{"id":106,"date":"2014-09-16T21:28:36","date_gmt":"2014-09-16T21:28:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/lifespandevelopment1x1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=106"},"modified":"2016-03-14T19:24:20","modified_gmt":"2016-03-14T19:24:20","slug":"periods-of-development","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-childhood-psychology\/chapter\/periods-of-development\/","title":{"raw":"Periods of Development","rendered":"Periods of Development"},"content":{"raw":"Think about the life span and make a list of what you would consider the periods of development.\u00a0How many stages are on your list?\u00a0Perhaps you have three: childhood, adulthood, and old age.\u00a0Or maybe four: infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.\u00a0Developmentalists break the life span into nine stages as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Prenatal Development<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Infancy and Toddlerhood<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Early Childhood<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Middle Childhood<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Adolescence<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Early Adulthood<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Middle Adulthood<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Late Adulthood<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Death and Dying<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThis list reflects unique aspects of the various stages of childhood and adulthood that will be explored in this book.\u00a0So while both an 8 month old and an 8 year old are considered children, they have very different motor abilities, social relationships, and cognitive skills.\u00a0Their nutritional needs are different and their primary psychological concerns are also distinctive.\u00a0The same is true of an 18 year old and an 80 year old, both considered adults.\u00a0We will discover the distinctions between being 28 or 48 as well.\u00a0But first, here is a brief overview of the stages.\r\n<h2><strong>Prenatal Development<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Prenatal.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-553 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Prenatal-300x201.jpeg\" alt=\"image of tiny embryo depicting some development of arms and legs, as well as facial features starting to show.\" width=\"218\" height=\"146\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Conception occurs and development begins.\u00a0All of the major structures of the body are forming and the health of the mother is of primary concern.\u00a0Understanding nutrition, teratogens (or environmental factors that can lead to birth defects), and labor and delivery are primary concerns.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2><strong>Infancy and Toddlerhood<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_552\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Infant.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-552 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Infant-300x223.jpeg\" alt=\"Infant grasping an adult finger.\" width=\"300\" height=\"223\" \/><\/a> Newborn photo courtesy Fenja2[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe first year and a half to two years of life are ones of dramatic growth and change.\u00a0A newborn, with a keen sense of hearing but very poor vision is transformed into a walking, talking toddler within a relatively short period of time.\u00a0Caregivers are also transformed from someone who manages feeding and sleep schedules to a constantly moving guide and safety inspector for a mobile, energetic child.\r\n<h2><strong>Early Childhood<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_551\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Childhood.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-551 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Childhood-300x266.jpeg\" alt=\"A young child plays with their finger in the dirt.\" width=\"300\" height=\"266\" \/><\/a> Photo\u00a0Courtesy Walter de Maria[\/caption]\r\n\r\nEarly childhood is also referred to as the preschool years consisting of the years which follow toddlerhood and precede formal schooling.\u00a0As a three to five-year-old, the child is busy learning language, is gaining a sense of self and greater independence, and is beginning to learn the workings of the physical world.\u00a0This knowledge does not come quickly, however, and preschoolers may have initially have interesting conceptions of size, time, space and distance such as fearing that they may go down the drain if they sit at the front of the bathtub or by demonstrating how long something will take by holding out their two index fingers several inches apart.\u00a0A toddler\u2019s fierce determination to do something may give way to a four-year-old\u2019s sense of guilt for doing something that brings the disapproval of others.\r\n<h2>Middle Childhood<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_550\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"240\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/kids.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-550 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/kids.jpeg\" alt=\"Two boys smiling outside of what appears to be their village school.\" width=\"240\" height=\"184\" \/><\/a> Photo Courtesy Pink Sip[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe ages of six through eleven comprise middle childhood and much of what children experience at this age is connected to their involvement in the early grades of school.\u00a0Now the world becomes one of learning and testing new academic skills and by assessing one\u2019s abilities and accomplishments by making comparisons between self and others.\u00a0Schools compare students and make these comparisons public through team sports, test scores, and other forms of recognition.\u00a0Growth rates slow down and children are able to refine their motor skills at this point in life.\u00a0And children begin to learn about social relationships beyond the family through interaction with friends and fellow students.\r\n<h2>Adolescence<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_549\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"252\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Teen.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-549 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Teen.jpeg\" alt=\"Smiling teen girl.\" width=\"252\" height=\"259\" \/><\/a> Photo Courtesy Overstreet[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAdolescence is a period of dramatic physical change marked by an overall physical growth spurt and sexual maturation, known as puberty.\u00a0It is also a time of cognitive change as the adolescent begins to think of new possibilities and to consider abstract concepts such as love, fear, and freedom.\u00a0Ironically, adolescents have a sense of invincibility that puts them at greater risk of dying from accidents or contracting sexually transmitted infections that can have lifelong consequences.\r\n<h2>Early Adulthood<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_548\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"200\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/early-adult.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-548 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/early-adult-200x300.jpeg\" alt=\"A pregnant wife smiling at her husband in an engagement-style photo.\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> Photo Courtesy Josh Gray[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe twenties and thirties are often thought of as early adulthood.\u00a0(Students who are in their mid 30s tend to love to hear that they are a young adult!).\u00a0It is a time when we are at our physiological peak but are most at risk for involvement in violent crimes and substance abuse.\u00a0It is a time of focusing on the future and putting a lot of energy into making choices that will help one earn the status of a full adult in the eyes of others.\u00a0Love and work are primary concerns at this stage of life.\r\n<h2>Middle Adulthood<\/h2>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/middle-adult.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-547 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/middle-adult.jpeg\" alt=\"middle adult\" width=\"180\" height=\"180\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\nThe late thirties through the mid-sixties is referred to as middle adulthood.\u00a0This is a period in which aging, that began earlier, becomes more noticeable and a period at which many people are at their peak of productivity in love and work.\u00a0It may be a period of gaining expertise in certain fields and being able to understand problems and find solutions with greater efficiency than before.\u00a0It can also be a time of becoming more realistic about possibilities in life previously considered; of recognizing the difference between what is possible and what is likely.\u00a0This is also the age group hardest hit by the AIDS epidemic in Africa resulting in a substantial decrease in the number of workers in those economies (Weitz, 2007).\r\n<h2><strong>Late Adulthood<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_546\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"247\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/late-adult.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-546 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/late-adult-247x300.jpeg\" alt=\"Smiling man with a short white beard, balding hair, and glasses.\" width=\"247\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> Photo Courtesy Overstreet[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThis period of the life span has increased in the last 100 years, particularly in industrialized countries.\u00a0Late adulthood is sometimes subdivided into two or three categories such as the \u201cyoung old\u201d and \u201cold old\u201d or the \u201cyoung old\u201d, \u201cold old\u201d, and \u201coldest old\u201d.\u00a0We will follow the former categorization and make the distinction between the \u201cyoung old\u201d who are people between 65 and 79 and the \u201cold old\u201d or those who are 80 and older.\u00a0One of the primary differences between these groups is that the young old are very similar to midlife adults; still working, still relatively healthy, and still interested in being productive and active.\u00a0The \u201cold old\u201d remain productive and active and the majority\u00a0continues\u00a0to live independently, but risks of the diseases of old age such as arteriosclerosis, cancer, and cerebral vascular disease increases substantially for this age group.\u00a0Issues of housing, healthcare, and extending active life expectancy are only a few of the topics of concern for this age group.\u00a0 A better way to appreciate the diversity of people in late adulthood is to go beyond chronological age and examine whether a person is experiencing\u00a0optimal aging\u00a0(like the gentleman\u00a0pictured above\u00a0who is in very good health for his age and continues to have an active, stimulating life),\u00a0normal aging\u00a0(in which the changes are similar to most of those of the same age), or\u00a0impaired aging\u00a0(referring to someone who has more physical challenge and disease than others of the same age).\r\n<h2>Death and Dying<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_545\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"200\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/death.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-545 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/death-200x300.jpeg\" alt=\"tombstone\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> Photo Courtesy Robert Paul Young[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThis topic is seldom given the amount of coverage it deserves.\u00a0Of course, there is a certain discomfort in thinking about death but there is also a certain confidence and acceptance that can come from studying death and dying.\u00a0We will be examining the physical, psychological and social aspects of death, exploring grief or bereavement, and addressing ways in which helping professionals work in death and dying.\u00a0And we will discuss cultural variations in mourning, burial, and grief.","rendered":"<p>Think about the life span and make a list of what you would consider the periods of development.\u00a0How many stages are on your list?\u00a0Perhaps you have three: childhood, adulthood, and old age.\u00a0Or maybe four: infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.\u00a0Developmentalists break the life span into nine stages as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Prenatal Development<\/li>\n<li>Infancy and Toddlerhood<\/li>\n<li>Early Childhood<\/li>\n<li>Middle Childhood<\/li>\n<li>Adolescence<\/li>\n<li>Early Adulthood<\/li>\n<li>Middle Adulthood<\/li>\n<li>Late Adulthood<\/li>\n<li>Death and Dying<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This list reflects unique aspects of the various stages of childhood and adulthood that will be explored in this book.\u00a0So while both an 8 month old and an 8 year old are considered children, they have very different motor abilities, social relationships, and cognitive skills.\u00a0Their nutritional needs are different and their primary psychological concerns are also distinctive.\u00a0The same is true of an 18 year old and an 80 year old, both considered adults.\u00a0We will discover the distinctions between being 28 or 48 as well.\u00a0But first, here is a brief overview of the stages.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Prenatal Development<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Prenatal.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-553 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Prenatal-300x201.jpeg\" alt=\"image of tiny embryo depicting some development of arms and legs, as well as facial features starting to show.\" width=\"218\" height=\"146\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Conception occurs and development begins.\u00a0All of the major structures of the body are forming and the health of the mother is of primary concern.\u00a0Understanding nutrition, teratogens (or environmental factors that can lead to birth defects), and labor and delivery are primary concerns.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Infancy and Toddlerhood<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_552\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Infant.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-552\" class=\"wp-image-552 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Infant-300x223.jpeg\" alt=\"Infant grasping an adult finger.\" width=\"300\" height=\"223\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-552\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newborn photo courtesy Fenja2<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The first year and a half to two years of life are ones of dramatic growth and change.\u00a0A newborn, with a keen sense of hearing but very poor vision is transformed into a walking, talking toddler within a relatively short period of time.\u00a0Caregivers are also transformed from someone who manages feeding and sleep schedules to a constantly moving guide and safety inspector for a mobile, energetic child.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Early Childhood<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_551\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Childhood.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-551\" class=\"wp-image-551 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Childhood-300x266.jpeg\" alt=\"A young child plays with their finger in the dirt.\" width=\"300\" height=\"266\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-551\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo\u00a0Courtesy Walter de Maria<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Early childhood is also referred to as the preschool years consisting of the years which follow toddlerhood and precede formal schooling.\u00a0As a three to five-year-old, the child is busy learning language, is gaining a sense of self and greater independence, and is beginning to learn the workings of the physical world.\u00a0This knowledge does not come quickly, however, and preschoolers may have initially have interesting conceptions of size, time, space and distance such as fearing that they may go down the drain if they sit at the front of the bathtub or by demonstrating how long something will take by holding out their two index fingers several inches apart.\u00a0A toddler\u2019s fierce determination to do something may give way to a four-year-old\u2019s sense of guilt for doing something that brings the disapproval of others.<\/p>\n<h2>Middle Childhood<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_550\" style=\"width: 250px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/kids.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-550\" class=\"wp-image-550 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/kids.jpeg\" alt=\"Two boys smiling outside of what appears to be their village school.\" width=\"240\" height=\"184\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-550\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Courtesy Pink Sip<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The ages of six through eleven comprise middle childhood and much of what children experience at this age is connected to their involvement in the early grades of school.\u00a0Now the world becomes one of learning and testing new academic skills and by assessing one\u2019s abilities and accomplishments by making comparisons between self and others.\u00a0Schools compare students and make these comparisons public through team sports, test scores, and other forms of recognition.\u00a0Growth rates slow down and children are able to refine their motor skills at this point in life.\u00a0And children begin to learn about social relationships beyond the family through interaction with friends and fellow students.<\/p>\n<h2>Adolescence<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_549\" style=\"width: 262px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Teen.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-549\" class=\"wp-image-549 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/Teen.jpeg\" alt=\"Smiling teen girl.\" width=\"252\" height=\"259\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-549\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Courtesy Overstreet<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Adolescence is a period of dramatic physical change marked by an overall physical growth spurt and sexual maturation, known as puberty.\u00a0It is also a time of cognitive change as the adolescent begins to think of new possibilities and to consider abstract concepts such as love, fear, and freedom.\u00a0Ironically, adolescents have a sense of invincibility that puts them at greater risk of dying from accidents or contracting sexually transmitted infections that can have lifelong consequences.<\/p>\n<h2>Early Adulthood<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_548\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/early-adult.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-548\" class=\"wp-image-548 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/early-adult-200x300.jpeg\" alt=\"A pregnant wife smiling at her husband in an engagement-style photo.\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-548\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Courtesy Josh Gray<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The twenties and thirties are often thought of as early adulthood.\u00a0(Students who are in their mid 30s tend to love to hear that they are a young adult!).\u00a0It is a time when we are at our physiological peak but are most at risk for involvement in violent crimes and substance abuse.\u00a0It is a time of focusing on the future and putting a lot of energy into making choices that will help one earn the status of a full adult in the eyes of others.\u00a0Love and work are primary concerns at this stage of life.<\/p>\n<h2>Middle Adulthood<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/middle-adult.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-547 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/middle-adult.jpeg\" alt=\"middle adult\" width=\"180\" height=\"180\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The late thirties through the mid-sixties is referred to as middle adulthood.\u00a0This is a period in which aging, that began earlier, becomes more noticeable and a period at which many people are at their peak of productivity in love and work.\u00a0It may be a period of gaining expertise in certain fields and being able to understand problems and find solutions with greater efficiency than before.\u00a0It can also be a time of becoming more realistic about possibilities in life previously considered; of recognizing the difference between what is possible and what is likely.\u00a0This is also the age group hardest hit by the AIDS epidemic in Africa resulting in a substantial decrease in the number of workers in those economies (Weitz, 2007).<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Late Adulthood<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_546\" style=\"width: 257px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/late-adult.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-546\" class=\"wp-image-546 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/late-adult-247x300.jpeg\" alt=\"Smiling man with a short white beard, balding hair, and glasses.\" width=\"247\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-546\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Courtesy Overstreet<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>This period of the life span has increased in the last 100 years, particularly in industrialized countries.\u00a0Late adulthood is sometimes subdivided into two or three categories such as the \u201cyoung old\u201d and \u201cold old\u201d or the \u201cyoung old\u201d, \u201cold old\u201d, and \u201coldest old\u201d.\u00a0We will follow the former categorization and make the distinction between the \u201cyoung old\u201d who are people between 65 and 79 and the \u201cold old\u201d or those who are 80 and older.\u00a0One of the primary differences between these groups is that the young old are very similar to midlife adults; still working, still relatively healthy, and still interested in being productive and active.\u00a0The \u201cold old\u201d remain productive and active and the majority\u00a0continues\u00a0to live independently, but risks of the diseases of old age such as arteriosclerosis, cancer, and cerebral vascular disease increases substantially for this age group.\u00a0Issues of housing, healthcare, and extending active life expectancy are only a few of the topics of concern for this age group.\u00a0 A better way to appreciate the diversity of people in late adulthood is to go beyond chronological age and examine whether a person is experiencing\u00a0optimal aging\u00a0(like the gentleman\u00a0pictured above\u00a0who is in very good health for his age and continues to have an active, stimulating life),\u00a0normal aging\u00a0(in which the changes are similar to most of those of the same age), or\u00a0impaired aging\u00a0(referring to someone who has more physical challenge and disease than others of the same age).<\/p>\n<h2>Death and Dying<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_545\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/death.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-545\" class=\"wp-image-545 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/16212836\/death-200x300.jpeg\" alt=\"tombstone\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-545\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Courtesy Robert Paul Young<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>This topic is seldom given the amount of coverage it deserves.\u00a0Of course, there is a certain discomfort in thinking about death but there is also a certain confidence and acceptance that can come from studying death and dying.\u00a0We will be examining the physical, psychological and social aspects of death, exploring grief or bereavement, and addressing ways in which helping professionals work in death and dying.\u00a0And we will discuss cultural variations in mourning, burial, and grief.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-106\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Embryo at 8 weeks. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Human_Embryo_-_Approximately_8_weeks_estimated_gestational_age.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Human_Embryo_-_Approximately_8_weeks_estimated_gestational_age.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Laura Overstreet. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\">http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Embryo at 8 weeks\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Human_Embryo_-_Approximately_8_weeks_estimated_gestational_age.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology\",\"author\":\"Laura 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