{"id":798,"date":"2016-07-15T22:57:52","date_gmt":"2016-07-15T22:57:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level3-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=798"},"modified":"2016-10-06T21:05:16","modified_gmt":"2016-10-06T21:05:16","slug":"try-it-other-parts-of-speech","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-engcomp1-2\/chapter\/try-it-other-parts-of-speech\/","title":{"raw":"Try It: Other Parts of Speech","rendered":"Try It: Other Parts of Speech"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Adjectives and Adverbs<\/h2>\r\nRead the following short passage. Critique the use of adjectives and adverbs. The sentences have been numbered to aid you in your comments.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><img class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-1604\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2016\/08\/08203307\/800px-High_five_while_rock_climbing-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Young woman high-fiving man while nearing the top of a rock climbing wall\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/>(1)\u00a0Eva and Ellie, who had been\u00a0most good\u00a0friends since their freshman year, both had\u00a0an incredibly\u00a0fear of heights. (2)\u00a0They decided to conquer their\u00a0fear by learning to\u00a0rock climb. (3)\u00a0The first time they went to a class, they were both real\u00a0freaked out. (4)\u00a0Ellie's hands shook so hard she couldn't tie the rope\u00a0to her harness, and the instructor said that Eva was literally the slowest climber he had ever seen.\u00a0(5)\u00a0After climbing for\u00a0several\u00a0months, however, both girls had become confident in\u00a0their skills. (6)\u00a0Ellie was really proud of her knot-tying skills, and Eva could climb a wall in three minutes flat.\u00a0(7)\u00a0The girls decided they were ready to move onto the next challenge: skydiving.<\/p>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"956419\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"956419\"]\r\n\r\nIn sentence 1, <em>most<\/em><em> good<\/em> is an incorrectly formed superlative. It should be\u00a0<em>best<\/em>. Additionally\u00a0<em>fear<\/em> is a noun, so it should be modified by the adjective\u00a0<em>incredible<\/em>, not the adverb\u00a0<em>incredibly<\/em>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Eva and Ellie, who had been\u00a0<strong>best<\/strong>\u00a0friends since their freshman year, both had\u00a0an <strong>incredible<\/strong>\u00a0fear of heights.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn sentence 3, the adjective <em>real<\/em> is used to modify the adjective\u00a0<em>freaked out<\/em>. We should use the adverb\u00a0<em>really<\/em> instead:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The first time they went to a class, they were both <strong>really<\/strong>\u00a0freaked out.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSentence 4 misuses the adverb <em>literally<\/em>: it is being used as an intensifier. Replacing it with\u00a0<em>actually<\/em> or\u00a0<em>possibly<\/em> would be a good revision:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Ellie's hands shook so hard she couldn't tie the rope\u00a0to her harness, and the instructor said that Eva was <strong>actually<\/strong>\u00a0the slowest climber he had ever seen.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ellie's hands shook so hard she couldn't tie the rope to her harness, and the instructor said that Eva was <strong>quite possibly<\/strong>\u00a0the slowest climber he had ever seen.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSentence 4 also uses the adverbial phrase \"so hard\" to modify the verb\u00a0<em>shook<\/em>. <i>Hard<\/i> can either be an adjective or an adverb, so this is correct.\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<h2>Conjunctions, Prepositions, and Articles<\/h2>\r\nRead the following abstract\u00a0to a research\u00a0paper written by an undergraduate microbiology\u00a0student. Critique the use of conjunctions, prepositions, and\u00a0articles. The sentences have been numbered to aid you in your comments.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><img class=\"alignright wp-image-1607\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2016\/08\/08204230\/bacteria-1455820_1280-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"Drawing of bacteria as purple two-lobed shapes\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/>(1)\u00a0Bacteria use many different methods\u00a0to create infections and invade our\u00a0immune systems. (2)\u00a0Some bacteria hide in\u00a0host cells and evade detection as they feast on\u00a0nutrients provided by the\u00a0cells,\u00a0while others produce proteins\u00a0that\u00a0mimic the\u00a0cell's\u00a0proteins, and thus evade detection entirely. (3)\u00a0Others\u00a0live extracellularly and use a variety of other mechanisms for infection<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>and survival in the host.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(4)\u00a0Some pathogens, though, do not survive in the host cell alone. (5)\u00a0Some pathogens\u00a0group together and form biofilms within the\u00a0host. (6)\u00a0These biofilms provide protection from the host, but also allow the bacteria to communicate through\u00a0a method\u00a0known by\u00a0quorum sensing. (7)\u00a0This type of communication allows the bacteria to eavesdrop on communication within the host. (8)\u00a0However, it also\u00a0allows the host to eavesdrop on bacterial communication within\u00a0the bacterial community.<\/p>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"362363\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"362363\"]\r\n\r\nSentence 2 has two improperly used conjunctions: <em>while<\/em> and\u00a0<em>and thus<\/em>.\u00a0With <em>while<\/em>, a subordinating conjunction, we just need to remove the comma beforehand since. The second conjunction (<em>and thus<\/em>) is a little more complicated. While this phrase is acceptable in speech, it's not something that translate well to written text. The best solution is to revise the sentence to use a different part of speech entirely (in this case, we've used the preposition\u00a0<em>in order to<\/em>):\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Some bacteria hide in host cells and evade detection as they feast on nutrients provided by the cells<strong> while<\/strong> others produce proteins that mimic the cell's proteins\u00a0<strong>in order to\u00a0<\/strong>evade detection entirely.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe phrase \"infection and survival in the host\" is incorrect\u00a0in sentence 3. Both\u00a0<em>infection\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>survival<\/em> need to be connected to\u00a0<em>the host<\/em>. Right now, the preposition\u00a0<em>in<\/em> is doing that for both words. However,\u00a0\"infection in the host\" doesn't make sense in this case: \"infection of the host\" is the correct construction. We need to add another preposition:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Others live extracellularly and use a variety of other mechanisms for infection <strong>of<\/strong> and survival in the host.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSentence 4 uses the subordinating conjunction <em>though <\/em>where an adverbial conjunction (like <em>however<\/em>)\u00a0should be used: \"Some pathogens, <strong>however<\/strong>, do not survive in the host cell alone.\"\r\n\r\nIn sentence 6, <em>known by<\/em> should be replaced with\u00a0<em>known\u00a0as<\/em>, or <em>known by the name<\/em>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Not only do<\/strong> these biofilms provide protection from the host, but <strong>they<\/strong> also allow the bacteria to communicate through a method known <strong>as<\/strong>\u00a0quorum sensing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These biofilms <strong>not only<\/strong> provide protection from the host, but\u00a0also allow the bacteria to communicate through a method known <strong>as<\/strong>\u00a0quorum sensing.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn sentence 8, the preposition\u00a0<em>within\u00a0<\/em>should probably be changed to\u00a0<em>in<\/em> since the host is not inside the community: \"However, it also allows the host to eavesdrop on bacterial communication <strong>in<\/strong>\u00a0the bacterial community.\"\r\n\r\nYou may have noticed that this passage uses <em>the<\/em> when referring to bacteria and host cells (i.e.,\u00a0<em>the bacteria<\/em> and <em>the host cell<\/em>). In instances like this, you can decide if you want to use the definite <em>the<\/em> or the indefinite\u00a0<em>a<\/em> and\u00a0<em>an<\/em>\u2014whichever you choose, make sure you are consistent.\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]","rendered":"<h2>Adjectives and Adverbs<\/h2>\n<p>Read the following short passage. Critique the use of adjectives and adverbs. The sentences have been numbered to aid you in your comments.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-1604\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2016\/08\/08203307\/800px-High_five_while_rock_climbing-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Young woman high-fiving man while nearing the top of a rock climbing wall\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/>(1)\u00a0Eva and Ellie, who had been\u00a0most good\u00a0friends since their freshman year, both had\u00a0an incredibly\u00a0fear of heights. (2)\u00a0They decided to conquer their\u00a0fear by learning to\u00a0rock climb. (3)\u00a0The first time they went to a class, they were both real\u00a0freaked out. (4)\u00a0Ellie&#8217;s hands shook so hard she couldn&#8217;t tie the rope\u00a0to her harness, and the instructor said that Eva was literally the slowest climber he had ever seen.\u00a0(5)\u00a0After climbing for\u00a0several\u00a0months, however, both girls had become confident in\u00a0their skills. (6)\u00a0Ellie was really proud of her knot-tying skills, and Eva could climb a wall in three minutes flat.\u00a0(7)\u00a0The girls decided they were ready to move onto the next challenge: skydiving.<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q956419\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q956419\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>In sentence 1, <em>most<\/em><em> good<\/em> is an incorrectly formed superlative. It should be\u00a0<em>best<\/em>. Additionally\u00a0<em>fear<\/em> is a noun, so it should be modified by the adjective\u00a0<em>incredible<\/em>, not the adverb\u00a0<em>incredibly<\/em>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Eva and Ellie, who had been\u00a0<strong>best<\/strong>\u00a0friends since their freshman year, both had\u00a0an <strong>incredible<\/strong>\u00a0fear of heights.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In sentence 3, the adjective <em>real<\/em> is used to modify the adjective\u00a0<em>freaked out<\/em>. We should use the adverb\u00a0<em>really<\/em> instead:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The first time they went to a class, they were both <strong>really<\/strong>\u00a0freaked out.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sentence 4 misuses the adverb <em>literally<\/em>: it is being used as an intensifier. Replacing it with\u00a0<em>actually<\/em> or\u00a0<em>possibly<\/em> would be a good revision:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ellie&#8217;s hands shook so hard she couldn&#8217;t tie the rope\u00a0to her harness, and the instructor said that Eva was <strong>actually<\/strong>\u00a0the slowest climber he had ever seen.<\/li>\n<li>Ellie&#8217;s hands shook so hard she couldn&#8217;t tie the rope to her harness, and the instructor said that Eva was <strong>quite possibly<\/strong>\u00a0the slowest climber he had ever seen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sentence 4 also uses the adverbial phrase &#8220;so hard&#8221; to modify the verb\u00a0<em>shook<\/em>. <i>Hard<\/i> can either be an adjective or an adverb, so this is correct.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Conjunctions, Prepositions, and Articles<\/h2>\n<p>Read the following abstract\u00a0to a research\u00a0paper written by an undergraduate microbiology\u00a0student. Critique the use of conjunctions, prepositions, and\u00a0articles. The sentences have been numbered to aid you in your comments.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1607\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2016\/08\/08204230\/bacteria-1455820_1280-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"Drawing of bacteria as purple two-lobed shapes\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/>(1)\u00a0Bacteria use many different methods\u00a0to create infections and invade our\u00a0immune systems. (2)\u00a0Some bacteria hide in\u00a0host cells and evade detection as they feast on\u00a0nutrients provided by the\u00a0cells,\u00a0while others produce proteins\u00a0that\u00a0mimic the\u00a0cell&#8217;s\u00a0proteins, and thus evade detection entirely. (3)\u00a0Others\u00a0live extracellularly and use a variety of other mechanisms for infection<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>and survival in the host.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(4)\u00a0Some pathogens, though, do not survive in the host cell alone. (5)\u00a0Some pathogens\u00a0group together and form biofilms within the\u00a0host. (6)\u00a0These biofilms provide protection from the host, but also allow the bacteria to communicate through\u00a0a method\u00a0known by\u00a0quorum sensing. (7)\u00a0This type of communication allows the bacteria to eavesdrop on communication within the host. (8)\u00a0However, it also\u00a0allows the host to eavesdrop on bacterial communication within\u00a0the bacterial community.<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q362363\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q362363\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>Sentence 2 has two improperly used conjunctions: <em>while<\/em> and\u00a0<em>and thus<\/em>.\u00a0With <em>while<\/em>, a subordinating conjunction, we just need to remove the comma beforehand since. The second conjunction (<em>and thus<\/em>) is a little more complicated. While this phrase is acceptable in speech, it&#8217;s not something that translate well to written text. The best solution is to revise the sentence to use a different part of speech entirely (in this case, we&#8217;ve used the preposition\u00a0<em>in order to<\/em>):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Some bacteria hide in host cells and evade detection as they feast on nutrients provided by the cells<strong> while<\/strong> others produce proteins that mimic the cell&#8217;s proteins\u00a0<strong>in order to\u00a0<\/strong>evade detection entirely.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The phrase &#8220;infection and survival in the host&#8221; is incorrect\u00a0in sentence 3. Both\u00a0<em>infection\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>survival<\/em> need to be connected to\u00a0<em>the host<\/em>. Right now, the preposition\u00a0<em>in<\/em> is doing that for both words. However,\u00a0&#8220;infection in the host&#8221; doesn&#8217;t make sense in this case: &#8220;infection of the host&#8221; is the correct construction. We need to add another preposition:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Others live extracellularly and use a variety of other mechanisms for infection <strong>of<\/strong> and survival in the host.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sentence 4 uses the subordinating conjunction <em>though <\/em>where an adverbial conjunction (like <em>however<\/em>)\u00a0should be used: &#8220;Some pathogens, <strong>however<\/strong>, do not survive in the host cell alone.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>In sentence 6, <em>known by<\/em> should be replaced with\u00a0<em>known\u00a0as<\/em>, or <em>known by the name<\/em>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Not only do<\/strong> these biofilms provide protection from the host, but <strong>they<\/strong> also allow the bacteria to communicate through a method known <strong>as<\/strong>\u00a0quorum sensing.<\/li>\n<li>These biofilms <strong>not only<\/strong> provide protection from the host, but\u00a0also allow the bacteria to communicate through a method known <strong>as<\/strong>\u00a0quorum sensing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In sentence 8, the preposition\u00a0<em>within\u00a0<\/em>should probably be changed to\u00a0<em>in<\/em> since the host is not inside the community: &#8220;However, it also allows the host to eavesdrop on bacterial communication <strong>in<\/strong>\u00a0the bacterial community.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>You may have noticed that this passage uses <em>the<\/em> when referring to bacteria and host cells (i.e.,\u00a0<em>the bacteria<\/em> and <em>the host cell<\/em>). In instances like this, you can decide if you want to use the definite <em>the<\/em> or the indefinite\u00a0<em>a<\/em> and\u00a0<em>an<\/em>\u2014whichever you choose, make sure you are consistent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-798\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Try It: Other Parts of Speech. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification of Host Pathogen Crosstalk May Assist in the Development Targeted Antibacterial Drugs (errors added). <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Brittany Kartchner. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of rock climbers. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Colton Cotton. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:High_five_while_rock_climbing.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:High_five_while_rock_climbing.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of bacteria. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: caffeinesystem. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/bacteria-bacterium-1455820\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/bacteria-bacterium-1455820\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Try It: Other Parts of Speech\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Modification of Host Pathogen Crosstalk May Assist in the Development Targeted Antibacterial Drugs (errors added)\",\"author\":\"Brittany Kartchner\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of rock climbers\",\"author\":\"Colton 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bacteria\",\"author\":\"caffeinesystem\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/bacteria-bacterium-1455820\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-798","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1851,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-engcomp1-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/798","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-engcomp1-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-engcomp1-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-engcomp1-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-engcomp1-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/798\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1626,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-engcomp1-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/798\/revisions\/1626"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-engcomp1-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1851"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-engcomp1-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/798\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-engcomp1-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=798"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-engcomp1-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=798"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-engcomp1-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=798"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-engcomp1-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=798"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}