{"id":309,"date":"2020-07-24T22:56:43","date_gmt":"2020-07-24T22:56:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=309"},"modified":"2020-11-12T17:10:06","modified_gmt":"2020-11-12T17:10:06","slug":"item-4","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/chapter\/item-4\/","title":{"raw":"Numbers, Abbreviations, &amp; Symbols","rendered":"Numbers, Abbreviations, &amp; Symbols"},"content":{"raw":"<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Some elements such as numbers, abbreviations, and symbols require special consideration in technical writing.<\/span>\r\n<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Numbers vs. Words<\/h2>\r\nIn most contexts other than technical writing, you may have been taught to use words for numbers below ten. However, in technical contexts, you use numbers, even ones below 10, in certain cases. In technical and scientific contexts, readers are vitally interested in numbers and statistical data, even if it's a 2, a 5, or even a 0.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1498 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/22160712\/143-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/>\r\n<h3>When to use Numbers<\/h3>\r\nUse numbers when you have an exact, measured, or measurable amount. For example, <span class=\"c0\">in the following sentences, numbers indicate exact, measured amounts:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\">The completed model should be 13 inches tall.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\">Use all 5 screws to fasten each leg to the table.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Our computer backup system uses 4 mm tape.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The recipe calls for 2 cups of unbleached flour.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>When to Use Words<\/h3>\r\nUse words when the amount does not matter in terms of measurement. In the following examples, the amount does not relate to something that needs to be measured or exact; there might be any number of items in any of the examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>There are four key elements that define a successful technical description.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This process involves five steps.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Having three people involved in building the model will make step 7 easier to complete.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are six data types in this programming language.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nUse words when a value occurs at the start of a sentence; don't start a sentence with a number. However, if the number refers to an exact, measurable amount, it's better to revise the sentence and use different first words so that you can use the number appropriately.\r\n<h3>Conventions for Writing Numbers and Words<\/h3>\r\nApply the following conventions in technical communications:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>For decimal values less than 1, add a 0 before the decimal point: for example, .08 should be 0.08.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do not go back and forth between decimal values and fractions in one document; choose one or the other.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>For fractions, put a hyphen between the whole number and the fraction, like this: 5-1\/4.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>For large amounts, use a combination of numbers and words, like this: 31 million, 44 billion<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Always use a number before the word \"percent,\" like this: <span class=\"example_text\">Over 65\u00a0<i>percent<\/i>\u00a0of the gross income goes toward staff salaries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Abbreviations &amp; Acronyms<\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1504 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/22190737\/146-300x221.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"221\" \/>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\">Since technical writing should be as concise as possible, technical writers use abbreviations and acronyms freely. Abbreviations are shortened forms of words (e.g., medical personnel usually abbreviate the word \"prescription\" to \"script\").\u00a0 Acronyms are shortened forms of phrases, using the first letters of words in the phrase (e.g., World Health Organization = WHO). Abbreviations and acronyms often become standard shorthand for practitioners in a field.\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\">Three usage rules apply to using abbreviations and acronyms: <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\"><span class=\"c0\">If there's any possible audience member who may not understand the abbreviation or acronym, or if audience members might interpret the short version differently based on their backgrounds, write out the whole word or phrase the first time you use it. Do not sacrifice clarity and precision for conciseness. Put the shorter form in parentheses immediately after the whole word or phrase like this: World Health Organization (WHO). After the initial definition, it's OK to use the shorter form.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>The only time you do not need to define an abbreviation or acronym is when you're very sure that your audience will understand and define the shorter version accurately, in the way you intend.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Abbreviations do not go up against numbers. Use a hyphen or space between a number and an abbreviation. For example, use this: 8-mm tape <em>or<\/em> 8 mm tape. Do <em>not<\/em> use this: 8mm tape.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do <em>not<\/em> put a period after technical abbreviations (e.g., mm, kg). Use a period only after general abbreviations (e.g., i.e.).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>try it<\/h3>\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-1499 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/22181935\/144-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"162\" height=\"108\" \/>\r\n\r\nGo to <a href=\"http:\/\/acronymfinder.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acronymfinder.com<\/a> and search for the acronym IDK.\u00a0 Look at the general page as well as the definitions for Information Technology and Science and Medicine.\u00a0 See how many definitions you can find. The possibilities for misinterpretation are boggling.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Symbols<\/h2>\r\nThere are many symbols that may be used in technical communications. Remember, though, that it's better to use fewer symbols than many.\r\n<h3>Inches and Feet<\/h3>\r\n<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1501 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/22185055\/145-300x192.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\" \/>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\">The most common problem with symbols in instructions and descriptions has to do with inches and feet. In most cases, write out or abbreviate inches (in.) and feet (ft.) because the letters are easier to read than the marks, and offer less chance for misreading, especially if a reader is skimming the document. Note that using the whole word is preferable to the abbreviation.\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\">The only time you can use symbols for inches ( \" ) and feet ( ' ) is if you're writing about a building project and there are many, many instances in which you need to provide measurements. If you cite inch and foot measurements only a few times, use the word or abbreviation instead.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Percent ( % )<\/h3>\r\nIn the text of a technical document, you may write out the word \"percent\" after a number, or may use the % sign. However, use the % sign in tables or charts so that you're presenting information in the most concise way.\r\n<h3>Ampersand ( &amp; )<\/h3>\r\nAnother symbol that you might encounter frequently is the ampersand (&amp;). Use the ampersand symbol in company names only if the companies themselves do so, and use the ampersand symbol in titles or headings if you need to keep them condensed. However, avoid using the ampersand instead of the word \"and\" in your sentences; write out \"and\" in all sentences.\r\n<h3>Temperature\/Degrees<\/h3>\r\nIn technical settings, degree measures of temperature are normally expressed with the \u00b0 symbol rather than by the written word, with a space after the number but not between the symbol and the temperature scale:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The sample was heated to\u00a0<strong>80 \u00b0C<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nUnlike the abbreviations for Fahrenheit and Celsius, the abbreviation for Kelvin (which refers to an absolute scale of temperature) is not preceded by the degree symbol (i.e.,\u00a0<strong>12 K<\/strong>\u00a0is correct).","rendered":"<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Some elements such as numbers, abbreviations, and symbols require special consideration in technical writing.<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Numbers vs. Words<\/h2>\n<p>In most contexts other than technical writing, you may have been taught to use words for numbers below ten. However, in technical contexts, you use numbers, even ones below 10, in certain cases. In technical and scientific contexts, readers are vitally interested in numbers and statistical data, even if it&#8217;s a 2, a 5, or even a 0.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1498 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/22160712\/143-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>When to use Numbers<\/h3>\n<p>Use numbers when you have an exact, measured, or measurable amount. For example, <span class=\"c0\">in the following sentences, numbers indicate exact, measured amounts:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\">The completed model should be 13 inches tall.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\">Use all 5 screws to fasten each leg to the table.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Our computer backup system uses 4 mm tape.<\/li>\n<li>The recipe calls for 2 cups of unbleached flour.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>When to Use Words<\/h3>\n<p>Use words when the amount does not matter in terms of measurement. In the following examples, the amount does not relate to something that needs to be measured or exact; there might be any number of items in any of the examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There are four key elements that define a successful technical description.<\/li>\n<li>This process involves five steps.<\/li>\n<li>Having three people involved in building the model will make step 7 easier to complete.<\/li>\n<li>There are six data types in this programming language.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Use words when a value occurs at the start of a sentence; don&#8217;t start a sentence with a number. However, if the number refers to an exact, measurable amount, it&#8217;s better to revise the sentence and use different first words so that you can use the number appropriately.<\/p>\n<h3>Conventions for Writing Numbers and Words<\/h3>\n<p>Apply the following conventions in technical communications:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>For decimal values less than 1, add a 0 before the decimal point: for example, .08 should be 0.08.<\/li>\n<li>Do not go back and forth between decimal values and fractions in one document; choose one or the other.<\/li>\n<li>For fractions, put a hyphen between the whole number and the fraction, like this: 5-1\/4.<\/li>\n<li>For large amounts, use a combination of numbers and words, like this: 31 million, 44 billion<\/li>\n<li>Always use a number before the word &#8220;percent,&#8221; like this: <span class=\"example_text\">Over 65\u00a0<i>percent<\/i>\u00a0of the gross income goes toward staff salaries.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Abbreviations &amp; Acronyms<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1504 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/22190737\/146-300x221.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"221\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\">Since technical writing should be as concise as possible, technical writers use abbreviations and acronyms freely. Abbreviations are shortened forms of words (e.g., medical personnel usually abbreviate the word &#8220;prescription&#8221; to &#8220;script&#8221;).\u00a0 Acronyms are shortened forms of phrases, using the first letters of words in the phrase (e.g., World Health Organization = WHO). Abbreviations and acronyms often become standard shorthand for practitioners in a field.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\">Three usage rules apply to using abbreviations and acronyms: <\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\"><span class=\"c0\">If there&#8217;s any possible audience member who may not understand the abbreviation or acronym, or if audience members might interpret the short version differently based on their backgrounds, write out the whole word or phrase the first time you use it. Do not sacrifice clarity and precision for conciseness. Put the shorter form in parentheses immediately after the whole word or phrase like this: World Health Organization (WHO). After the initial definition, it&#8217;s OK to use the shorter form.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>The only time you do not need to define an abbreviation or acronym is when you&#8217;re very sure that your audience will understand and define the shorter version accurately, in the way you intend.<\/li>\n<li>Abbreviations do not go up against numbers. Use a hyphen or space between a number and an abbreviation. For example, use this: 8-mm tape <em>or<\/em> 8 mm tape. Do <em>not<\/em> use this: 8mm tape.<\/li>\n<li>Do <em>not<\/em> put a period after technical abbreviations (e.g., mm, kg). Use a period only after general abbreviations (e.g., i.e.).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>try it<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1499 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/22181935\/144-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"162\" height=\"108\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Go to <a href=\"http:\/\/acronymfinder.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acronymfinder.com<\/a> and search for the acronym IDK.\u00a0 Look at the general page as well as the definitions for Information Technology and Science and Medicine.\u00a0 See how many definitions you can find. The possibilities for misinterpretation are boggling.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Symbols<\/h2>\n<p>There are many symbols that may be used in technical communications. Remember, though, that it&#8217;s better to use fewer symbols than many.<\/p>\n<h3>Inches and Feet<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1501 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5366\/2020\/07\/22185055\/145-300x192.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\">The most common problem with symbols in instructions and descriptions has to do with inches and feet. In most cases, write out or abbreviate inches (in.) and feet (ft.) because the letters are easier to read than the marks, and offer less chance for misreading, especially if a reader is skimming the document. Note that using the whole word is preferable to the abbreviation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c0\">The only time you can use symbols for inches ( &#8221; ) and feet ( &#8216; ) is if you&#8217;re writing about a building project and there are many, many instances in which you need to provide measurements. If you cite inch and foot measurements only a few times, use the word or abbreviation instead.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Percent ( % )<\/h3>\n<p>In the text of a technical document, you may write out the word &#8220;percent&#8221; after a number, or may use the % sign. However, use the % sign in tables or charts so that you&#8217;re presenting information in the most concise way.<\/p>\n<h3>Ampersand ( &amp; )<\/h3>\n<p>Another symbol that you might encounter frequently is the ampersand (&amp;). Use the ampersand symbol in company names only if the companies themselves do so, and use the ampersand symbol in titles or headings if you need to keep them condensed. However, avoid using the ampersand instead of the word &#8220;and&#8221; in your sentences; write out &#8220;and&#8221; in all sentences.<\/p>\n<h3>Temperature\/Degrees<\/h3>\n<p>In technical settings, degree measures of temperature are normally expressed with the \u00b0 symbol rather than by the written word, with a space after the number but not between the symbol and the temperature scale:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The sample was heated to\u00a0<strong>80 \u00b0C<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Unlike the abbreviations for Fahrenheit and Celsius, the abbreviation for Kelvin (which refers to an absolute scale of temperature) is not preceded by the degree symbol (i.e.,\u00a0<strong>12 K<\/strong>\u00a0is correct).<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-309\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Numbers, Abbreviations, &amp; Symbols, adapted from Open Technical Communication and Effective Technical Writing in the Information Age; attributions below Writing; attributions below . <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Susan Oaks. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Empire State College, SUNY. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Technical Writing. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Common Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation Problems (page 6 of 7). <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David McMurrey. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Kennesaw State University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/softchalkcloud.com\/lesson\/serve\/djw2WRgOQ9LVES\/html\">https:\/\/softchalkcloud.com\/lesson\/serve\/djw2WRgOQ9LVES\/html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Abbreviations and Acronyms. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Joe Schall. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/c2_p9.html\">https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/c2_p9.html<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Effective Technical Writing in the Information Age. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Expressing Temperatures and Numbers. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Joe Schall. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/c2_p10.html\">https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/c2_p10.html<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Effective Technical Writing in the Information Age. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>image of multiple numbers. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Alicja. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/digits-counting-mathematics-4014181\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/digits-counting-mathematics-4014181\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>image of the letters FAQ. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Alexas_Fotos. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/faq-answers-help-questions-3408300\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/faq-answers-help-questions-3408300\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>image of the word game Boggle and three letter cubes with IDK. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Wokandapix. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/idk-i-don-t-know-texting-1934218\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/idk-i-don-t-know-texting-1934218\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>image of tape measure. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: WikimediaImages. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/measuring-tape-length-cm-measure-2202258\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/measuring-tape-length-cm-measure-2202258\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":81366,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Numbers, Abbreviations, & Symbols, adapted from Open Technical Communication and Effective Technical Writing in the Information Age; attributions below Writing; attributions below \",\"author\":\"Susan Oaks\",\"organization\":\"Empire State College, SUNY\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"Technical Writing\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Common Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation Problems (page 6 of 7)\",\"author\":\"David McMurrey\",\"organization\":\"Kennesaw State University\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/softchalkcloud.com\/lesson\/serve\/djw2WRgOQ9LVES\/html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Abbreviations and Acronyms\",\"author\":\"Joe Schall\",\"organization\":\"Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/c2_p9.html\",\"project\":\"Effective Technical Writing in the Information Age\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Expressing Temperatures and Numbers\",\"author\":\"Joe Schall\",\"organization\":\"Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/c2_p10.html\",\"project\":\"Effective Technical Writing in the Information Age\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"image of multiple numbers\",\"author\":\"Alicja\",\"organization\":\"Pixabay\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/digits-counting-mathematics-4014181\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"image of the letters FAQ\",\"author\":\"Alexas_Fotos\",\"organization\":\"Pixabay\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/faq-answers-help-questions-3408300\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"image of the word game Boggle and three letter cubes with IDK\",\"author\":\"Wokandapix\",\"organization\":\"Pixabay\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/idk-i-don-t-know-texting-1934218\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"image of tape measure\",\"author\":\"WikimediaImages\",\"organization\":\"Pixabay\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/measuring-tape-length-cm-measure-2202258\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-309","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":115,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/309","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/81366"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/309\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1608,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/309\/revisions\/1608"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/115"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/309\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=309"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=309"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=309"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-esc-technicalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=309"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}