentences that coherently support one idea. If there is a lot of information related to that one idea, you may need to break that information into a few paragraphs. Create a new paragraph when there is some shift in topic or subtopic, or some shift in the way a topic is being discussed.<\/p>\n<p>Note that unless you&#8217;re writing an extended document for an audience of technical experts, and even in that situation, paragraphs in technical documents tend to be relatively short. Here are some suggestions about paragraphs:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-652 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/10145041\/556-300x195.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"195\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In longer technical documents, on a page of single-spaced text, you might have at least three-four paragraphs. This is an average; it&#8217;s not a requirement. You determine paragraphs based on type and coherence of information. You just need to avoid a page with one or two lengthy paragraphs, as big blocks of text are difficult to read.<\/li>\n<li>Within shorter paragraphs, four-five sentences is a widely accepted average.<\/li>\n<li>Use short paragraphs for web pages and documents that will be posted online.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In summary, look at long walls of text and think about breaking them up into individual &#8220;bricks.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2>Topic Sentences<\/h2>\n<p>A topic sentence usually occurs toward the beginning of a paragraph. It indicates the focus, purpose, and contents of that paragraph, and in some cases may also preview additional topic sentences that follow the paragraph (e.g., The first of three results is that&#8230;.) Topic sentences are like signposts. Taken all together, they show the writer\u2019s \u201croute,\u201d the idea structure of the document.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-492 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/30222913\/521-300x111.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"111\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Often, when you draft a technical document, you don\u2019t consciously think about indicating your idea structure. Instead, you focus on getting words onto the page, trying to explain your topic. So, the revision process is the time go to back and strengthen topic sentences that can help readers understand\u00a0where they are going, what\u2019s coming up next, where they\u2019ve just been, and how what they are reading connects to the document as a whole.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some different types of topic sentences.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Type<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Example<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>keyword topic sentence<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Contains a keyword that hints about the content and organization of the upcoming material. Use if your section (one or more paragraphs) discusses multiple similar things (for example, problems, solutions, causes, consequences, reasons, aspects, factors).<\/td>\n<td><em>During Samhain there are a number of activities the Celts took part in that resemble some customs we observe on Halloween today.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>overview topic sentence<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Names all the subtopics in the upcoming material. Use if you want to specify all the subtopics you will address.<\/td>\n<td><em>Most brains exhibit a visible distinction between gray matter and white matter.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>thesis-statement topic sentence<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Makes an assertion\u2014an argument\u2014that the rest of paragraph must support. Use if your section proves a point and includes multiple supporting statements.<\/td>\n<td><em>Although Babbage\u2019s machines were mechanical monsters, their basic architecture was astonishingly similar to a modern computer.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>topic definition<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Names the term being defined, identifies the class it belongs to, and describes its distinguishing characteristics. It must contain highly specific information. Use if your section introduces an unfamiliar term.<\/td>\n<td><em>Stress is a measure of the internal reaction between elementary particles of a material in resisting separation, compacting, or sliding that tend to be induced by external forces.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>topic reference<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Mentions the general subject at hand. It does not forecast what will be said about the subject. Use to remind your reader about the general subject.<\/td>\n<td><em>The surface of Mars is thought to be primarily composed of basalt, based upon the Martian meteorite collection and orbital observations.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>no topic sentence<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Sometimes, you may not need or want a topic sentence.\u00a0If your materials contain a story that leads to a point, or are part of a popular science or popular technology writing project, a topic sentence up front may be inappropriate.<\/td>\n<td><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Transitions<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-494 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/30223324\/522-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Transitions are words and phrases that indicate how ideas are linked to one another. Together with topic sentences, transitions are the mortar holding the bricks together. You can also think of transitions as bridges from one idea or topic to the next. Like topic sentences, transitions help integrate your information into a unified whole. If you don\u2019t make the document\u2019s \u201cflow\u201d of ideas clear, a reader may not understand how the pieces of information relate or connect to each other. Transitions guide your reader from one idea (one paragraph, one section) to the next.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Transitions can show:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>more of the same<\/strong> \u2013 and, as well as, too, in addition to, additionally, also<\/li>\n<li><strong>sequence<\/strong> \u2013 then, next, before, after, subsequently, following, during, until<\/li>\n<li><strong>similarity or difference<\/strong> \u2013 similarly, but, on the other hand, instead<\/li>\n<li><strong>causes<\/strong> \u2013 because, consequently, as a result, thus<\/li>\n<li><strong>additional explanation<\/strong> \u2013 for example, to illustrate, for instance<\/li>\n<li><strong>closure of one concept \/ start of another<\/strong> \u2013 as you can see, in summary \/ next, however<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Paragraphs, Topic sentences, &amp; transitions<\/h3>\n<p>Paragraphs, topic sentences, and transitions function together as ways to clarify the structure of a technical document.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Writers often incorporate transitional words or phrases into topic sentences.\n<ul>\n<li><em>On the other hand, the next step in the process requires very little time to complete.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Transitional words and phrases may occur at the end of a paragraph to pave the way for the next paragraph.\n<ul>\n<li><em>This result actually sparks more results, which will be discussed in the next section of the report.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Headings can sometimes function as\u2014or can reinforce\u2014topic sentences and transitions, linking paragraphs or sections of a technical document.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Methodology<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Immediate Results<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Longer-Term Results<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><sup>[1]<\/sup> Lunsford, Andrea and Robert Collins.\u00a0<i>The St. Martin\u2019s Handbook, Annotated Instructor\u2019s Edition<\/i>. 5th Ed. New York: St. Martin\u2019s, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-219\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Topic Sentences &amp; Transitions, adapted from Open Technical Communication; attribution below. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Susan Oaks. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Empire State College, SUNY. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Technical Writing. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Power Revision Techniques. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David McMurrey and Jonathan Arnett (page 2 of 3). <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Kennesaw State University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/softchalkcloud.com\/lesson\/serve\/3LYbcUFdV8Snq4\/html\">https:\/\/softchalkcloud.com\/lesson\/serve\/3LYbcUFdV8Snq4\/html<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Open Technical Communication. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>image of brick wall. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Mabel Amber. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/wall-brick-wall-red-brick-wall-seam-3075100\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/wall-brick-wall-red-brick-wall-seam-3075100\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>image of brick wall. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Michael J Berlin. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/brick-wall-background-brick-wall-1175222\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/brick-wall-background-brick-wall-1175222\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>image of brick wall. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Andrew Martin. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/brick-wall-old-mortar-texture-2891518\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/brick-wall-old-mortar-texture-2891518\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>image of road signs pointing different directions, saying Choice. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Gerd Altmann. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/choice-select-decide-decision-vote-2692575\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/choice-select-decide-decision-vote-2692575<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>image of Golden Gate Bridge. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Pexels. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/architecture-golden-gate-bridge-1868265\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/architecture-golden-gate-bridge-1868265<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":81366,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Topic Sentences & Transitions, adapted from Open Technical Communication; 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