{"id":2170,"date":"2016-10-27T13:29:23","date_gmt":"2016-10-27T13:29:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2170"},"modified":"2017-05-18T15:03:14","modified_gmt":"2017-05-18T15:03:14","slug":"reading-the-vestibular-sense","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-intropsych\/chapter\/reading-the-vestibular-sense\/","title":{"raw":"The Vestibular Sense","rendered":"The Vestibular Sense"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the basic functions of the vestibular, proprioceptive, and kinesthetic sensory systems<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>The Vestibular Sense, Proprioception, and Kinesthesia<\/h2>\r\nThe <strong>vestibular sense<\/strong> contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture. As Figure 1 shows, the major sensory organs (utricle, saccule, and the three semicircular canals) of this system are located next to the cochlea in the inner ear. The vestibular organs are fluid-filled and have hair cells, similar to the ones found in the auditory system, which respond to movement of the head and gravitational forces. When these hair cells are stimulated, they send signals to the brain via the vestibular nerve. Although we may not be consciously aware of our vestibular system\u2019s sensory information under normal circumstances, its importance is apparent when we experience motion sickness and\/or dizziness related to infections of the inner ear (Khan &amp; Chang, 2013).\r\n\r\n<figure>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"487\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224740\/CNX_Psych_05_05_Vestibular.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration of the vestibular system shows the locations of the three canals (\u201cposterior canal,\u201d \u201chorizontal canal,\u201d and \u201csuperior canal\u201d) and the locations of the \u201curticle,\u201d \u201coval window,\u201d \u201ccochlea,\u201d \u201cbasilar membrane and hair cells,\u201d \u201csaccule,\u201d and \u201cvestibule.\u201d\" width=\"487\" height=\"425\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/> Figure 1. The major sensory organs of the vestibular system are located next to the cochlea in the inner ear. These include the utricle, saccule, and the three semicircular canals (posterior, superior, and horizontal).[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/figure>In addition to maintaining balance, the vestibular system collects information critical for controlling movement and the reflexes that move various parts of our bodies to compensate for changes in body position. Therefore, both <strong>proprioception<\/strong> (perception of body position) and <strong>kinesthesia<\/strong> (perception of the body\u2019s movement through space) interact with information provided by the vestibular system.\r\n\r\nThese sensory systems also gather information from receptors that respond to stretch and tension in muscles, joints, skin, and tendons (Lackner &amp; DiZio, 2005; Proske, 2006; Proske &amp; Gandevia, 2012). Proprioceptive and kinesthetic information travels to the brain via the spinal column. Several cortical regions in addition to the cerebellum receive information from and send information to the sensory organs of the proprioceptive and kinesthetic systems.\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Application<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Vestibular Sense<\/td>\r\n<td>Sensory system that contributes to balance and the sense of spatial orientation.<\/td>\r\n<td>You have an ear infection and frequently feel dizzy. Or if you were to experience vertigo, you might feel like your entire body was spinning in space and be unable to walk.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Propioception<\/td>\r\n<td>The sense of the position of parts of the body, relative to other neighboring parts of the body. Focuses on the\u00a0 body's <em>cognitive<\/em>\u00a0<em>awareness<\/em> of movement.<\/td>\r\n<td>You step off a curb and know where to put your foot. You push an elevator button and control how hard you have to press down with your fingers.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Kinesthesia<\/td>\r\n<td>Awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body using sensory organs in joints and muscles. Kinesthesia is a key component in muscle memory and hand-eye coordination. It is more <em>behavioral<\/em> than propioception.<\/td>\r\n<td>You are aware of your arm movement\u00a0while swinging a golf club. Focuses on the body's movements and not on equilibrium or balance.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nYou can review the things you learned about the senses\u00a0in the following CrashCourse video:\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/fxZWtc0mYpQ?rel=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/2868\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"glossary\"><section data-depth=\"1\"><section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>kinesthesia:\u00a0<\/strong>perception of the body\u2019s movement through space<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>proprioception:\u00a0<\/strong>perception of body position<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>vestibular sense:\u00a0<\/strong>contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/section><\/div>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/4826","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the basic functions of the vestibular, proprioceptive, and kinesthetic sensory systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Vestibular Sense, Proprioception, and Kinesthesia<\/h2>\n<p>The <strong>vestibular sense<\/strong> contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture. As Figure 1 shows, the major sensory organs (utricle, saccule, and the three semicircular canals) of this system are located next to the cochlea in the inner ear. The vestibular organs are fluid-filled and have hair cells, similar to the ones found in the auditory system, which respond to movement of the head and gravitational forces. When these hair cells are stimulated, they send signals to the brain via the vestibular nerve. Although we may not be consciously aware of our vestibular system\u2019s sensory information under normal circumstances, its importance is apparent when we experience motion sickness and\/or dizziness related to infections of the inner ear (Khan &amp; Chang, 2013).<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 497px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224740\/CNX_Psych_05_05_Vestibular.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration of the vestibular system shows the locations of the three canals (\u201cposterior canal,\u201d \u201chorizontal canal,\u201d and \u201csuperior canal\u201d) and the locations of the \u201curticle,\u201d \u201coval window,\u201d \u201ccochlea,\u201d \u201cbasilar membrane and hair cells,\u201d \u201csaccule,\u201d and \u201cvestibule.\u201d\" width=\"487\" height=\"425\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. The major sensory organs of the vestibular system are located next to the cochlea in the inner ear. These include the utricle, saccule, and the three semicircular canals (posterior, superior, and horizontal).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>In addition to maintaining balance, the vestibular system collects information critical for controlling movement and the reflexes that move various parts of our bodies to compensate for changes in body position. Therefore, both <strong>proprioception<\/strong> (perception of body position) and <strong>kinesthesia<\/strong> (perception of the body\u2019s movement through space) interact with information provided by the vestibular system.<\/p>\n<p>These sensory systems also gather information from receptors that respond to stretch and tension in muscles, joints, skin, and tendons (Lackner &amp; DiZio, 2005; Proske, 2006; Proske &amp; Gandevia, 2012). Proprioceptive and kinesthetic information travels to the brain via the spinal column. Several cortical regions in addition to the cerebellum receive information from and send information to the sensory organs of the proprioceptive and kinesthetic systems.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Application<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Vestibular Sense<\/td>\n<td>Sensory system that contributes to balance and the sense of spatial orientation.<\/td>\n<td>You have an ear infection and frequently feel dizzy. Or if you were to experience vertigo, you might feel like your entire body was spinning in space and be unable to walk.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Propioception<\/td>\n<td>The sense of the position of parts of the body, relative to other neighboring parts of the body. Focuses on the\u00a0 body&#8217;s <em>cognitive<\/em>\u00a0<em>awareness<\/em> of movement.<\/td>\n<td>You step off a curb and know where to put your foot. You push an elevator button and control how hard you have to press down with your fingers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kinesthesia<\/td>\n<td>Awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body using sensory organs in joints and muscles. Kinesthesia is a key component in muscle memory and hand-eye coordination. It is more <em>behavioral<\/em> than propioception.<\/td>\n<td>You are aware of your arm movement\u00a0while swinging a golf club. Focuses on the body&#8217;s movements and not on equilibrium or balance.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>You can review the things you learned about the senses\u00a0in the following CrashCourse video:<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/fxZWtc0mYpQ?rel=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_2868\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=2868&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_2868\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"glossary\">\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>kinesthesia:\u00a0<\/strong>perception of the body\u2019s movement through space<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>proprioception:\u00a0<\/strong>perception of body position<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>vestibular sense:\u00a0<\/strong>contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_4826\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=4826&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_4826\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2170\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Other Senses. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.49:Nw9FOKLs@6\/The-Other-Senses\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.49:Nw9FOKLs@6\/The-Other-Senses<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48<\/li><li>Homunculus - Crash Course Psychology #6. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CrashCourse. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fxZWtc0mYpQ\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fxZWtc0mYpQ<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Additional Sensory Systems, information for chart. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/psychology\/textbooks\/boundless-psychology-textbook\/sensation-and-perception-5\/sensory-processes-38\/additional-sensory-systems-166-12701\/\">https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/psychology\/textbooks\/boundless-psychology-textbook\/sensation-and-perception-5\/sensory-processes-38\/additional-sensory-systems-166-12701\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Boundless Psychology. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Other Senses\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.49:Nw9FOKLs@6\/The-Other-Senses\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Homunculus - Crash Course Psychology #6\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"CrashCourse\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fxZWtc0mYpQ\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Additional Sensory Systems, information for chart\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Boundless\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/psychology\/textbooks\/boundless-psychology-textbook\/sensation-and-perception-5\/sensory-processes-38\/additional-sensory-systems-166-12701\/\",\"project\":\"Boundless Psychology\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"617c251c-571f-449f-93f7-aab1ac7350ee, aff5e892-eddc-4927-b828-1d78a9818f81","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2170","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":514,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-intropsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2170","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-intropsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-intropsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-intropsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-intropsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2170\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4681,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-intropsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2170\/revisions\/4681"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-intropsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/514"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-intropsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2170\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-intropsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2170"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-intropsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2170"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-intropsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2170"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-intropsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2170"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}