{"id":2628,"date":"2016-11-11T03:05:55","date_gmt":"2016-11-11T03:05:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2628"},"modified":"2017-05-24T21:47:18","modified_gmt":"2017-05-24T21:47:18","slug":"humanistic-theory","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-intropsych\/chapter\/humanistic-theory\/","title":{"raw":"Humanistic Therapy and Other Treatments","rendered":"Humanistic Therapy and Other Treatments"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain the basic characteristics of humanistic therapy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the basic characteristics of mindfulness, treatment for addiction, and other emerging psychological treatments<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Compare and evaluate various forms of psychotherapy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain and compare biomedical therapies<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Psychotherapy: Humanistic Therapy<\/h1>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4155\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"420\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/04\/05125351\/original.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-4155\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/04\/05125351\/original.jpg\" alt=\"A therapist and patient sit across from each other in chairs in an office.\" width=\"420\" height=\"315\" \/><\/a> Figure 1. The quality of the relationship between therapist and patient is of great importance in person-centered therapy.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nHumanistic psychology focuses on helping people achieve their potential. So it makes sense that the goal of humanistic therapy is to help people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves. In contrast to psychoanalysis, humanistic therapists focus on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts. They also emphasize the patient\u2019s present and future, as opposed to exploring the patient\u2019s past.\r\n\r\nPsychologist Carl Rogers developed a therapeutic orientation known as Rogerian, or <strong>client-centered therapy <\/strong>(also sometimes called person-centered therapy or PCT). Note the change from <em data-effect=\"italics\">patients<\/em> to <em data-effect=\"italics\">clients<\/em>. Rogers (1951) felt that the term patient suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure. Since this is a form of <strong>nondirective therapy<\/strong>, a therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person to identify conflicts and understand feelings, Rogers (1951) emphasized the importance of the person taking control of his own life to overcome life\u2019s challenges.\r\n\r\nIn client-centered therapy, the therapist uses the technique of active listening. In active listening, the therapist acknowledges, restates, and clarifies what the client expresses. Therapists also practice what Rogers called <strong>unconditional positive regard<\/strong>, which involves not judging clients and simply accepting them for who they are. Rogers (1951) also felt that therapists should demonstrate genuineness, empathy, and acceptance toward their clients because this helps people become more accepting of themselves, which results in personal growth.\r\n\r\n<\/section><section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/4734\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h1 id=\"acceptance-and-mindfulness-based-approaches\">Psychotherapy: Mindfulness<\/h1>\r\nOne age-old practice that has seen a resurgence in popularity in recent years is mindfulness.\u00a0<strong>Mindfulness<\/strong> is a process that tries to cultivate a nonjudgmental, yet attentive, mental state. It is a therapy that focuses on one\u2019s awareness of bodily sensations, thoughts, and the outside environment. Whereas other therapies work to modify or eliminate these sensations and thoughts, mindfulness focuses on non-judgmentally accepting them (Kabat-Zinn, 2003; Baer, 2003). For example, whereas CBT may actively confront and work to change a maladaptive thought, mindfulness therapy works to acknowledge and accept the thought, understanding that the thought is spontaneous and not what the person truly believes. There are two important components of mindfulness: (1) self-regulation of attention, and (2) orientation toward the present moment (Bishop et al., 2004). Mindfulness is thought to improve mental health because it draws attention away from past and future stressors, encourages acceptance of troubling thoughts and feelings, and promotes physical relaxation.\r\n\r\nPsychologists have adapted the practice of mindfulness as a form of psychotherapy, generally called mindfulness-based therapy (MBT). Several types of MBT have become popular in recent years, including <em>mindfulness-based stress reduction<\/em> (MBSR) (e.g., Kabat-Zinn, 1982) and <em>mindfulness-based cognitive therapy<\/em> (MBCT) (e.g., Segal, Williams, &amp; Teasdale, 2002).\r\n\r\nMBSR uses meditation, yoga, and attention to physical experiences to reduce stress. The hope is that reducing a person\u2019s overall stress will allow that person to more objectively evaluate his or her thoughts. In MBCT, rather than reducing one\u2019s general stress to address a specific problem, attention is focused on one\u2019s thoughts and their associated emotions. For example, MBCT helps prevent relapses in depression by encouraging patients to evaluate their own thoughts objectively and without value judgment (Baer, 2003). Although cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may seem similar to this, it focuses on \u201cpushing out\u201d the maladaptive thought, whereas mindfulness-based cognitive therapy focuses on \u201cnot getting caught up\u201d in it.\r\n<h2><strong>Treatment for Addiction<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nAddiction and substance abuse disorders are difficult to treat because chronic substance use can permanently alter the neural structure in the prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain associated with decision-making and judgment, thus driving\u00a0a person to use drugs and\/or alcohol (Mu\u00f1oz-Cuevas, Athilingam, Piscopo, &amp; Wilbrecht, 2013). This helps explain why relapse rates tend to be high. About 40%\u201360% of individuals <strong>relapse<\/strong>, which means they return to abusing drugs and\/or alcohol after a period of improvement (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2008).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figure><\/figure>\r\nThe goal of substance-related treatment is to help an addicted person stop compulsive drug-seeking behaviors (NIDA, 2012). This means an addicted person will need long-term treatment, similar to a person battling a chronic physical disease such as hypertension or diabetes. Treatment usually includes behavioral therapy and\/or medication, depending on the individual (NIDA, 2012). Specialized therapies have also been developed for specific types of substance-related disorders, including alcohol, cocaine, and opioids (McGovern &amp; Carroll, 2003). Substance-related treatment is considered much more cost-effective than incarceration or not treating those with addictions (NIDA, 2012).\r\n<figure>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"395\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23225202\/CNX_Psych_16_04_Crack.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows a person injecting heroin intravenously with a hypodermic needle into her ankle.\" width=\"395\" height=\"296\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> Figure 2. Substance use and abuse costs the United States over $600 billion a year (NIDA, 2012). This addict is using heroin. (credit: \"jellymc - urbansnaps\"\/Flickr)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">Specific factors make substance-related treatment much more effective. One factor is duration of treatment. Generally, the addict needs to be in treatment for at least three months to achieve a positive outcome (Simpson, 1981; Simpson, Joe, &amp; Bracy, 1982; NIDA, 2012). This is due to the psychological, physiological, behavioral, and social aspects of abuse (Simpson, 1981; Simpson et al., 1982; NIDA, 2012).While individual therapy is used in the treatment of substance-related disorders, group therapy is the most widespread treatment modality (Weiss, Jaffee, de Menil, &amp; Cogley, 2004). The rationale behind using group therapy for addiction treatment is that addicts are much more likely to maintain sobriety in a group format. It has been suggested that this is due to the rewarding and therapeutic benefits of the group, such as support, affiliation, identification, and even confrontation (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2005).Treatment also usually involves medications to detox the addict safely after an overdose, to prevent seizures and agitation that often occur in detox, to prevent reuse of the drug, and to manage withdrawal symptoms. Getting off drugs often involves the use of drugs\u2014some of which can be just as addictive. Detox can be difficult and dangerous.Frequently, a person who is addicted to drugs and\/or alcohol has <strong>comorbid disorders<\/strong>, meaning they may have additional diagnoses of other psychological disorders.\u00a0In cases of <span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">comorbidity<\/span>, the best treatment is thought to address both (or multiple) disorders simultaneously (NIDA, 2012). Behavior therapies are used to treat comorbid conditions, and in many cases, medications are used along with psychotherapy.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/4735\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/4736\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/4737\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Emerging Treatments<\/h2>\r\nWith growth in research and technology, psychologists have been able to develop new treatment strategies in recent years. Often, these approaches focus on enhancing existing treatments, such as cognitive-behavioral therapies, through the use of technological advances. For example, <em>internet- <\/em>and<em> mobile-delivered therapies <\/em>make psychological treatments more available, through smartphones and online access. Clinician-supervised online CBT modules allow patients to access treatment from home on their own schedule\u2014an opportunity particularly important for patients with less geographic or socioeconomic access to traditional treatments. Furthermore, smartphones help extend therapy to patients\u2019 daily lives, allowing for symptom tracking, homework reminders, and more frequent therapist contact.\r\n\r\nAnother benefit of technology is<strong> cognitive bias modification<\/strong>. Here, patients are given exercises, often through the use of video games, aimed at changing their problematic thought processes. For example, researchers might use a mobile app to train alcohol abusers to avoid stimuli related to alcohol. One version of this game flashes four pictures on the screen\u2014three alcohol cues (e.g., a can of beer, the front of a bar) and one health-related image (e.g., someone drinking water). The goal is for the patient to tap the healthy picture as fast as s\/he can. Games like these aim to target patients\u2019 automatic, subconscious thoughts that may be difficult to direct through conscious effort. That is, by repeatedly tapping the healthy image, the patient learns to \u201cignore\u201d the alcohol cues, so when those cues are encountered in the environment, they will be less likely to trigger the urge to drink. Approaches like these are promising because of their accessibility, however they require further research to establish their effectiveness.\r\n\r\nYet another emerging treatment employs <em>CBT-enhancing pharmaceutical agents<\/em>. These\u00a0are drugs used to improve the effects of therapeutic interventions. Based on research from animal experiments, researchers have found that certain drugs influence the biological processes known to be involved in learning. Thus, if people take these drugs while going through psychotherapy, they are better able to \u201clearn\u201d the techniques for improvement. For example, the antibiotic d-cycloserine improves treatment for anxiety disorders by facilitating the learning processes that occur during exposure therapy. Ongoing research in this exciting area may prove to be quite fruitful.\r\n\r\n<\/section><section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h1>Evaluating Various Forms of Psychotherapy<\/h1>\r\nHow can we assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy? Is one technique more effective than another? For anyone considering therapy, these are important questions. According to the American Psychological Association, three factors work together to produce successful treatment. The first is the use of evidence-based treatment that is deemed appropriate for your particular issue. The second important factor is the clinical expertise of the psychologist or therapist. The third factor is your own characteristics, values, preferences, and culture. Many people begin psychotherapy feeling like their problem will never be resolved; however, psychotherapy helps people see that they can do things to make their situation better. Psychotherapy can help reduce a person\u2019s anxiety, depression, and maladaptive behaviors. Through psychotherapy, individuals can learn to engage in healthy behaviors designed to help them better express emotions, improve relationships, think more positively, and perform more effectively at work or school. In discussing therapeutic orientations, it is important to note that many\u00a0clinicians incorporate techniques from multiple approaches, a practice known as integrative or <strong>eclectic psychotherapy<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4164\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"507\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/04\/05205823\/Delta_College_Counseling_and_Career_Services.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-4164\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/04\/05205823\/Delta_College_Counseling_and_Career_Services.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"507\" height=\"264\" \/><\/a> Figure 3. Therapy comes in many different forms and settings, but one critical factor in its success is the relationship between the therapist and client.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nConsider the following\u00a0advantages and disadvantages of some of the major forms of psychotherapy:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Psychoanalysis<\/strong>: Psychoanalysis was once the only type of psychotherapy available, but presently the number of therapists practicing this approach is decreasing around the world. Psychoanalysis is not appropriate for some types of patients, including those with severe psychopathology or mental retardation. Further, psychoanalysis is often expensive because treatment usually lasts many years. Still, some patients and therapists find the prolonged and detailed analysis very rewarding.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy<\/strong>: CBT interventions tend to be relatively brief, making them cost-effective for the average consumer. In addition, CBT is an intuitive treatment that makes logical sense to patients. It can also be adapted to suit the needs of many different populations. One disadvantage, however, is that CBT does involve significant effort on the patient\u2019s part, because the patient is an active participant in treatment. Therapists often assign \u201chomework\u201d (e.g., worksheets for recording one\u2019s thoughts and behaviors) between sessions to maintain the cognitive and behavioral habits the patient is working on. The greatest strength of CBT is the abundance of empirical support for its effectiveness.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Humanistic Therapy<\/strong>: One key advantage of person-centered therapy is that it is highly acceptable to patients. In other words, people tend to find the supportive, flexible environment of this approach very rewarding. Furthermore, some of the themes of PCT translate well to other therapeutic approaches. For example, most therapists of any orientation find that clients respond well to being treated with nonjudgmental empathy.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nMany studies have explored the effectiveness of psychotherapy. For example, one large-scale study that examined 16 meta-analyses of CBT reported that it was equally effective or more effective than other therapies in treating PTSD, generalized anxiety disorder, depression, and social phobia (Butlera, Chapmanb, Formanc, &amp; Becka, 2006). Another study found that CBT was as effective at treating depression (43% success rate) as prescription medication (50% success rate) compared to the placebo rate of 25% (DeRubeis et al., 2005). Another meta-analysis found that psychodynamic therapy was also as effective at treating these types of psychological issues as CBT (Shedler, 2010). However, no studies have found one psychotherapeutic approach more effective than another (Abbass, Kisely, &amp; Kroenke, 2006; Chorpita et al., 2011), nor have they shown any relationship between a client\u2019s treatment outcome and the level of the clinician\u2019s training or experience (Wampold, 2007). Regardless of which type of psychotherapy an individual chooses, one critical factor that determines the success of treatment is the person\u2019s relationship with the psychologist or therapist.\r\n\r\n<\/section><section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nReview each of the types of psychotherapy you've learned about in this lesson in the following CrashCourse video.\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6nEL44QkL9w?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\" width=\"853\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/4738\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/4739\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/4740\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h1>Biomedical\u00a0Therapies<\/h1>\r\nHumans have\u00a0a long, and sometimes disturbing history of biomedical treatment of disorders. In ancient and medieval times, the process of trepanation - a drilling or cracking of a hole in the skull to expose the brain - was sometimes used to free evil spirits or demons from\u00a0within a person's head.\r\n\r\nTrepanation ultimately fell out of favor as a treatment for psychological disorders. However, in the 20th century another biomedical procedure, lobotomy, gained in use.\u00a0<strong>Lobotomy<\/strong> is a form of psychosurgery in which parts of the frontal lobe of the brain are destroyed or their connections to other parts of the brain severed. The goal of lobotomy was usually to calm symptoms in people with serious psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia. Lobotomy was widely used during the twentieth century - indeed, it was so mainstream that Antonio Moniz won a Nobel Prize in physiology for his work on one lobotomy procedure. However, lobotomy was always highly controversial, and widely criticized as a tool of behavioral control of people who were <a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2005\/11\/16\/5014080\/my-lobotomy-howard-dullys-journey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">engaged in behaviors that were not clinical in nature<\/a>. By the 1960s and 1970s lobotomy fell out of favor in the United States.\r\n\r\nOne of the reasons lobotomy fell out of favor was the development in the 1950s and 1960s of new medications for the treatment of psychological disorders; these are now the most widely used forms of biological treatment. While these are often used in combination with psychotherapy, they also are taken by individuals not in therapy. This is known as <strong>biomedical therapy<\/strong>. Medications used to treat psychological disorders are called psychotropic medications and are prescribed by medical doctors, including psychiatrists. In Louisiana and New Mexico, psychologists are able to prescribe some types of these medications (American Psychological Association, 2014).\r\n\r\nDifferent types and classes of medications are prescribed for different disorders. A depressed person might be given an antidepressant, a bipolar individual might be given a mood stabilizer, and a schizophrenic individual might be given an antipsychotic. These medications treat the symptoms of a psychological disorder. They can help people feel better so that they can function on a daily basis, but they do not cure the disorder. Some people may only need to take a psychotropic medication for a short period of time. Others with severe disorders like bipolar disorder or schizophrenia may need to take psychotropic medication for a long time. Table 1\u00a0shows the types of medication and how they are used.\r\n<table summary=\"A table showing different types of medication, the diseases they are used to treat, the brand names of the medications, how they work, and the side effects is shown. The order of the categories in each row is as follows: \u201cType of Medication,\u201d \u201cUsed to Treat,\u201d \u201cBrand Names of Commonly Prescribed Medications,\u201d \u201cHow They Work,\u201d and \u201cSide Effects.\u201d The information for \u201cAntipsychotics (developed in the 1950s)\u201d is as follows: \u201cSchizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders,\u201d \u201cHaldol, Mellaril, Prolixin, Thorazine,\u201d \u201cTreat positive psychotic symptoms such as auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia by blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine,\u201d and \u201cLong-term use can lead to involuntary movements of the arms, legs, tongue and facial muscles, resulting in Parkinson\u2019s-like tremors.\u201d The information for \u201cAtypical Antipsychotics (developed in the late 1980s)\u201d is as follows: \u201cSchizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders,\u201d \u201cAbilify, Risperdal, Clozaril,\u201d \u201cTreat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as withdrawal and apathy, by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors; newer medications may treat both positive and negative symptoms,\u201d and \u201cCan increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness.\u201d The information for \u201cAnti-depressants\u201d is as follows: \u201cDepression and increasingly for anxiety,\u201d \u201cPaxil, Prozac, Zoloft (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, [SSRIs]); Tofranil and Elavil (tricyclics),\u201d \u201cAlter levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine,\u201d \u201cSSRIs: headache, nausea, weight gain, drowsiness, reduced sex drive; Tricyclics: dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness, reduced sex drive, increased risk of suicide.\u201d The information for \u201cAnti-anxiety agents\u201d is as follows: \u201cAnxiety and agitation that occur in OCD, PTSD, panic disorder, and social phobia,\u201d \u201cXanax, Valium, Ativan,\u201d \u201cDepress central nervous system activity,\u201d and \u201cDrowsiness, dizziness, headache, fatigue, lightheadedness.\u201d The information for \u201cMood Stabilizers\u201d is as follows: \u201cBipolar disorder,\u201d \u201cLithium, Depakote, Lamictal, Tegretol,\u201d \u201cTreat episodes of mania as well as depression,\u201d and \u201cExcessive thirst, irregular heartbeat, itching\/rash, swelling (face, mouth, and extremities), nausea, loss of appetite.\u201d The information for \u201cStimulants\u201d is as follows: \u201cADHD,\u201d \u201cAdderall, Ritalin,\u201d \u201cImprove ability to focus on a task and maintain attention,\u201d and \u201cDecreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, headache.\u201d\"><caption>Table 1. Commonly Prescribed Psychotropic Medications<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Type of Medication<\/th>\r\n<th>Used to Treat<\/th>\r\n<th>Brand Names of Commonly Prescribed Medications<\/th>\r\n<th>How They Work<\/th>\r\n<th>Side Effects<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Antipsychotics (developed in the 1950s)<\/td>\r\n<td>Schizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders<\/td>\r\n<td>Haldol, Mellaril, Prolixin, Thorazine<\/td>\r\n<td>Treat positive psychotic symptoms such as auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia by blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine<\/td>\r\n<td>Long-term use can lead to tardive dyskinesia, involuntary movements of the arms, legs, tongue and facial muscles, resulting in Parkinson\u2019s-like tremors<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Atypical Antipsychotics (developed in the late 1980s)<\/td>\r\n<td>Schizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders<\/td>\r\n<td>Abilify, Risperdal, Clozaril<\/td>\r\n<td>Treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as withdrawal and apathy, by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors; newer medications may treat both positive and negative symptoms<\/td>\r\n<td>Can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Anti-depressants<\/td>\r\n<td>Depression and increasingly for anxiety<\/td>\r\n<td>Paxil, Prozac, Zoloft (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, [SSRIs]); Tofranil and Elavil (tricyclics)<\/td>\r\n<td>Alter levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine<\/td>\r\n<td>SSRIs: headache, nausea, weight gain, drowsiness, reduced sex drive\r\nTricyclics: dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness, reduced sex drive, increased risk of suicide<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Anti-anxiety agents<\/td>\r\n<td>Anxiety and agitation that occur in OCD, PTSD, panic disorder, and social phobia<\/td>\r\n<td>Xanax, Valium, Ativan<\/td>\r\n<td>Depress central nervous system activity<\/td>\r\n<td>Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, fatigue, lightheadedness<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Mood Stabilizers<\/td>\r\n<td>Bipolar disorder<\/td>\r\n<td>Lithium, Depakote, Lamictal, Tegretol<\/td>\r\n<td>Treat episodes of mania as well as depression<\/td>\r\n<td>Excessive thirst, irregular heartbeat, itching\/rash, swelling (face, mouth, and extremities), nausea, loss of appetite<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Stimulants<\/td>\r\n<td>ADHD<\/td>\r\n<td>Adderall, Ritalin<\/td>\r\n<td>Improve ability to focus on a task and maintain attention<\/td>\r\n<td>Decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, headache<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/4741\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nWatch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=w2efaHgJ93A&amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\">this CrashCourse video<\/a> to learn more about research, biomedical therapy and drug treatments, as well as alternative biological treatments.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nAnother biologically based treatment that continues to be used, although infrequently, is <strong>electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)<\/strong> (formerly known by its unscientific name as electroshock therapy). It involves using an electrical current to induce seizures to help alleviate the effects of severe depression. The exact mechanism is unknown, although it does help alleviate symptoms for people with severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy (Pagnin, de Queiroz, Pini, &amp; Cassano, 2004). About 85% of people treated with ECT improve (Reti, n.d.). However, the memory loss associated with repeated administrations has led to it being implemented as a last resort (Donahue, 2000; Prudic, Peyser, &amp; Sackeim, 2000). A more recent alternative is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a procedure approved by the FDA in 2008 that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve depression symptoms; it is used when other treatments have not worked (Mayo Clinic, 2012).\r\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Dig Deeper\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Dig Deeper: Evidence-based Practice<\/h3>\r\nA buzzword in therapy today is evidence-based practice. However, it\u2019s not a novel concept but one that has been used in medicine for at least two decades. Evidence-based practice is used to reduce errors in treatment selection by making clinical decisions based on research (Sackett &amp; Rosenberg, 1995). In any case, evidence-based treatment is on the rise in the field of psychology. So what is it, and why does it matter? In an effort to determine which treatment methodologies are evidenced-based, professional organizations such as the American Psychological Association (APA) have recommended that specific psychological treatments be used to treat certain psychological disorders (Chambless &amp; Ollendick, 2001). According to the APA (2005), \u201cEvidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP) is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences\u201d (p. 1).\r\n\r\nThe foundational idea behind evidence based treatment is that best practices are determined by research evidence that has been compiled by comparing various forms of treatment (Charman &amp; Barkham, 2005). These treatments are then operationalized and placed in treatment manuals\u2014trained therapists follow these manuals. The benefits are that evidence-based treatment can reduce variability between therapists to ensure that a specific approach is delivered with integrity (Charman &amp; Barkham, 2005). Therefore, clients have a higher chance of receiving therapeutic interventions that are effective at treating their specific disorder. While EBPP is based on randomized control trials, critics of EBPP reject it stating that the results of trials cannot be applied to individuals and instead determinations regarding treatment should be based on a therapist\u2019s judgment (Mullen &amp; Streiner, 2004).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Review: Types of Therapies<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Test your ability to\u00a0identify the types of treatments for mental disorders as they are described in the following PsychSim Tutorial:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"p1\"><a href=\"http:\/\/bcs.worthpublishers.com\/webpub\/Ektron\/Myers%20Psychology%20in%20Everyday%20Life%203e\/PsychSim5%20Tutorials\/MysteryTherapist\/MysteryTherapist.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mystery Therapist<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div><section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>biomedical therapy:\u00a0<\/strong>treatment that involves medication and\/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\">\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>cognitive bias modification<\/strong>: using exercises (e.g., computer games) to change problematic thinking habits<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>comorbid disorder:\u00a0<\/strong>individual who has two or more diagnoses, which often includes a substance abuse diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis, such as depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>eclectic psychotherapy<\/strong>: also called integrative psychotherapy, this term refers to approaches combining multiple orientations (e.g., CBT with psychoanalytic elements).<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)<\/strong>: type of biomedical therapy that involves using an electrical current to induce seizures in a person to help alleviate the effects of severe depression<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>humanistic therapy:\u00a0<\/strong>therapeutic orientation aimed at helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>lobotomy:<\/strong>\u00a0a form of psychosurgery in which parts of the frontal lobe of the brain are destroyed or their connections to other parts of the brain severed<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>mindfulness:<\/strong>\u00a0a process that tries to cultivate a nonjudgmental, yet attentive, mental state. It is a therapy that focuses on one\u2019s awareness of bodily sensations, thoughts, and the outside environment<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\">\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>nondirective therapy:\u00a0<\/strong>therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>rational emotive therapy (RET):\u00a0<\/strong>form of cognitive-behavioral therapy<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>relapse:\u00a0<\/strong>repeated drug use and\/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>Rogerian (client-centered therapy):\u00a0<\/strong>non-directive form of humanistic psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes unconditional positive regard and self-acceptance<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>unconditional positive regard:\u00a0<\/strong>fundamental acceptance of a person regardless of what they say or do; term associated with humanistic psychology<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/4874\r\n\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the basic characteristics of humanistic therapy<\/li>\n<li>Explain the basic characteristics of mindfulness, treatment for addiction, and other emerging psychological treatments<\/li>\n<li>Compare and evaluate various forms of psychotherapy<\/li>\n<li>Explain and compare biomedical therapies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Psychotherapy: Humanistic Therapy<\/h1>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<div id=\"attachment_4155\" style=\"width: 430px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/04\/05125351\/original.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4155\" class=\"wp-image-4155\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/04\/05125351\/original.jpg\" alt=\"A therapist and patient sit across from each other in chairs in an office.\" width=\"420\" height=\"315\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4155\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. The quality of the relationship between therapist and patient is of great importance in person-centered therapy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Humanistic psychology focuses on helping people achieve their potential. So it makes sense that the goal of humanistic therapy is to help people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves. In contrast to psychoanalysis, humanistic therapists focus on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts. They also emphasize the patient\u2019s present and future, as opposed to exploring the patient\u2019s past.<\/p>\n<p>Psychologist Carl Rogers developed a therapeutic orientation known as Rogerian, or <strong>client-centered therapy <\/strong>(also sometimes called person-centered therapy or PCT). Note the change from <em data-effect=\"italics\">patients<\/em> to <em data-effect=\"italics\">clients<\/em>. Rogers (1951) felt that the term patient suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure. Since this is a form of <strong>nondirective therapy<\/strong>, a therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person to identify conflicts and understand feelings, Rogers (1951) emphasized the importance of the person taking control of his own life to overcome life\u2019s challenges.<\/p>\n<p>In client-centered therapy, the therapist uses the technique of active listening. In active listening, the therapist acknowledges, restates, and clarifies what the client expresses. Therapists also practice what Rogers called <strong>unconditional positive regard<\/strong>, which involves not judging clients and simply accepting them for who they are. Rogers (1951) also felt that therapists should demonstrate genuineness, empathy, and acceptance toward their clients because this helps people become more accepting of themselves, which results in personal growth.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_4734\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=4734&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_4734\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h1 id=\"acceptance-and-mindfulness-based-approaches\">Psychotherapy: Mindfulness<\/h1>\n<p>One age-old practice that has seen a resurgence in popularity in recent years is mindfulness.\u00a0<strong>Mindfulness<\/strong> is a process that tries to cultivate a nonjudgmental, yet attentive, mental state. It is a therapy that focuses on one\u2019s awareness of bodily sensations, thoughts, and the outside environment. Whereas other therapies work to modify or eliminate these sensations and thoughts, mindfulness focuses on non-judgmentally accepting them (Kabat-Zinn, 2003; Baer, 2003). For example, whereas CBT may actively confront and work to change a maladaptive thought, mindfulness therapy works to acknowledge and accept the thought, understanding that the thought is spontaneous and not what the person truly believes. There are two important components of mindfulness: (1) self-regulation of attention, and (2) orientation toward the present moment (Bishop et al., 2004). Mindfulness is thought to improve mental health because it draws attention away from past and future stressors, encourages acceptance of troubling thoughts and feelings, and promotes physical relaxation.<\/p>\n<p>Psychologists have adapted the practice of mindfulness as a form of psychotherapy, generally called mindfulness-based therapy (MBT). Several types of MBT have become popular in recent years, including <em>mindfulness-based stress reduction<\/em> (MBSR) (e.g., Kabat-Zinn, 1982) and <em>mindfulness-based cognitive therapy<\/em> (MBCT) (e.g., Segal, Williams, &amp; Teasdale, 2002).<\/p>\n<p>MBSR uses meditation, yoga, and attention to physical experiences to reduce stress. The hope is that reducing a person\u2019s overall stress will allow that person to more objectively evaluate his or her thoughts. In MBCT, rather than reducing one\u2019s general stress to address a specific problem, attention is focused on one\u2019s thoughts and their associated emotions. For example, MBCT helps prevent relapses in depression by encouraging patients to evaluate their own thoughts objectively and without value judgment (Baer, 2003). Although cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may seem similar to this, it focuses on \u201cpushing out\u201d the maladaptive thought, whereas mindfulness-based cognitive therapy focuses on \u201cnot getting caught up\u201d in it.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Treatment for Addiction<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div>\n<p>Addiction and substance abuse disorders are difficult to treat because chronic substance use can permanently alter the neural structure in the prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain associated with decision-making and judgment, thus driving\u00a0a person to use drugs and\/or alcohol (Mu\u00f1oz-Cuevas, Athilingam, Piscopo, &amp; Wilbrecht, 2013). This helps explain why relapse rates tend to be high. About 40%\u201360% of individuals <strong>relapse<\/strong>, which means they return to abusing drugs and\/or alcohol after a period of improvement (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2008).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<figure><\/figure>\n<p>The goal of substance-related treatment is to help an addicted person stop compulsive drug-seeking behaviors (NIDA, 2012). This means an addicted person will need long-term treatment, similar to a person battling a chronic physical disease such as hypertension or diabetes. Treatment usually includes behavioral therapy and\/or medication, depending on the individual (NIDA, 2012). Specialized therapies have also been developed for specific types of substance-related disorders, including alcohol, cocaine, and opioids (McGovern &amp; Carroll, 2003). Substance-related treatment is considered much more cost-effective than incarceration or not treating those with addictions (NIDA, 2012).<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 405px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23225202\/CNX_Psych_16_04_Crack.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows a person injecting heroin intravenously with a hypodermic needle into her ankle.\" width=\"395\" height=\"296\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Substance use and abuse costs the United States over $600 billion a year (NIDA, 2012). This addict is using heroin. (credit: &#8220;jellymc &#8211; urbansnaps&#8221;\/Flickr)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">Specific factors make substance-related treatment much more effective. One factor is duration of treatment. Generally, the addict needs to be in treatment for at least three months to achieve a positive outcome (Simpson, 1981; Simpson, Joe, &amp; Bracy, 1982; NIDA, 2012). This is due to the psychological, physiological, behavioral, and social aspects of abuse (Simpson, 1981; Simpson et al., 1982; NIDA, 2012).While individual therapy is used in the treatment of substance-related disorders, group therapy is the most widespread treatment modality (Weiss, Jaffee, de Menil, &amp; Cogley, 2004). The rationale behind using group therapy for addiction treatment is that addicts are much more likely to maintain sobriety in a group format. It has been suggested that this is due to the rewarding and therapeutic benefits of the group, such as support, affiliation, identification, and even confrontation (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2005).Treatment also usually involves medications to detox the addict safely after an overdose, to prevent seizures and agitation that often occur in detox, to prevent reuse of the drug, and to manage withdrawal symptoms. Getting off drugs often involves the use of drugs\u2014some of which can be just as addictive. Detox can be difficult and dangerous.Frequently, a person who is addicted to drugs and\/or alcohol has <strong>comorbid disorders<\/strong>, meaning they may have additional diagnoses of other psychological disorders.\u00a0In cases of <span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">comorbidity<\/span>, the best treatment is thought to address both (or multiple) disorders simultaneously (NIDA, 2012). Behavior therapies are used to treat comorbid conditions, and in many cases, medications are used along with psychotherapy.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_4735\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=4735&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_4735\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_4736\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=4736&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_4736\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_4737\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=4737&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_4737\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Emerging Treatments<\/h2>\n<p>With growth in research and technology, psychologists have been able to develop new treatment strategies in recent years. Often, these approaches focus on enhancing existing treatments, such as cognitive-behavioral therapies, through the use of technological advances. For example, <em>internet- <\/em>and<em> mobile-delivered therapies <\/em>make psychological treatments more available, through smartphones and online access. Clinician-supervised online CBT modules allow patients to access treatment from home on their own schedule\u2014an opportunity particularly important for patients with less geographic or socioeconomic access to traditional treatments. Furthermore, smartphones help extend therapy to patients\u2019 daily lives, allowing for symptom tracking, homework reminders, and more frequent therapist contact.<\/p>\n<p>Another benefit of technology is<strong> cognitive bias modification<\/strong>. Here, patients are given exercises, often through the use of video games, aimed at changing their problematic thought processes. For example, researchers might use a mobile app to train alcohol abusers to avoid stimuli related to alcohol. One version of this game flashes four pictures on the screen\u2014three alcohol cues (e.g., a can of beer, the front of a bar) and one health-related image (e.g., someone drinking water). The goal is for the patient to tap the healthy picture as fast as s\/he can. Games like these aim to target patients\u2019 automatic, subconscious thoughts that may be difficult to direct through conscious effort. That is, by repeatedly tapping the healthy image, the patient learns to \u201cignore\u201d the alcohol cues, so when those cues are encountered in the environment, they will be less likely to trigger the urge to drink. Approaches like these are promising because of their accessibility, however they require further research to establish their effectiveness.<\/p>\n<p>Yet another emerging treatment employs <em>CBT-enhancing pharmaceutical agents<\/em>. These\u00a0are drugs used to improve the effects of therapeutic interventions. Based on research from animal experiments, researchers have found that certain drugs influence the biological processes known to be involved in learning. Thus, if people take these drugs while going through psychotherapy, they are better able to \u201clearn\u201d the techniques for improvement. For example, the antibiotic d-cycloserine improves treatment for anxiety disorders by facilitating the learning processes that occur during exposure therapy. Ongoing research in this exciting area may prove to be quite fruitful.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h1>Evaluating Various Forms of Psychotherapy<\/h1>\n<p>How can we assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy? Is one technique more effective than another? For anyone considering therapy, these are important questions. According to the American Psychological Association, three factors work together to produce successful treatment. The first is the use of evidence-based treatment that is deemed appropriate for your particular issue. The second important factor is the clinical expertise of the psychologist or therapist. The third factor is your own characteristics, values, preferences, and culture. Many people begin psychotherapy feeling like their problem will never be resolved; however, psychotherapy helps people see that they can do things to make their situation better. Psychotherapy can help reduce a person\u2019s anxiety, depression, and maladaptive behaviors. Through psychotherapy, individuals can learn to engage in healthy behaviors designed to help them better express emotions, improve relationships, think more positively, and perform more effectively at work or school. In discussing therapeutic orientations, it is important to note that many\u00a0clinicians incorporate techniques from multiple approaches, a practice known as integrative or <strong>eclectic psychotherapy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4164\" style=\"width: 517px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/04\/05205823\/Delta_College_Counseling_and_Career_Services.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4164\" class=\"wp-image-4164\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/04\/05205823\/Delta_College_Counseling_and_Career_Services.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"507\" height=\"264\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4164\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3. Therapy comes in many different forms and settings, but one critical factor in its success is the relationship between the therapist and client.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Consider the following\u00a0advantages and disadvantages of some of the major forms of psychotherapy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Psychoanalysis<\/strong>: Psychoanalysis was once the only type of psychotherapy available, but presently the number of therapists practicing this approach is decreasing around the world. Psychoanalysis is not appropriate for some types of patients, including those with severe psychopathology or mental retardation. Further, psychoanalysis is often expensive because treatment usually lasts many years. Still, some patients and therapists find the prolonged and detailed analysis very rewarding.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy<\/strong>: CBT interventions tend to be relatively brief, making them cost-effective for the average consumer. In addition, CBT is an intuitive treatment that makes logical sense to patients. It can also be adapted to suit the needs of many different populations. One disadvantage, however, is that CBT does involve significant effort on the patient\u2019s part, because the patient is an active participant in treatment. Therapists often assign \u201chomework\u201d (e.g., worksheets for recording one\u2019s thoughts and behaviors) between sessions to maintain the cognitive and behavioral habits the patient is working on. The greatest strength of CBT is the abundance of empirical support for its effectiveness.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Humanistic Therapy<\/strong>: One key advantage of person-centered therapy is that it is highly acceptable to patients. In other words, people tend to find the supportive, flexible environment of this approach very rewarding. Furthermore, some of the themes of PCT translate well to other therapeutic approaches. For example, most therapists of any orientation find that clients respond well to being treated with nonjudgmental empathy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Many studies have explored the effectiveness of psychotherapy. For example, one large-scale study that examined 16 meta-analyses of CBT reported that it was equally effective or more effective than other therapies in treating PTSD, generalized anxiety disorder, depression, and social phobia (Butlera, Chapmanb, Formanc, &amp; Becka, 2006). Another study found that CBT was as effective at treating depression (43% success rate) as prescription medication (50% success rate) compared to the placebo rate of 25% (DeRubeis et al., 2005). Another meta-analysis found that psychodynamic therapy was also as effective at treating these types of psychological issues as CBT (Shedler, 2010). However, no studies have found one psychotherapeutic approach more effective than another (Abbass, Kisely, &amp; Kroenke, 2006; Chorpita et al., 2011), nor have they shown any relationship between a client\u2019s treatment outcome and the level of the clinician\u2019s training or experience (Wampold, 2007). Regardless of which type of psychotherapy an individual chooses, one critical factor that determines the success of treatment is the person\u2019s relationship with the psychologist or therapist.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Review each of the types of psychotherapy you&#8217;ve learned about in this lesson in the following CrashCourse video.<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6nEL44QkL9w?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\" width=\"853\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_4738\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=4738&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_4738\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_4739\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=4739&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_4739\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_4740\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=4740&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_4740\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<h1>Biomedical\u00a0Therapies<\/h1>\n<p>Humans have\u00a0a long, and sometimes disturbing history of biomedical treatment of disorders. In ancient and medieval times, the process of trepanation &#8211; a drilling or cracking of a hole in the skull to expose the brain &#8211; was sometimes used to free evil spirits or demons from\u00a0within a person&#8217;s head.<\/p>\n<p>Trepanation ultimately fell out of favor as a treatment for psychological disorders. However, in the 20th century another biomedical procedure, lobotomy, gained in use.\u00a0<strong>Lobotomy<\/strong> is a form of psychosurgery in which parts of the frontal lobe of the brain are destroyed or their connections to other parts of the brain severed. The goal of lobotomy was usually to calm symptoms in people with serious psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia. Lobotomy was widely used during the twentieth century &#8211; indeed, it was so mainstream that Antonio Moniz won a Nobel Prize in physiology for his work on one lobotomy procedure. However, lobotomy was always highly controversial, and widely criticized as a tool of behavioral control of people who were <a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2005\/11\/16\/5014080\/my-lobotomy-howard-dullys-journey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">engaged in behaviors that were not clinical in nature<\/a>. By the 1960s and 1970s lobotomy fell out of favor in the United States.<\/p>\n<p>One of the reasons lobotomy fell out of favor was the development in the 1950s and 1960s of new medications for the treatment of psychological disorders; these are now the most widely used forms of biological treatment. While these are often used in combination with psychotherapy, they also are taken by individuals not in therapy. This is known as <strong>biomedical therapy<\/strong>. Medications used to treat psychological disorders are called psychotropic medications and are prescribed by medical doctors, including psychiatrists. In Louisiana and New Mexico, psychologists are able to prescribe some types of these medications (American Psychological Association, 2014).<\/p>\n<p>Different types and classes of medications are prescribed for different disorders. A depressed person might be given an antidepressant, a bipolar individual might be given a mood stabilizer, and a schizophrenic individual might be given an antipsychotic. These medications treat the symptoms of a psychological disorder. They can help people feel better so that they can function on a daily basis, but they do not cure the disorder. Some people may only need to take a psychotropic medication for a short period of time. Others with severe disorders like bipolar disorder or schizophrenia may need to take psychotropic medication for a long time. Table 1\u00a0shows the types of medication and how they are used.<\/p>\n<table summary=\"A table showing different types of medication, the diseases they are used to treat, the brand names of the medications, how they work, and the side effects is shown. The order of the categories in each row is as follows: \u201cType of Medication,\u201d \u201cUsed to Treat,\u201d \u201cBrand Names of Commonly Prescribed Medications,\u201d \u201cHow They Work,\u201d and \u201cSide Effects.\u201d The information for \u201cAntipsychotics (developed in the 1950s)\u201d is as follows: \u201cSchizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders,\u201d \u201cHaldol, Mellaril, Prolixin, Thorazine,\u201d \u201cTreat positive psychotic symptoms such as auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia by blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine,\u201d and \u201cLong-term use can lead to involuntary movements of the arms, legs, tongue and facial muscles, resulting in Parkinson\u2019s-like tremors.\u201d The information for \u201cAtypical Antipsychotics (developed in the late 1980s)\u201d is as follows: \u201cSchizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders,\u201d \u201cAbilify, Risperdal, Clozaril,\u201d \u201cTreat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as withdrawal and apathy, by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors; newer medications may treat both positive and negative symptoms,\u201d and \u201cCan increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness.\u201d The information for \u201cAnti-depressants\u201d is as follows: \u201cDepression and increasingly for anxiety,\u201d \u201cPaxil, Prozac, Zoloft (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, [SSRIs]); Tofranil and Elavil (tricyclics),\u201d \u201cAlter levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine,\u201d \u201cSSRIs: headache, nausea, weight gain, drowsiness, reduced sex drive; Tricyclics: dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness, reduced sex drive, increased risk of suicide.\u201d The information for \u201cAnti-anxiety agents\u201d is as follows: \u201cAnxiety and agitation that occur in OCD, PTSD, panic disorder, and social phobia,\u201d \u201cXanax, Valium, Ativan,\u201d \u201cDepress central nervous system activity,\u201d and \u201cDrowsiness, dizziness, headache, fatigue, lightheadedness.\u201d The information for \u201cMood Stabilizers\u201d is as follows: \u201cBipolar disorder,\u201d \u201cLithium, Depakote, Lamictal, Tegretol,\u201d \u201cTreat episodes of mania as well as depression,\u201d and \u201cExcessive thirst, irregular heartbeat, itching\/rash, swelling (face, mouth, and extremities), nausea, loss of appetite.\u201d The information for \u201cStimulants\u201d is as follows: \u201cADHD,\u201d \u201cAdderall, Ritalin,\u201d \u201cImprove ability to focus on a task and maintain attention,\u201d and \u201cDecreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, headache.\u201d\">\n<caption>Table 1. Commonly Prescribed Psychotropic Medications<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Type of Medication<\/th>\n<th>Used to Treat<\/th>\n<th>Brand Names of Commonly Prescribed Medications<\/th>\n<th>How They Work<\/th>\n<th>Side Effects<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Antipsychotics (developed in the 1950s)<\/td>\n<td>Schizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders<\/td>\n<td>Haldol, Mellaril, Prolixin, Thorazine<\/td>\n<td>Treat positive psychotic symptoms such as auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia by blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine<\/td>\n<td>Long-term use can lead to tardive dyskinesia, involuntary movements of the arms, legs, tongue and facial muscles, resulting in Parkinson\u2019s-like tremors<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Atypical Antipsychotics (developed in the late 1980s)<\/td>\n<td>Schizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders<\/td>\n<td>Abilify, Risperdal, Clozaril<\/td>\n<td>Treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as withdrawal and apathy, by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors; newer medications may treat both positive and negative symptoms<\/td>\n<td>Can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Anti-depressants<\/td>\n<td>Depression and increasingly for anxiety<\/td>\n<td>Paxil, Prozac, Zoloft (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, [SSRIs]); Tofranil and Elavil (tricyclics)<\/td>\n<td>Alter levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine<\/td>\n<td>SSRIs: headache, nausea, weight gain, drowsiness, reduced sex drive<br \/>\nTricyclics: dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness, reduced sex drive, increased risk of suicide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Anti-anxiety agents<\/td>\n<td>Anxiety and agitation that occur in OCD, PTSD, panic disorder, and social phobia<\/td>\n<td>Xanax, Valium, Ativan<\/td>\n<td>Depress central nervous system activity<\/td>\n<td>Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, fatigue, lightheadedness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mood Stabilizers<\/td>\n<td>Bipolar disorder<\/td>\n<td>Lithium, Depakote, Lamictal, Tegretol<\/td>\n<td>Treat episodes of mania as well as depression<\/td>\n<td>Excessive thirst, irregular heartbeat, itching\/rash, swelling (face, mouth, and extremities), nausea, loss of appetite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Stimulants<\/td>\n<td>ADHD<\/td>\n<td>Adderall, Ritalin<\/td>\n<td>Improve ability to focus on a task and maintain attention<\/td>\n<td>Decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, headache<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_4741\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=4741&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_4741\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Watch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=w2efaHgJ93A&amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\">this CrashCourse video<\/a> to learn more about research, biomedical therapy and drug treatments, as well as alternative biological treatments.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Another biologically based treatment that continues to be used, although infrequently, is <strong>electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)<\/strong> (formerly known by its unscientific name as electroshock therapy). It involves using an electrical current to induce seizures to help alleviate the effects of severe depression. The exact mechanism is unknown, although it does help alleviate symptoms for people with severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy (Pagnin, de Queiroz, Pini, &amp; Cassano, 2004). About 85% of people treated with ECT improve (Reti, n.d.). However, the memory loss associated with repeated administrations has led to it being implemented as a last resort (Donahue, 2000; Prudic, Peyser, &amp; Sackeim, 2000). A more recent alternative is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a procedure approved by the FDA in 2008 that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve depression symptoms; it is used when other treatments have not worked (Mayo Clinic, 2012).<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Dig Deeper\">\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Dig Deeper: Evidence-based Practice<\/h3>\n<p>A buzzword in therapy today is evidence-based practice. However, it\u2019s not a novel concept but one that has been used in medicine for at least two decades. Evidence-based practice is used to reduce errors in treatment selection by making clinical decisions based on research (Sackett &amp; Rosenberg, 1995). In any case, evidence-based treatment is on the rise in the field of psychology. So what is it, and why does it matter? In an effort to determine which treatment methodologies are evidenced-based, professional organizations such as the American Psychological Association (APA) have recommended that specific psychological treatments be used to treat certain psychological disorders (Chambless &amp; Ollendick, 2001). According to the APA (2005), \u201cEvidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP) is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences\u201d (p. 1).<\/p>\n<p>The foundational idea behind evidence based treatment is that best practices are determined by research evidence that has been compiled by comparing various forms of treatment (Charman &amp; Barkham, 2005). These treatments are then operationalized and placed in treatment manuals\u2014trained therapists follow these manuals. The benefits are that evidence-based treatment can reduce variability between therapists to ensure that a specific approach is delivered with integrity (Charman &amp; Barkham, 2005). Therefore, clients have a higher chance of receiving therapeutic interventions that are effective at treating their specific disorder. While EBPP is based on randomized control trials, critics of EBPP reject it stating that the results of trials cannot be applied to individuals and instead determinations regarding treatment should be based on a therapist\u2019s judgment (Mullen &amp; Streiner, 2004).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Review: Types of Therapies<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Test your ability to\u00a0identify the types of treatments for mental disorders as they are described in the following PsychSim Tutorial:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><a href=\"http:\/\/bcs.worthpublishers.com\/webpub\/Ektron\/Myers%20Psychology%20in%20Everyday%20Life%203e\/PsychSim5%20Tutorials\/MysteryTherapist\/MysteryTherapist.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mystery Therapist<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<div>\n<section>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>biomedical therapy:\u00a0<\/strong>treatment that involves medication and\/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\">\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>cognitive bias modification<\/strong>: using exercises (e.g., computer games) to change problematic thinking habits<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>comorbid disorder:\u00a0<\/strong>individual who has two or more diagnoses, which often includes a substance abuse diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis, such as depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>eclectic psychotherapy<\/strong>: also called integrative psychotherapy, this term refers to approaches combining multiple orientations (e.g., CBT with psychoanalytic elements).<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)<\/strong>: type of biomedical therapy that involves using an electrical current to induce seizures in a person to help alleviate the effects of severe depression<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>humanistic therapy:\u00a0<\/strong>therapeutic orientation aimed at helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>lobotomy:<\/strong>\u00a0a form of psychosurgery in which parts of the frontal lobe of the brain are destroyed or their connections to other parts of the brain severed<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>mindfulness:<\/strong>\u00a0a process that tries to cultivate a nonjudgmental, yet attentive, mental state. It is a therapy that focuses on one\u2019s awareness of bodily sensations, thoughts, and the outside environment<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\">\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>nondirective therapy:\u00a0<\/strong>therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>rational emotive therapy (RET):\u00a0<\/strong>form of cognitive-behavioral therapy<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>relapse:\u00a0<\/strong>repeated drug use and\/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>Rogerian (client-centered therapy):\u00a0<\/strong>non-directive form of humanistic psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes unconditional positive regard and self-acceptance<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>unconditional positive regard:\u00a0<\/strong>fundamental acceptance of a person regardless of what they say or do; term associated with humanistic psychology<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_4874\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=4874&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_4874\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2628\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/Lumen%20Learning\">http:\/\/Lumen%20Learning<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content on lobotomies. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Colin William. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Ivy Tech Community College. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Types of Treatment. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:N8Hjdi5h@7\/Types-of-Treatment\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:N8Hjdi5h@7\/Types-of-Treatment<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48<\/li><li>Therapeutic Orientations sections on mindfulness and emerging treatments; definition of eclectic therapy and summaries about advantages and disadvantages of treatments from Therapeutic Orientations. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Hannah Boettcher, Stefan G. Hofmann, and Q. Jade Wu. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boston University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/nobaproject.com\/modules\/therapeutic-orientations\">http:\/\/nobaproject.com\/modules\/therapeutic-orientations<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: The Noba Project. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Counseling image. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Jefferyrauschert. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Delta_College_Counseling_and_Career_Services.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Delta_College_Counseling_and_Career_Services.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Getting Help - Psychotherapy: Crash Course Psychology #35. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Hank Green. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CrashCourse. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6nEL44QkL9w&#038;index=35&#038;list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6nEL44QkL9w&#038;index=35&#038;list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Biomedical Treatments: Crash Course Psychology #36. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CrashCourse. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=w2efaHgJ93A&#038;feature=youtu.be&#038;list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=w2efaHgJ93A&#038;feature=youtu.be&#038;list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Types of Treatment\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:N8Hjdi5h@7\/Types-of-Treatment\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Getting Help - Psychotherapy: Crash Course Psychology #35\",\"author\":\"Hank Green\",\"organization\":\"CrashCourse\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6nEL44QkL9w&index=35&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Therapeutic Orientations sections on mindfulness and emerging treatments; definition of eclectic therapy and summaries about advantages and disadvantages of treatments from Therapeutic Orientations\",\"author\":\"Hannah Boettcher, Stefan G. 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