{"id":86,"date":"2014-11-10T18:57:55","date_gmt":"2014-11-10T18:57:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/englishcomp1kaleidoscoperevisedmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=86"},"modified":"2019-08-23T16:57:56","modified_gmt":"2019-08-23T16:57:56","slug":"cause-and-effect-essay-writing-prompt","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-englishcomp-1\/chapter\/cause-and-effect-essay-writing-prompt\/","title":{"raw":"Cause and Effect Essay Materials","rendered":"Cause and Effect Essay Materials"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Cause and Effect Essay Prompt<\/h2>\r\nChoose one of the following questions, and answer it in an essay developed by analyzing causes <em>or<\/em> effects.\u00a0\u00a0 The question you decide on should concern a topic you care about so that the examples are a means of communicating an <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">idea;<\/span><\/strong> not an end in themselves.\r\n\r\n<strong>PEOPLE AND THEIR BEHAVIOR<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Why did one couple you know marry or divorce?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Why is a particular friend or relative always getting into trouble?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Why do people root for the underdog?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>How does a person\u2019s alcohol or drug dependency affect others in his or her family?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<strong>ART AND ENTERTAINMENT<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Why do teenagers like rock music?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Why is a particular television show so popular?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<strong>CONTEMPORARY ISSUES<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Why is a college education important?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Why do marriages between teenagers fail more often than marriages between people in other age groups?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<strong>EDUCATION<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>The best courses are the difficult ones.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Students at schools with enforced dress codes behave better than students at schools without such codes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<strong>POLITICS AND SOCIAL ISSUES<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Drug and alcohol addiction does not happen just to \u201cbad\u201d people.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<strong>MEDIA AND CULTURE<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>The Internet divides people instead of connecting them.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Good art can be ugly.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A craze or fad reveals something about the culture it arises in.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The best rock musicians treat social and political issues in their songs.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<strong>RULES FOR LIVING<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Lying may be justified by the circumstances.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Friends are people you can\u2019t always trust.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3>Writing Your Cause and Effect Essay<\/h3>\r\nTo get started writing your essay:\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Review \"What Is An Essay?\"<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Take time to review possible subjects.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Use prewriting to help you narrow your topic to an appropriate level of focus.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nRemember that \"story starters\" are everywhere.\u00a0Think about it\u2014status updates on social media websites can be a good place to start.\u00a0You may have already started a \"note\"on Facebook, and now is your chance to develop that idea into a full narrative.\u00a0If you keep a journal or diary, a simple event may unfold into a narrative.\u00a0Simply said, your stories may be closer than you think!\r\n\r\nWhen drafting your essay:\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Develop an enticing title.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Use the introduction to pull the reader into your thesis with a singular experience.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Avoid addressing the assignment directly. (Don't write \"I am going to write about the causes and effects of ____...\" - this takes the fun out of reading the work!)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Think of things said at the moment your perspective on the topic became clear. Perhaps use a quote, or an interesting part of the experience that will grab the reader.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Let the story reflect your own voice. Is your voice serious?\u00a0Humorous?\u00a0Matter-of-fact?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Organize the essay in a way that may capture the reader, but don't string the reader along too much with \"next, next, next.\"<\/li>\r\n\t<li>To avoid just telling what happens, make sure you take time to show significant details and reflect on why topic - and your experience with it - is significant.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<h2>Prewriting and Draft<\/h2>\r\nFor this assignment, you will work through the prewriting and drafting stages of your writing process in a cause and effect essay.\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Directions:<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n1. Review the\u00a0grading rubric as listed on this page.\r\n\r\n2. Choose the writing prompt on the \"Cause And Effect Essay: Writing Prompt\"\u00a0page.\r\n\r\n3. Create a prewriting in the style of your choice for the prompt. Review the prewriting videos on the \"My Writing Process: Prewriting and Draft\"\u00a0page if needed.\r\n\r\n4. Develop a draft according to the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Minimum of 3 typed, double-spaced pages (about 600-750 words), Times New Roman, 12 pt font size<\/li>\r\n\t<li>MLA formatting (see the \"Formatting Style for\u00a0Papers\"\u00a0page as needed)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Submitted as either a .doc, .docx, .rtf file<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">*Papers submitted that do not meet the requirements will be returned to you ungraded.<\/p>\r\nBe sure to:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Develop an essay developed by analyzing causes\u00a0<em>or\u00a0<\/em>effects or the prompt<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Decide on something you care about so that the narration is a means of communicating an\u00a0<strong>idea<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Include<em>\u00a0characters,\u00a0<\/em><em>conflict,\u00a0<\/em><em>sensory details\u00a0<\/em>as appropriate to help your essay come alive<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Create a<em>\u00a0sequence\u00a0<\/em>of<em>\u00a0events<\/em>\u00a0in a\u00a0<em>plot\u00a0<\/em>to support the logical flow of your essay<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Develop an enticing title<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Use the introduction to pull the reader into your singular experience<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Avoid addressing the assignment directly (Don't write \"I am going to write about...\" - this takes the fun out of reading the work!)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Let the essay\u00a0reflect your own voice (Is your voice serious? Humorous? Matter-of-fact?)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Avoid \"telling\" your reader about what happened. Instead, \"show\" what happens using active verbs and\/or concrete and descriptive nouns and details.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n5. Submit your prewriting and draft as a single file upload.\r\n\r\n*If you developed your prewriting by hand on paper, scan or take a picture of your prewriting, load the image onto your computer, and then insert the image on a separate page after your draft.\r\n<h4>Grading Rubric: Cause and Effect\u00a0Essay Prewriting and Draft<\/h4>\r\n<table style=\"height: 127px\" width=\"818\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Criteria<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Ratings<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Point Total:\u00a050<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Ideas<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n15\u00a0pts:\u00a0The paper demonstrates outstanding idea development.\r\n\r\n12\u00a0pts:\u00a0The paper demonstrates above average idea development.\r\n\r\n11 pts: The writer sufficiently defines the topic, even though development is still basic or general.\r\n\r\n9 pts: The paper has an idea that needs to be developed.\r\n\r\n0 pts: There is no coherent idea.<\/td>\r\n<td>15\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Content<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n15 pts:\u00a0The\u00a0paper demonstrates outstanding evidence of supporting the main point.\r\n\r\n12\u00a0pts:\u00a0The paper demonstrates above average\u00a0evidence of supporting the main point.\r\n\r\n11 pts: The paper demonstrates sufficient support of the main point.\r\n\r\n9 pts: The paper requires more supporting evidence of the main point.\r\n\r\n0 pts: There is little content supporting the main idea.<\/td>\r\n<td>15 pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Organization<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n15 pts:\u00a0The organization is outstanding and showcases the central theme. The presentation of information is compelling.\r\n\r\n13 pts:\u00a0The organizational structure is above average.\r\n\r\n10 pts: The organizational structure is strong enough to move the reader through the text without too much confusion.\r\n\r\n8 pts: The writing needs a clearer sense of direction. The internal structure is weak.\r\n\r\n0 pts: The organization is poor.<\/td>\r\n<td>15 pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Word Choice, Sentence Fluency, Conventions<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n5\u00a0pts:\u00a0The writer demonstrates an outstanding word choice selection, flow and cadence, with well-built sentences and strong grasp of standard writing conventions.\r\n\r\n3\u00a0pts:\u00a0The writer demonstrates above average\u00a0word choice selection, flow and cadence, with well-built sentences and strong grasp of standard writing conventions.\r\n\r\n2 pts: The writer demonstrates sufficient selection of words. The text tends to be more mechanical and contains\u00a0some errors of standard writing conventions.\r\n\r\n1 pts: The writer demonstrates a limited vocabulary and lack of fluidity. Errors in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, usage and grammar repeatedly distract the reader and make the text difficult to read.\r\n\r\n0 pts: No marks.<\/td>\r\n<td>5\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Writing Community Review<\/h2>\r\nFor this assignment, you will need to share your\u00a0<a id=\"\" title=\"Cause and Effect Essay: Prewriting and Draft\" href=\"%24CANVAS_OBJECT_REFERENCE%24\/assignments\/i28fb7bf255929fa5852189c203c8589d\">Cause and Effect Essay<\/a>\u00a0draft with your writing community via the discussion. Then you will choose a peer's essay from your writing community and conduct a review.\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Directions:<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n1.\u00a0View the grading rubric for this assignment as listed on this page\u00a0(see below).\r\n\r\nTo post your Cause and Effect Essay draft to the discussion:\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Copy and paste your draft in a new Google Doc.\u00a0If you aren\u2019t familiar with Google Docs, try this\u00a0<a class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/support.google.com\/drive\/bin\/answer.py?hl=en&amp;answer=143206&amp;topic=21008&amp;rd=1\" target=\"_blank\">resource by Google<\/a>\u00a0to assist you.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Title the Google Doc with your first initial, last name, and Cause Effect Essay, example: RSmith Cause Effect Essay<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Set the share and edit permissions of the Google Doc to \"Anyone with the link.\"<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Copy and paste the URL address of the Google Doc into a new discussion post.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nTo review a peer's Cause and Effect Essay in your writing community:\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Select the URL address of the peer's essay from the discussion you want to review.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Develop your response to your peer's writing by focusing on each of these talking points:<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>What makes the essay memorable? What did you like best?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>What is the meaning of the story? Why was the experience important to the writer?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>How did the writer structure the essay? Is there a beginning, middle, and end?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>What details may be missing and are needed for clarity? \u00a0Is there something that the writer implies but does not actually carry out in the narrative?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Is the essay focused at an appropriate level? Is the topic narrowed enough?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>What specific places in the essay did your peer succeed in describing a singular event or vivid, memorable details or experiences?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Where might the essay need cuts, adds, or reorders?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Using the\u00a0<a title=\"6+1 Traits Rubric\" href=\"http:\/\/educationnorthwest.org\/sites\/default\/files\/5-pointwriters-rubric.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">6+1 Traits Rubric<\/a>,\u00a0are there any weaknesses in the essay that stand out?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Using the\u00a0Dartmouth Writing Program\u00a0\"<a title=\"Attending to Grammar: Dartmouth Institute for Writing and Rhetoric\" href=\"http:\/\/writing-speech.dartmouth.edu\/learning\/materials-first-year-writers\/attending-grammar\" target=\"_blank\">Attending to Grammar<\/a>\"\u00a0link,\u00a0do\u00a0you recognize a grammar problem with the essay? If so, where?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>What other supportive suggestions can you identify to improve the writing?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n3. Copy and paste your response at the end of the peer's Cause and Effect Essay in their Google Doc.\r\n<h4>Grading Rubric: Cause and Effect\u00a0Essay - Writing Community Review<\/h4>\r\n<table style=\"height: 127px\" width=\"818\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Criteria<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Ratings<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Point Total: 10<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\n\nStudent shares their essay with the class via\r\n\r\nGoogle Doc URL posted in the discussion<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n1 pts: Full marks\r\n\r\n0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a01\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Student chooses a peer's essay to review<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n1 pts: Full marks\r\n\r\n0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\r\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\n\nStudent addresses what makes the essay\r\n\r\nmemorable<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n1 pts: Full marks\r\n\r\n0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\r\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Student addresses the theme or meaning of the\u00a0essay<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n1\u00a0pts: Full marks\r\n\r\n0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\r\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Student addresses essay structure<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n1\u00a0pts: Full marks\r\n\r\n0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\r\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Student addresses essay details to enhance clarity<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n1\u00a0pts: Full marks\r\n\r\n0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\r\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Student addresses singular event or vivid details in essay<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n1\u00a0pts: Full marks\r\n\r\n0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\r\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\n\nStudent addresses whether essay might need cuts,\r\n\r\nadds, reorders<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n1\u00a0pts: Full marks\r\n\r\n0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\r\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Student applies 6+1 Writing Rubric and Grammar<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n1\u00a0pts: Full marks\r\n\r\n0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\r\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\n\nStudent makes supportive suggestions for\r\n\r\nimproving the essay<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n1\u00a0pts: Full marks\r\n\r\n0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\r\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Cause and Effect Final Draft<\/h2>\r\nFor this assignment, review the feedback posted from your writing community in the prior assignment: <em>Cause and Effect Essay\u00a0-\u00a0Writing Community Review.\u00a0<\/em>Work your way through the revising and proofreading stages of your writing process, and submit your final version.\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Directions:<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n1. Review the\u00a0grading rubric as listed on this page.\r\n\r\n2. Review the feedback posted on your Google Doc from the<em>\u00a0Cause and Effect Essay\u00a0-\u00a0Writing Community Review<\/em>.<a title=\"Narrative Essay: Prewriting and Draft\" href=\"https:\/\/lumen.instructure.com\/courses\/202941\/assignments\/2157747\">\r\n<\/a>\r\n\r\n3. Work through the revise stage of the writing process.\r\n\r\n4. Work through the proofread stage of the writing process.\r\n\r\n5. Create a final version of your Cause and Effect Essay according to the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>3-4 typed, double-spaced pages (about 600-750 words), 12 pt font size, Times New Roman;<\/li>\r\n\t<li>MLA formatting (see the \"Formatting Style for\u00a0Papers\"\u00a0page as needed); and<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Submitted as either a .doc, .docx, .rtf file.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">*Papers submitted that do not meet the requirements will be returned to you ungraded.<\/p>\r\n6. Submit your final version of your Cause and Effect Essay as a single file upload.\r\n<h4>Grading Rubric: Cause and Effect Essay - Final<\/h4>\r\n<table style=\"height: 127px\" width=\"818\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Criteria<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Ratings<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Point Total:\u00a0100<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Ideas<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n30\u00a0pts:\u00a0The paper demonstrates outstanding idea development.\r\n\r\n24\u00a0pts:\u00a0The paper demonstrates above average idea development.\r\n\r\n22\u00a0pts: The writer sufficiently defines the topic, even though development is still basic or general.\r\n\r\n18\u00a0pts: The paper has an idea that needs to be developed.\r\n\r\n0 pts: There is no coherent idea.<\/td>\r\n<td>30\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Content<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n30\u00a0pts:\u00a0The\u00a0paper demonstrates outstanding evidence of supporting the main point.\r\n\r\n24\u00a0pts:\u00a0The paper demonstrates above average\u00a0evidence of supporting the main point.\r\n\r\n22\u00a0pts: The paper demonstrates sufficient support of the main point.\r\n\r\n18\u00a0pts: The paper requires more supporting evidence of the main point.\r\n\r\n0 pts: There is little content supporting the main idea.<\/td>\r\n<td>30\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Organization<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n30\u00a0pts:\u00a0The organization is outstanding and showcases the central theme. The presentation of information is compelling.\r\n\r\n26\u00a0pts:\u00a0The organizational structure is above average.\r\n\r\n20\u00a0pts: The organizational structure is strong enough to move the reader through the text without too much confusion.\r\n\r\n16\u00a0pts: The writing needs a clearer sense of direction. The internal structure is weak.\r\n\r\n0 pts: The organization is poor.<\/td>\r\n<td>30\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Word Choice, Sentence Fluency, Conventions<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\n10\u00a0pts:\u00a0The writer demonstrates an outstanding word choice selection, flow and cadence, with well-built sentences and strong grasp of standard writing conventions.\r\n\r\n6\u00a0pts:\u00a0The writer demonstrates above average\u00a0word choice selection, flow and cadence, with well-built sentences and strong grasp of standard writing conventions.\r\n\r\n4\u00a0pts: The writer demonstrates sufficient selection of words. The text tends to be more mechanical and contains\u00a0some errors of standard writing conventions.\r\n\r\n2\u00a0pts: The writer demonstrates a limited vocabulary and lack of fluidity. Errors in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, usage and grammar repeatedly distract the reader and make the text difficult to read.\r\n\r\n0 pts: No marks.<\/td>\r\n<td>10\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Reflection<\/h2>\r\nNow that you have completed your Cause and Effect\u00a0Essay, take a few minutes to reflect on the experience and write about your process and what you learned. Write a reflection on your Cause and Effect\u00a0Essay writing experience using complete sentences.\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Directions:<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n1. Review the\u00a0grading rubric as listed on this page.\r\n\r\n2. Consider the following questions.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>What was most the challenging aspect of creating this essay?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>What did you learn about yourself as a writer?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>What might you do differently\u00a0the next time you write this type of essay knowing what you know now after writing this essay?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n3.\u00a0\u00a0Write your reflection on each question listed above, using complete sentences. Your final reflection assignment should fit the following guidelines:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>1-1.5 typed, double-spaced pages, 12 pt font size, Times New Roman;<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Submitted as either a .doc, .docx, .rtf file.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n4. Submit your reflections as a single file upload.\r\n<h4>Grading Rubric: Cause and Effect\u00a0Essay - Reflection<\/h4>\r\n<table style=\"height: 127px\" width=\"818\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Criteria<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Ratings<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Point Total: 15<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\n\nStudent writes a\u00a0thoughtful response to each question using complete sentences.\r\n\r\nAssignment adheres to formatting guidelines.<\/td>\r\n<td>\n\nFor each question:\r\n\r\n5\u00a0pts:\u00a0Full\u00a0marks\r\n\r\n0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\r\n<td>15\u00a0pts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h2>Cause and Effect Essay Prompt<\/h2>\n<p>Choose one of the following questions, and answer it in an essay developed by analyzing causes <em>or<\/em> effects.\u00a0\u00a0 The question you decide on should concern a topic you care about so that the examples are a means of communicating an <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">idea;<\/span><\/strong> not an end in themselves.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PEOPLE AND THEIR BEHAVIOR<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Why did one couple you know marry or divorce?<\/li>\n<li>Why is a particular friend or relative always getting into trouble?<\/li>\n<li>Why do people root for the underdog?<\/li>\n<li>How does a person\u2019s alcohol or drug dependency affect others in his or her family?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>ART AND ENTERTAINMENT<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Why do teenagers like rock music?<\/li>\n<li>Why is a particular television show so popular?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>CONTEMPORARY ISSUES<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Why is a college education important?<\/li>\n<li>Why do marriages between teenagers fail more often than marriages between people in other age groups?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>EDUCATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The best courses are the difficult ones.<\/li>\n<li>Students at schools with enforced dress codes behave better than students at schools without such codes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>POLITICS AND SOCIAL ISSUES<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Drug and alcohol addiction does not happen just to \u201cbad\u201d people.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>MEDIA AND CULTURE<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The Internet divides people instead of connecting them.<\/li>\n<li>Good art can be ugly.<\/li>\n<li>A craze or fad reveals something about the culture it arises in.<\/li>\n<li>The best rock musicians treat social and political issues in their songs.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>RULES FOR LIVING<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Lying may be justified by the circumstances.<\/li>\n<li>Friends are people you can\u2019t always trust.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Writing Your Cause and Effect Essay<\/h3>\n<p>To get started writing your essay:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Review &#8220;What Is An Essay?&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Take time to review possible subjects.<\/li>\n<li>Use prewriting to help you narrow your topic to an appropriate level of focus.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Remember that &#8220;story starters&#8221; are everywhere.\u00a0Think about it\u2014status updates on social media websites can be a good place to start.\u00a0You may have already started a &#8220;note&#8221;on Facebook, and now is your chance to develop that idea into a full narrative.\u00a0If you keep a journal or diary, a simple event may unfold into a narrative.\u00a0Simply said, your stories may be closer than you think!<\/p>\n<p>When drafting your essay:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Develop an enticing title.<\/li>\n<li>Use the introduction to pull the reader into your thesis with a singular experience.<\/li>\n<li>Avoid addressing the assignment directly. (Don&#8217;t write &#8220;I am going to write about the causes and effects of ____&#8230;&#8221; &#8211; this takes the fun out of reading the work!)<\/li>\n<li>Think of things said at the moment your perspective on the topic became clear. Perhaps use a quote, or an interesting part of the experience that will grab the reader.<\/li>\n<li>Let the story reflect your own voice. Is your voice serious?\u00a0Humorous?\u00a0Matter-of-fact?<\/li>\n<li>Organize the essay in a way that may capture the reader, but don&#8217;t string the reader along too much with &#8220;next, next, next.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>To avoid just telling what happens, make sure you take time to show significant details and reflect on why topic &#8211; and your experience with it &#8211; is significant.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div><\/div>\n<h2>Prewriting and Draft<\/h2>\n<p>For this assignment, you will work through the prewriting and drafting stages of your writing process in a cause and effect essay.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Directions:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>1. Review the\u00a0grading rubric as listed on this page.<\/p>\n<p>2. Choose the writing prompt on the &#8220;Cause And Effect Essay: Writing Prompt&#8221;\u00a0page.<\/p>\n<p>3. Create a prewriting in the style of your choice for the prompt. Review the prewriting videos on the &#8220;My Writing Process: Prewriting and Draft&#8221;\u00a0page if needed.<\/p>\n<p>4. Develop a draft according to the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Minimum of 3 typed, double-spaced pages (about 600-750 words), Times New Roman, 12 pt font size<\/li>\n<li>MLA formatting (see the &#8220;Formatting Style for\u00a0Papers&#8221;\u00a0page as needed)<\/li>\n<li>Submitted as either a .doc, .docx, .rtf file<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"indent\">*Papers submitted that do not meet the requirements will be returned to you ungraded.<\/p>\n<p>Be sure to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Develop an essay developed by analyzing causes\u00a0<em>or\u00a0<\/em>effects or the prompt<\/li>\n<li>Decide on something you care about so that the narration is a means of communicating an\u00a0<strong>idea<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Include<em>\u00a0characters,\u00a0<\/em><em>conflict,\u00a0<\/em><em>sensory details\u00a0<\/em>as appropriate to help your essay come alive<\/li>\n<li>Create a<em>\u00a0sequence\u00a0<\/em>of<em>\u00a0events<\/em>\u00a0in a\u00a0<em>plot\u00a0<\/em>to support the logical flow of your essay<\/li>\n<li>Develop an enticing title<\/li>\n<li>Use the introduction to pull the reader into your singular experience<\/li>\n<li>Avoid addressing the assignment directly (Don&#8217;t write &#8220;I am going to write about&#8230;&#8221; &#8211; this takes the fun out of reading the work!)<\/li>\n<li>Let the essay\u00a0reflect your own voice (Is your voice serious? Humorous? Matter-of-fact?)<\/li>\n<li>Avoid &#8220;telling&#8221; your reader about what happened. Instead, &#8220;show&#8221; what happens using active verbs and\/or concrete and descriptive nouns and details.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>5. Submit your prewriting and draft as a single file upload.<\/p>\n<p>*If you developed your prewriting by hand on paper, scan or take a picture of your prewriting, load the image onto your computer, and then insert the image on a separate page after your draft.<\/p>\n<h4>Grading Rubric: Cause and Effect\u00a0Essay Prewriting and Draft<\/h4>\n<table style=\"height: 127px; width: 818px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Criteria<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Ratings<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Point Total:\u00a050<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ideas<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>15\u00a0pts:\u00a0The paper demonstrates outstanding idea development.<\/p>\n<p>12\u00a0pts:\u00a0The paper demonstrates above average idea development.<\/p>\n<p>11 pts: The writer sufficiently defines the topic, even though development is still basic or general.<\/p>\n<p>9 pts: The paper has an idea that needs to be developed.<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: There is no coherent idea.<\/td>\n<td>15\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Content<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>15 pts:\u00a0The\u00a0paper demonstrates outstanding evidence of supporting the main point.<\/p>\n<p>12\u00a0pts:\u00a0The paper demonstrates above average\u00a0evidence of supporting the main point.<\/p>\n<p>11 pts: The paper demonstrates sufficient support of the main point.<\/p>\n<p>9 pts: The paper requires more supporting evidence of the main point.<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: There is little content supporting the main idea.<\/td>\n<td>15 pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Organization<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>15 pts:\u00a0The organization is outstanding and showcases the central theme. The presentation of information is compelling.<\/p>\n<p>13 pts:\u00a0The organizational structure is above average.<\/p>\n<p>10 pts: The organizational structure is strong enough to move the reader through the text without too much confusion.<\/p>\n<p>8 pts: The writing needs a clearer sense of direction. The internal structure is weak.<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: The organization is poor.<\/td>\n<td>15 pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Word Choice, Sentence Fluency, Conventions<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5\u00a0pts:\u00a0The writer demonstrates an outstanding word choice selection, flow and cadence, with well-built sentences and strong grasp of standard writing conventions.<\/p>\n<p>3\u00a0pts:\u00a0The writer demonstrates above average\u00a0word choice selection, flow and cadence, with well-built sentences and strong grasp of standard writing conventions.<\/p>\n<p>2 pts: The writer demonstrates sufficient selection of words. The text tends to be more mechanical and contains\u00a0some errors of standard writing conventions.<\/p>\n<p>1 pts: The writer demonstrates a limited vocabulary and lack of fluidity. Errors in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, usage and grammar repeatedly distract the reader and make the text difficult to read.<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: No marks.<\/td>\n<td>5\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Writing Community Review<\/h2>\n<p>For this assignment, you will need to share your\u00a0<a id=\"\" title=\"Cause and Effect Essay: Prewriting and Draft\" href=\"%24CANVAS_OBJECT_REFERENCE%24\/assignments\/i28fb7bf255929fa5852189c203c8589d\">Cause and Effect Essay<\/a>\u00a0draft with your writing community via the discussion. Then you will choose a peer&#8217;s essay from your writing community and conduct a review.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Directions:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0View the grading rubric for this assignment as listed on this page\u00a0(see below).<\/p>\n<p>To post your Cause and Effect Essay draft to the discussion:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Copy and paste your draft in a new Google Doc.\u00a0If you aren\u2019t familiar with Google Docs, try this\u00a0<a class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/support.google.com\/drive\/bin\/answer.py?hl=en&amp;answer=143206&amp;topic=21008&amp;rd=1\" target=\"_blank\">resource by Google<\/a>\u00a0to assist you.<\/li>\n<li>Title the Google Doc with your first initial, last name, and Cause Effect Essay, example: RSmith Cause Effect Essay<\/li>\n<li>Set the share and edit permissions of the Google Doc to &#8220;Anyone with the link.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Copy and paste the URL address of the Google Doc into a new discussion post.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>To review a peer&#8217;s Cause and Effect Essay in your writing community:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Select the URL address of the peer&#8217;s essay from the discussion you want to review.<\/li>\n<li>Develop your response to your peer&#8217;s writing by focusing on each of these talking points:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>What makes the essay memorable? What did you like best?<\/li>\n<li>What is the meaning of the story? Why was the experience important to the writer?<\/li>\n<li>How did the writer structure the essay? Is there a beginning, middle, and end?<\/li>\n<li>What details may be missing and are needed for clarity? \u00a0Is there something that the writer implies but does not actually carry out in the narrative?<\/li>\n<li>Is the essay focused at an appropriate level? Is the topic narrowed enough?<\/li>\n<li>What specific places in the essay did your peer succeed in describing a singular event or vivid, memorable details or experiences?<\/li>\n<li>Where might the essay need cuts, adds, or reorders?<\/li>\n<li>Using the\u00a0<a title=\"6+1 Traits Rubric\" href=\"http:\/\/educationnorthwest.org\/sites\/default\/files\/5-pointwriters-rubric.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">6+1 Traits Rubric<\/a>,\u00a0are there any weaknesses in the essay that stand out?<\/li>\n<li>Using the\u00a0Dartmouth Writing Program\u00a0&#8220;<a title=\"Attending to Grammar: Dartmouth Institute for Writing and Rhetoric\" href=\"http:\/\/writing-speech.dartmouth.edu\/learning\/materials-first-year-writers\/attending-grammar\" target=\"_blank\">Attending to Grammar<\/a>&#8221;\u00a0link,\u00a0do\u00a0you recognize a grammar problem with the essay? If so, where?<\/li>\n<li>What other supportive suggestions can you identify to improve the writing?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. Copy and paste your response at the end of the peer&#8217;s Cause and Effect Essay in their Google Doc.<\/p>\n<h4>Grading Rubric: Cause and Effect\u00a0Essay &#8211; Writing Community Review<\/h4>\n<table style=\"height: 127px; width: 818px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Criteria<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Ratings<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Point Total: 10<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Student shares their essay with the class via<\/p>\n<p>Google Doc URL posted in the discussion<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1 pts: Full marks<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\n<td>\u00a01\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Student chooses a peer&#8217;s essay to review<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1 pts: Full marks<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Student addresses what makes the essay<\/p>\n<p>memorable<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1 pts: Full marks<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Student addresses the theme or meaning of the\u00a0essay<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1\u00a0pts: Full marks<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Student addresses essay structure<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1\u00a0pts: Full marks<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Student addresses essay details to enhance clarity<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1\u00a0pts: Full marks<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Student addresses singular event or vivid details in essay<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1\u00a0pts: Full marks<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Student addresses whether essay might need cuts,<\/p>\n<p>adds, reorders<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1\u00a0pts: Full marks<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Student applies 6+1 Writing Rubric and Grammar<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1\u00a0pts: Full marks<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Student makes supportive suggestions for<\/p>\n<p>improving the essay<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1\u00a0pts: Full marks<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\n<td>1\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Cause and Effect Final Draft<\/h2>\n<p>For this assignment, review the feedback posted from your writing community in the prior assignment: <em>Cause and Effect Essay\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0Writing Community Review.\u00a0<\/em>Work your way through the revising and proofreading stages of your writing process, and submit your final version.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Directions:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>1. Review the\u00a0grading rubric as listed on this page.<\/p>\n<p>2. Review the feedback posted on your Google Doc from the<em>\u00a0Cause and Effect Essay\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0Writing Community Review<\/em>.<a title=\"Narrative Essay: Prewriting and Draft\" href=\"https:\/\/lumen.instructure.com\/courses\/202941\/assignments\/2157747\"><br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p>3. Work through the revise stage of the writing process.<\/p>\n<p>4. Work through the proofread stage of the writing process.<\/p>\n<p>5. Create a final version of your Cause and Effect Essay according to the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>3-4 typed, double-spaced pages (about 600-750 words), 12 pt font size, Times New Roman;<\/li>\n<li>MLA formatting (see the &#8220;Formatting Style for\u00a0Papers&#8221;\u00a0page as needed); and<\/li>\n<li>Submitted as either a .doc, .docx, .rtf file.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"indent\">*Papers submitted that do not meet the requirements will be returned to you ungraded.<\/p>\n<p>6. Submit your final version of your Cause and Effect Essay as a single file upload.<\/p>\n<h4>Grading Rubric: Cause and Effect Essay &#8211; Final<\/h4>\n<table style=\"height: 127px; width: 818px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Criteria<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Ratings<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Point Total:\u00a0100<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ideas<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>30\u00a0pts:\u00a0The paper demonstrates outstanding idea development.<\/p>\n<p>24\u00a0pts:\u00a0The paper demonstrates above average idea development.<\/p>\n<p>22\u00a0pts: The writer sufficiently defines the topic, even though development is still basic or general.<\/p>\n<p>18\u00a0pts: The paper has an idea that needs to be developed.<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: There is no coherent idea.<\/td>\n<td>30\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Content<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>30\u00a0pts:\u00a0The\u00a0paper demonstrates outstanding evidence of supporting the main point.<\/p>\n<p>24\u00a0pts:\u00a0The paper demonstrates above average\u00a0evidence of supporting the main point.<\/p>\n<p>22\u00a0pts: The paper demonstrates sufficient support of the main point.<\/p>\n<p>18\u00a0pts: The paper requires more supporting evidence of the main point.<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: There is little content supporting the main idea.<\/td>\n<td>30\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Organization<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>30\u00a0pts:\u00a0The organization is outstanding and showcases the central theme. The presentation of information is compelling.<\/p>\n<p>26\u00a0pts:\u00a0The organizational structure is above average.<\/p>\n<p>20\u00a0pts: The organizational structure is strong enough to move the reader through the text without too much confusion.<\/p>\n<p>16\u00a0pts: The writing needs a clearer sense of direction. The internal structure is weak.<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: The organization is poor.<\/td>\n<td>30\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Word Choice, Sentence Fluency, Conventions<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10\u00a0pts:\u00a0The writer demonstrates an outstanding word choice selection, flow and cadence, with well-built sentences and strong grasp of standard writing conventions.<\/p>\n<p>6\u00a0pts:\u00a0The writer demonstrates above average\u00a0word choice selection, flow and cadence, with well-built sentences and strong grasp of standard writing conventions.<\/p>\n<p>4\u00a0pts: The writer demonstrates sufficient selection of words. The text tends to be more mechanical and contains\u00a0some errors of standard writing conventions.<\/p>\n<p>2\u00a0pts: The writer demonstrates a limited vocabulary and lack of fluidity. Errors in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, usage and grammar repeatedly distract the reader and make the text difficult to read.<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: No marks.<\/td>\n<td>10\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Reflection<\/h2>\n<p>Now that you have completed your Cause and Effect\u00a0Essay, take a few minutes to reflect on the experience and write about your process and what you learned. Write a reflection on your Cause and Effect\u00a0Essay writing experience using complete sentences.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Directions:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>1. Review the\u00a0grading rubric as listed on this page.<\/p>\n<p>2. Consider the following questions.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What was most the challenging aspect of creating this essay?<\/li>\n<li>What did you learn about yourself as a writer?<\/li>\n<li>What might you do differently\u00a0the next time you write this type of essay knowing what you know now after writing this essay?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0Write your reflection on each question listed above, using complete sentences. Your final reflection assignment should fit the following guidelines:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1-1.5 typed, double-spaced pages, 12 pt font size, Times New Roman;<\/li>\n<li>Submitted as either a .doc, .docx, .rtf file.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4. Submit your reflections as a single file upload.<\/p>\n<h4>Grading Rubric: Cause and Effect\u00a0Essay &#8211; Reflection<\/h4>\n<table style=\"height: 127px; width: 818px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Criteria<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Ratings<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Point Total: 15<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Student writes a\u00a0thoughtful response to each question using complete sentences.<\/p>\n<p>Assignment adheres to formatting guidelines.<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>For each question:<\/p>\n<p>5\u00a0pts:\u00a0Full\u00a0marks<\/p>\n<p>0 pts: No\u00a0marks<\/td>\n<td>15\u00a0pts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-86\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li><strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/lumenlearning.com\/\">http:\/\/lumenlearning.com\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li><strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Daryl Smith O&#039; Hare and Susan C. Hines. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Chadron State College. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li><strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Paul Powell. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Central Community College. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":9,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/lumenlearning.com\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"\",\"author\":\"Daryl Smith O\\' Hare and Susan C. 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