{"id":1282,"date":"2017-09-27T17:43:48","date_gmt":"2017-09-27T17:43:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-criminallaw\/?post_type=chapter&p=1282"},"modified":"2017-09-27T17:43:49","modified_gmt":"2017-09-27T17:43:49","slug":"9-4-felony-murder","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-criminallaw\/chapter\/9-4-felony-murder\/","title":{"raw":"9.4 Felony Murder","rendered":"9.4 Felony Murder"},"content":{"raw":"
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Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n
  1. Define the criminal intent element required for felony murder.<\/li>\n
  2. Compare the criminal intent element of felony murder to implied malice, knowingly, or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to human life.<\/li>\n
  3. Explain the rule of co-felon liability for felony murder.<\/li>\n
  4. Explain an exception to the rule of co-felon liability for felony murder.<\/li>\n
  5. Analyze criminal responsibility for felony murder when someone other than a co-felon kills the victim.<\/li>\n
  6. Analyze criminal responsibility for felony murder when someone other than a co-felon kills a co-felon.<\/li>\n
  7. Describe concurrence of the felony and the homicide for felony murder.<\/li>\n
  8. Analyze felony murder grading and ascertain the felonies that typically classify felony murder as first degree.<\/li>\n <\/ol><\/div>\n

    Felony murder<\/a><\/span> is a criminal homicide that occurs during the commission or attempted commission of a felony. Most states and the federal government include felony murder in their penal codes (18 U.S.C., 2011). However, it has not been universally adopted. The Model Penal Code does not include felony murder per se. It does suggest a rebuttable presumption that killings that occur during the commission of specified dangerous felonies exhibit recklessness under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life (Model Penal Code \u00a7\u00a0210.2(1)(b)).<\/p>\n

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    Felony Murder Intent<\/h2>\n

    What distinguishes felony murder from murder is the absence of the typical murder<\/strong> intent. The criminal intent element required for felony murder is the intent required for a felony<\/strong> that causes a victim\u2019s death.<\/p>\n

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    Explanation of Felony Murder Intent<\/h2>\n

    When the defendant commits a felony that is inherently dangerous to life, he or she does so knowing that some innocent victim may die. In essence, this awareness is similar to implied malice, knowingly, or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life. What is difficult to justify is a conviction for felony murder when the felony is not<\/em> inherently dangerous to life. Thus most jurisdictions limit the felony murder doctrine to felonies that create a foreseeable risk of violence or death. States that include nonviolent felonies in their felony murder statutes generally grade them as second-<\/strong> or third-degree<\/strong> felony murder (Fla. Stat. Ann., 2010).<\/p>\n <\/div>\n

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    Example of Felony Murder Intent<\/h2>\n

    Joaquin, who has just lost his job, decides to burn down his apartment building because he can\u2019t afford to pay the rent. Joaquin carefully soaks his apartment with lighter fluid, exits into the hallway, and throws a lit, lighter-fluid-soaked towel into the apartment. He then runs outside to watch the entire building burn down. Several tenants die of smoke inhalation because of the fire. In jurisdictions that recognize felony murder, Joaquin can probably be charged with and convicted of murder for every one of these deaths.<\/p>\n

    In this example, Joaquin did not intend to kill<\/em> the tenants. However, he did most likely have the criminal intent necessary for arson<\/strong>. Therefore, felony murder convictions are appropriate. Note that Joaquin exhibited extreme indifference to whether the tenants in the building lived or died, which could also constitute the criminal intent of implied malice<\/strong> or depraved heart<\/strong>.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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    Liability of Co-Felons for Felony Murder<\/h2>\n

    It is common for more than one defendant to cooperate in the commission of a felony. Group participation in criminal conduct could constitute more than one crime\u2014for example, conspiracy\u2014and could also place criminal responsibility squarely on a defendant who did not commit<\/em> the criminal act. The general rule for felony murder in many jurisdictions is that if one<\/em> defendant kills a victim during the commission or attempted commission of a specified felony, all defendants<\/em> involved in the felony are guilty of felony murder (State v. Hoang, 2011).<\/p>\n

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    Example of Co-Felon Liability for Felony Murder<\/h2>\n

    Joe and Jane dream up a plan to rob a local bank. Joe is designated as the primary robber and is supposed to enter the bank and hand a note to the teller demanding all the money in her station. Jane\u2019s role in the felony is to drive the getaway vehicle to the bank, wait outside the front door with the motor running, and transport Joe and the money back to their apartment after the bank transaction is completed. Joe takes a handgun hidden beneath his jacket into the bank. He passes the note to the teller, and she frantically summons a security guard. As the security guard starts to approach, Joe pulls out the gun. An elderly lady standing to the left of Joe suffers a heart attack and dies at the sight of the gun. In this case, Joe and Jane<\/em> can probably be convicted of felony murder. Note that Jane did nothing to directly cause the victim\u2019s death from a heart attack. However, Jane did<\/em> drive the getaway vehicle with the criminal intent to commit robbery, so Jane is criminally responsible for the consequences in many jurisdictions.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n

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    Exception to Co-Felon Liability for Felony Murder<\/h2>\n

    Some jurisdictions provide an exception to co-felon liability<\/strong> for felony murder if the defendant did not actually commit the act that killed the victim and had neither knowledge nor awareness that a death might occur (N.Y. Penal Law, 2010).<\/p>\n

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    Example of the Exception to Co-Felon Liability for Felony Murder<\/h2>\n

    Review the example with Joe and Jane in Section 9 \"Example of Co-Felon Liability for Felony Murder\"<\/a>. Change this example so that Jane is a teller at the local bank. Joe and Jane plan the \u201crobbery\u201d so that Jane is to pretend Joe is a customer, and hand Joe all the money in her station after he enters the bank unarmed<\/em> and passes her a phony check made out to \u201ccash.\u201d Without informing Jane, Joe brings a gun into the bank, \u201cjust in case.\u201d The security guard observes Jane handing Joe large amounts of cash. Suspicious, he begins to approach the station. Joe notices and frantically pulls out the gun and points it at the security guard. The elderly lady standing to the left of Joe suffers a heart attack and dies at the sight of the gun. In this example, Jane may have a valid defense to co-felon liability for the elderly lady\u2019s death in some jurisdictions. Although Jane had the intent to commit theft, a trier of fact could determine that Jane had neither the knowledge<\/em> nor awareness<\/em> that a death might occur because she believed she was cooperating in a nonviolent offense. Thus it is possible that in certain jurisdictions only Joe is subject to a conviction of felony murder in this case.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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    Liability When Someone Other than the Defendant Kills the Victim<\/h2>\n

    Generally, if the felony is inherently dangerous to life, and the defendant or defendants intentionally create a situation that is likely to result in death, if death does result, each and every defendant is guilty of felony murder. In some jurisdictions, this criminal liability exists even when someone other than a co-felon<\/em> kills the victim (People v. Hernandez, 2010). Review the bank robbery committed by Joe and Jane, as discussed in Section 9 \"Example of Co-Felon Liability for Felony Murder\"<\/a>. If the security guard takes a shot at Joe but misses and kills the bank teller instead, both Joe and Jane are guilty of the bank teller\u2019s death pursuant to this interpretation of the felony-murder doctrine.<\/p>\n

    Some jurisdictions relieve a defendant from criminal liability for felony murder if the death is the death of a co-felon<\/em>, rather than a completely innocent victim (State v. Canola, 2010). In the case of Joe and Jane discussed in Section 9 \"Example of Co-Felon Liability for Felony Murder\"<\/a>, if the security guard shoots and kills Joe<\/em> in a jurisdiction that recognizes this exception, Jane is not guilty of felony murder.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n

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    Concurrence of the Felony and the Death of the Victim<\/h2>\n

    Another important aspect that must be analyzed in any felony murder case is the concurrence<\/strong> of the felony and the death of the victim. The felony and the death must be part and parcel of the same continuous transaction. Therefore, there must be a determination of (1) when the felony begins and (2) when the felony ends. If the death occurs before<\/em> or after<\/em> the commission or attempted commission of the felony, the defendant might not be guilty of felony murder.<\/p>\n

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    Example of a Death That Occurs before the Felony Begins<\/h2>\n

    Carlos shoots and kills his drug dealer in a fit of temper because the drugs he bought are placebo. After the killing, it occurs to Carlos that the drug dealer might be carrying significant amounts of cash. Carlos thereafter steals some cash from the drug dealer\u2019s pockets and runs off. Although this killing is probably murder, it is not<\/em> felony murder<\/strong>. Carlos stole money from his drug dealer, but the theft occurred after the murder<\/em>. Thus the killing did not happen during<\/em> a robbery. If premeditation is proven, this could still be first-degree murder, but it is not first-degree felony murder.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n

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    Death That Occurs after the Felony Ends<\/h2>\n

    More commonly, the issue is whether the killing occurs after the felony ends. The general rule is that the felony ends when the defendant has reached a place of temporary safety<\/em> (People v. Young, 2010). This place does not<\/em> have to be the defendant\u2019s residence; it could simply be a hiding place. Pursuant to this rule, a death that occurs during a car chase as the defendants flee the scene of the crime is considered felony murder (Del. Code Ann. Tit. 11, 2011).<\/p>\n

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    Figure 9.5<\/span> Diagram of Felony Murder<\/p>\n \"Diagram<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n

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    Felony Murder Grading<\/h2>\n

    Felony murder can be first<\/strong>, second<\/strong>, or third degree<\/strong> (Fla. Stat. Ann., 2010). Some common examples of felonies listed in first-degree murder statutes are arson, rape, carjacking, robbery, burglary, kidnapping, and certain forcible sexual felonies (Cal. Penal Code, 2010).<\/p>\n

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    Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n