{"id":800,"date":"2018-04-26T16:41:25","date_gmt":"2018-04-26T16:41:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-macroeconomics2\/?post_type=front-matter&p=800"},"modified":"2018-04-26T16:42:52","modified_gmt":"2018-04-26T16:42:52","slug":"800-2","status":"publish","type":"front-matter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-macroeconomics\/front-matter\/800-2\/","title":{"raw":"Preface","rendered":"Preface"},"content":{"raw":"Welcome to Principles of Macroeconomics 2e<\/em> (2nd Edition), an OpenStax resource. This textbook was written to increase student access to high-quality learning materials, maintaining highest standards of academic rigor at little to no cost.\r\n\r\n
\r\n

About OpenStax<\/h3>\r\n

OpenStax is a nonprofit based at Rice University, and it\u2019s our mission to improve student access to education. Our first openly licensed college textbook was published in 2012, and our library has since scaled to over 25 books for college and AP\u00ae<\/sup> courses used by hundreds of thousands of students. OpenStax Tutor, our low-cost personalized learning tool, is being used in college courses throughout the country. Through our partnerships with philanthropic foundations and our alliance with other educational resource organizations, OpenStax is breaking down the most common barriers to learning and empowering students and instructors to succeed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>

\r\n

About OpenStax resources<\/h3>\r\n
\r\n

Customization<\/h4>\r\n

Principles of Macroeconomics 2e<\/em> is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license, which means that you can distribute, remix, and build upon the content, as long as you provide attribution to OpenStax and its content contributors.<\/p>\r\n

Because our books are openly licensed, you are free to use the entire book or pick and choose the sections that are most relevant to the needs of your course. Feel free to remix the content by assigning your students certain chapters and sections in your syllabus, in the order that you prefer. You can even provide a direct link in your syllabus to the sections in the web view of your book.<\/p>\r\n

Instructors also have the option of creating a customized version of their OpenStax book. The custom version can be made available to students in low-cost print or digital form through their campus bookstore. Visit the Instructor Resources section of your book page on OpenStax.org for more information.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>

\r\n

Errata<\/h4>\r\n

All OpenStax textbooks undergo a rigorous review process. However, like any professional-grade textbook, errors sometimes occur. Since our books are web based, we can make updates periodically when deemed pedagogically necessary. If you have a correction to suggest, submit it through the link on your book page on OpenStax.org. Subject matter experts review all errata suggestions. OpenStax is committed to remaining transparent about all updates, so you will also find a list of past errata changes on your book page on OpenStax.org.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>

\r\n

Format<\/h4>\r\n

You can access this textbook for free in web view or PDF through OpenStax.org, and for a low cost in print.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/section>

\r\n

About Principles of Macroeconomics 2e<\/em><\/h3>\r\n

Principles of Macroeconomics 2e<\/em> (2nd edition) covers the scope and sequence requirements of most introductory macroeconomics courses. The text includes many current examples, which are handled in a politically equitable way. The outcome is a balanced approach to both Keynesian and classical views, and to the theory and application of economics concepts. The second edition has been thoroughly revised to increase clarity, update data and current event impacts, and incorporate the feedback from many reviewers and adopters.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

Coverage and scope<\/h4>\r\n

To develop the first edition of Principles of Macroeconomics<\/em>, we acquired the rights to Timothy Taylor\u2019s Principles of Economics<\/em> and solicited ideas from economics instructors at all levels of higher education, from community colleges to PhD-granting universities. For the second edition, we received even more expansive and actionable feedback from hundreds of adopters who had used the book for several academic terms. These knowledgeable instructors informed the pedagogical courses, learning objective development and fulfillment, and the chapter arrangements. Faculty who taught from the material provided critical and detailed commentary.<\/p>\r\n

The result is a book that covers the breadth of economics topics and also provides the necessary depth to ensure the course is manageable for instructors and students alike. We strove to balance theory and application, as well as the amount of calculation and mathematical examples.<\/p>\r\n

The book is organized into seven main parts:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n \t
  • What is Economics?<\/strong> The first two chapters introduce students to the study of economics with a focus on making choices in a world of scarce resources.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Supply and Demand<\/strong>, Chapters 3 and 4, introduces and explains the first analytical model in economics: supply, demand, and equilibrium, before showing applications in the markets for labor and finance.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Elasticity and Price<\/strong>, Chapter 5, introduces and explains elasticity and price, two key concepts in economics.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • The Macroeconomic Perspective and Goals<\/strong>, Chapters 6 through 10, introduces a number of key concepts in macro: economic growth, unemployment and inflation, and international trade and capital flows.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • A Framework for Macroeconomic Analysis<\/strong>, Chapters 11 through 13, introduces the principal analytic model in macro, namely the aggregate demand\/aggregate supply Model. The model is then applied to the Keynesian and Neoclassical perspectives. The expenditure-output model is fully explained in a stand-alone appendix.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Monetary and Fiscal Policy<\/strong>, Chapters 14 through 18, explains the role of money and the banking system, as well as monetary policy and financial regulation. Then the discussion switches to government deficits and fiscal policy.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • International Economics<\/strong>, Chapters 19 through 21, the final part of the text, introduces the international dimensions of economics, including international trade and protectionism.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

    Alternate Sequencing Principles of Macroeconomics 2e<\/em> was conceived and written to fit a particular topical sequence, but it can be used flexibly to accommodate other course structures. One such potential structure, which will fit reasonably well with the textbook content, is provided below. Please consider, however, that the chapters were not written to be completely independent, and that the proposed alternate sequence should be carefully considered for student preparation and textual consistency.<\/p>\r\n

    Chapter 1 Welcome to Economics!<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    <\/div>\r\nChapter 2 Choice in a World of Scarcity\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 3 Demand and Supply\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 4 Labor and Financial Markets\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 5 Elasticity\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 20 International Trade\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 6 The Macroeconomic Perspective\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 7 Economic Growth\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 8 Unemployment\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 9 Inflation\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 10 The International Trade and Capital Flows\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 12 The Keynesian Perspective\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 13 The Neoclassical Perspective\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 14 Money and Banking\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 15 Monetary Policy and Bank Regulation\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 16 Exchange Rates and International Capital Flows\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 17 Government Budgets and Fiscal Policy\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 11 The Aggregate Demand\/Aggregate Supply Model\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 18 The Impacts of Government Borrowing\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 19 Macroeconomic Policy Around the World\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nChapter 21 Globalization and Protectionism\r\n
    <\/div>\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nAppendix A The Use of Mathematics in Principles of Economics\r\n
    <\/div>\r\nAppendix B The Expenditure-Output Model\r\n\r\n<\/section>
    \r\n

    Changes to the second edition<\/h4>\r\n

    OpenStax only undertakes revisions when significant modifications to a text are necessary. In the case of Principles of Macroeconomics<\/em>, we received a wealth of constructive feedback. Many of the book\u2019s users felt that consequential movement in economic data, coupled with the impacts of national and global events, warranted a full revision. We also took advantage of the opportunity to improve the writing and sequencing of the text, as well as many of the calculation examples. The major changes are summarized below.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      \r\n \t
    • Augmented explanations in chapters one through four provide a more comprehensive and informative foundation for the book.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • A clearer explanation, using a numerical example, has been given for finding the utility maximizing combination of goods and services a consumer should choose.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • The Theory of Production has been added to the chapter on costs & industry structure.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • A more complete treatment has been given to labor markets, including the theories of competitive and monopsonistic labor markets, and bilateral monopoly; and the labor markets chapter and the poverty and\r\neconomic inequality chapter have been resequenced.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Substantial revisions to the AD\/AS model in chapters 11-13 present the core concepts of macroeconomics in a clearer, more dynamic manner.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Case studies and examples have been revised and, in some cases, replaced to provide more relevant and useful information for students.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Economic data, tables, and graphs, as well as discussion and analysis around that data, have been thoroughly updated.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

      Wherever possible, data from the Federal Reserve Economic Database (FRED) was included and referenced. In most of these uses, links to the direct source of the FRED data are provided, and students are encouraged to explore the information and the overall FRED resources more thoroughly.<\/p>\r\n

      Additional updates and revisions appear throughout the book. They reflect changes to economic realities and policies regarding international trade, taxation, insurance, and other topics. For issues that may change in the months or years following the textbook's publication, the authors often provided a more open-ended explanation, but we will update the text annually to address further changes.<\/p>\r\n

      The revision of Principles of Macroeconomics<\/em> was undertaken by Steven Greenlaw (University of Mary Washington) and David Shapiro (Pennsylvania State University), with significant input by lead reviewer Daniel MacDonald (California State University, San Bernardino).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>

      \r\n

      Pedagogical foundation<\/h4>\r\n

      Throughout Principles of Macroeconomics 2e<\/em>, you will find features that engage the students in economic inquiry and support their learning. Our features include:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

        \r\n \t
      • Bring It Home:<\/strong> This added feature is a brief case study, specific to each chapter, which connects the chapter\u2019s main topic to the real word. It is broken up into two parts: the first at the beginning of the chapter (in the intro module) and the second at chapter\u2019s end, when students have learned what\u2019s necessary to understand the case and \"bring home\" the chapter\u2019s core concepts.<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Work It Out:<\/strong> This added feature asks students to work through a generally analytical or computational problem, and guides them step by step to find out how its solution is derived.<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Clear It Up:<\/strong> This boxed feature, which includes pre-existing features from Taylor\u2019s text, addresses common student misconceptions about the content. Clear It Ups are usually deeper explanations of something in the main body of the text. Each CIU starts with a question. The rest of the feature explains the answer.<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Link It Up:<\/strong> This added feature is a very brief introduction to a website that is pertinent to students\u2019 understanding and enjoyment of the topic at hand.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>
        \r\n

        Questions for each level of learning<\/h4>\r\n

        Principles of Macroeconomics 2e<\/em> offers four types of end-of-module questions for students:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

          \r\n \t
        • Self-Checks<\/strong> are analytical self-assessment questions that appear at the end of each module. They \"click to reveal\" an answer in the web view so students can check their understanding before moving on to the next module. Self-Check questions are not simple look-up questions. They push the student to think beyond what is said in the text. Self-Check questions are designed for formative (rather than summative) assessment. The questions and answers are explained so that students feel like they are being walked through the problem.<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Review Questions<\/strong> have been retained from Taylor\u2019s version, and are simple recall questions from the chapter in open-response format (not<\/u> multiple choice or true\/false). The answers can be looked up in the text.<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Critical Thinking Questions<\/strong> are new higher-level, conceptual questions that ask students to demonstrate their understanding by applying<\/em> what they have learned in different contexts. They ask for outside-the-box thinking, for reasoning<\/em> about the concepts. They push the student to places they wouldn\u2019t have thought of going themselves.<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Problems<\/strong> are exercises that give students additional practice working with the analytic and computational concepts in the module.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>
          \r\n

          Updated art<\/h4>\r\n

          Principles of Macroeconomics 2e<\/em> includes an updated art program to better inform today\u2019s student, providing the latest data on covered topics.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

          \r\n
          Cost Curves at the Clip Joint<\/div>\r\n\r\n\"sample<\/span><\/figure>\r\n
          \r\n
          Banks as Financial Intermediaries<\/div>\r\n\r\n\"sample<\/span><\/figure>\r\n
          \r\n
          Unemployment Rate by Demographic Group<\/div>\r\n\r\n\"sample<\/span><\/figure>\r\n<\/section><\/section>
          \r\n

          Additional resources<\/h3>\r\n
          \r\n

          Student and instructor resources<\/h4>\r\n

          We\u2019ve compiled additional resources for both students and instructors, including Getting Started Guides, an instructor solution manual, test bank, and PowerPoint slides. Instructor resources require a verified instructor account, which you can apply for when you log in or create your account on OpenStax.org. Take advantage of these resources to supplement your OpenStax book.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>

          \r\n

          Community Hubs<\/h4>\r\n\"OERCommons<\/span>\r\n

          OpenStax partners with the Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education (ISKME) to offer Community Hubs on OER Commons \u2013 a platform for instructors to share community-created resources that support OpenStax books, free of charge. Through our Community Hubs, instructors can upload their own materials or download resources to use in their own courses, including additional ancillaries, teaching material, multimedia, and relevant course content. We encourage instructors to join the hubs for the subjects most relevant to your teaching and research as an opportunity both to enrich your courses and to engage with other faculty.<\/p>\r\n

          To reach the Community Hubs, visit www.oercommons.org\/hubs\/OpenStax.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>

          \r\n

          Technology partners<\/h4>\r\n

          As allies in making high-quality learning materials accessible, our technology partners offer optional low-cost tools that are integrated with OpenStax books. To access the technology options for your text, visit your book page on OpenStax.org.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/section>

          \r\n

          About the authors<\/h3>\r\n
          \r\n

          Senior contributing authors<\/h4>\r\n

          Steven A. Greenlaw, University of Mary Washington<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

          <\/div>\r\nSteven Greenlaw has been teaching principles of economics for more than 30 years. In 1999, he received the Grellet C. Simpson Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching at the University of Mary Washington. He is the author of Doing Economics: A Guide to Doing and Understanding Economic Research<\/em>, as well as a variety of articles on economics pedagogy and instructional technology, published in the Journal of Economic Education<\/em>, the International Review of Economic Education<\/em>, and other outlets. He wrote the module on Quantitative Writing for Starting Point: Teaching and Learning Economics<\/em>, the web portal on best practices in teaching economics. Steven Greenlaw lives in Alexandria, Virginia with his wife Kathy and their three children.\r\n

          David Shapiro, Pennsylvania State University<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

          <\/div>\r\nDavid Shapiro is Professor Emeritus of Economics, Demography, and Women\u2019s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at the Pennsylvania State University. He received a BA in economics and political science from the University of Michigan, and an MA as well as a PhD in economics from Princeton University. He began his academic career at Ohio State University in 1971, and moved to Penn State in 1980. His early research focused on women and youth in the United States labor market. Following a 1978-79 stint as a Fulbright professor at the University of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, his research shifted focus to fertility in Kinshasa and more broadly, in sub-Saharan Africa. He has also received the top prize for teaching at both Ohio State and Penn State.\r\n

          Timothy Taylor, Macalester College<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

          <\/div>\r\nTimothy Taylor has been writing and teaching about economics for 30 years, and is the Managing Editor of the Journal of Economic Perspectives<\/em>, a post he\u2019s held since 1986. He has been a lecturer for The Teaching Company, the University of Minnesota, and the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, where students voted him Teacher of the Year in 1997. His writings include numerous pieces for journals such as the Milken Institute Review<\/em> and The Public Interest<\/em>, and he has been an editor on many projects, most notably for the Brookings Institution and the World Bank, where he was Chief Outside Editor for the World Development Report 1999\/2000, Entering the 21st Century: The Changing Development Landscape<\/em>. He also blogs four to five times per week at http:\/\/conversableeconomist.blogspot.com. Timothy Taylor lives near Minneapolis with his wife Kimberley and their three children.\r\n\r\n<\/section>\r\n

          Special thanks to Christian Potter from University of Mary Washington, who thoroughly researched and applied many of the data updates and provided the foundation for many new and revised illustrations.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

          \r\n

          Development editor<\/h4>\r\n

          Thomas Sigel<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>

          \r\n

          Contributing authors<\/h4>\r\n

          Eric Dodge, Hanover College<\/p>\r\n\r\n

          <\/div>\r\nCynthia Gamez, University of Texas at El Paso\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nAndres Jauregui, Columbus State University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nDiane Keenan, Cerritos College\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nDan MacDonald, California State University, San Bernardino\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nAmyaz Moledina, The College of Wooster\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nCraig Richardson, Winston-Salem State University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nDavid Shapiro, Pennsylvania State University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nRalph Sonenshine, American University\r\n\r\n<\/section>
          \r\n

          Reviewers<\/h4>\r\n

          Bryan Aguiar, Northwest Arkansas Community College<\/p>\r\n\r\n

          <\/div>\r\nBasil Al Hashimi, Mesa Community College\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nEmil Berendt, Mount St. Mary's University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nZena Buser, Adams State University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nDouglas Campbell, The University of Memphis\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nSanjukta Chaudhuri, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nXueyu Cheng, Alabama State University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nRobert Cunningham, Alma College\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nRosa Lea Danielson, College of DuPage\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nSteven Deloach, Elon University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nMichael Enz, Framingham State University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nDebbie Evercloud, University of Colorado Denver\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nReza Ghorashi, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nRobert Gillette, University of Kentucky\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nShaomin Huang, Lewis-Clark State College\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nGeorge Jones, University of Wisconsin-Rock County\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nCharles Kroncke, College of Mount St. Joseph\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nTeresa Laughlin, Palomar Community College\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nCarlos Liard-Muriente, Central Connecticut State University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nHeather Luea, Kansas State University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nSteven Lugauer, University of Notre Dame\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nWilliam Mosher, Nashua Community College\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nMichael Netta, Hudson County Community College\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nNick Noble, Miami University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nJoe Nowakowski, Muskingum University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nShawn Osell, University of Wisconsin-Superior\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nMark Owens, Middle Tennessee State University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nSonia Pereira, Barnard College\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nJennifer Platania, Elon University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nRobert Rycroft, University of Mary Washington\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nAdrienne Sachse, Florida State College at Jacksonville\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nHans Schumann, Texas A&M University\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nGina Shamshak, Goucher College\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nChris Warburton, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY\r\n
          <\/div>\r\nMark Witte, Northwestern University\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/section> ","rendered":"

          Welcome to Principles of Macroeconomics 2e<\/em> (2nd Edition), an OpenStax resource. This textbook was written to increase student access to high-quality learning materials, maintaining highest standards of academic rigor at little to no cost.<\/p>\n

          \n

          About OpenStax<\/h3>\n

          OpenStax is a nonprofit based at Rice University, and it\u2019s our mission to improve student access to education. Our first openly licensed college textbook was published in 2012, and our library has since scaled to over 25 books for college and AP\u00ae<\/sup> courses used by hundreds of thousands of students. OpenStax Tutor, our low-cost personalized learning tool, is being used in college courses throughout the country. Through our partnerships with philanthropic foundations and our alliance with other educational resource organizations, OpenStax is breaking down the most common barriers to learning and empowering students and instructors to succeed.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

          \n

          About OpenStax resources<\/h3>\n
          \n

          Customization<\/h4>\n

          Principles of Macroeconomics 2e<\/em> is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license, which means that you can distribute, remix, and build upon the content, as long as you provide attribution to OpenStax and its content contributors.<\/p>\n

          Because our books are openly licensed, you are free to use the entire book or pick and choose the sections that are most relevant to the needs of your course. Feel free to remix the content by assigning your students certain chapters and sections in your syllabus, in the order that you prefer. You can even provide a direct link in your syllabus to the sections in the web view of your book.<\/p>\n

          Instructors also have the option of creating a customized version of their OpenStax book. The custom version can be made available to students in low-cost print or digital form through their campus bookstore. Visit the Instructor Resources section of your book page on OpenStax.org for more information.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

          \n

          Errata<\/h4>\n

          All OpenStax textbooks undergo a rigorous review process. However, like any professional-grade textbook, errors sometimes occur. Since our books are web based, we can make updates periodically when deemed pedagogically necessary. If you have a correction to suggest, submit it through the link on your book page on OpenStax.org. Subject matter experts review all errata suggestions. OpenStax is committed to remaining transparent about all updates, so you will also find a list of past errata changes on your book page on OpenStax.org.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

          \n

          Format<\/h4>\n

          You can access this textbook for free in web view or PDF through OpenStax.org, and for a low cost in print.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

          \n

          About Principles of Macroeconomics 2e<\/em><\/h3>\n

          Principles of Macroeconomics 2e<\/em> (2nd edition) covers the scope and sequence requirements of most introductory macroeconomics courses. The text includes many current examples, which are handled in a politically equitable way. The outcome is a balanced approach to both Keynesian and classical views, and to the theory and application of economics concepts. The second edition has been thoroughly revised to increase clarity, update data and current event impacts, and incorporate the feedback from many reviewers and adopters.<\/p>\n

          \n

          Coverage and scope<\/h4>\n

          To develop the first edition of Principles of Macroeconomics<\/em>, we acquired the rights to Timothy Taylor\u2019s Principles of Economics<\/em> and solicited ideas from economics instructors at all levels of higher education, from community colleges to PhD-granting universities. For the second edition, we received even more expansive and actionable feedback from hundreds of adopters who had used the book for several academic terms. These knowledgeable instructors informed the pedagogical courses, learning objective development and fulfillment, and the chapter arrangements. Faculty who taught from the material provided critical and detailed commentary.<\/p>\n

          The result is a book that covers the breadth of economics topics and also provides the necessary depth to ensure the course is manageable for instructors and students alike. We strove to balance theory and application, as well as the amount of calculation and mathematical examples.<\/p>\n

          The book is organized into seven main parts:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • What is Economics?<\/strong> The first two chapters introduce students to the study of economics with a focus on making choices in a world of scarce resources.<\/li>\n
          • Supply and Demand<\/strong>, Chapters 3 and 4, introduces and explains the first analytical model in economics: supply, demand, and equilibrium, before showing applications in the markets for labor and finance.<\/li>\n
          • Elasticity and Price<\/strong>, Chapter 5, introduces and explains elasticity and price, two key concepts in economics.<\/li>\n
          • The Macroeconomic Perspective and Goals<\/strong>, Chapters 6 through 10, introduces a number of key concepts in macro: economic growth, unemployment and inflation, and international trade and capital flows.<\/li>\n
          • A Framework for Macroeconomic Analysis<\/strong>, Chapters 11 through 13, introduces the principal analytic model in macro, namely the aggregate demand\/aggregate supply Model. The model is then applied to the Keynesian and Neoclassical perspectives. The expenditure-output model is fully explained in a stand-alone appendix.<\/li>\n
          • Monetary and Fiscal Policy<\/strong>, Chapters 14 through 18, explains the role of money and the banking system, as well as monetary policy and financial regulation. Then the discussion switches to government deficits and fiscal policy.<\/li>\n
          • International Economics<\/strong>, Chapters 19 through 21, the final part of the text, introduces the international dimensions of economics, including international trade and protectionism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Alternate Sequencing Principles of Macroeconomics 2e<\/em> was conceived and written to fit a particular topical sequence, but it can be used flexibly to accommodate other course structures. One such potential structure, which will fit reasonably well with the textbook content, is provided below. Please consider, however, that the chapters were not written to be completely independent, and that the proposed alternate sequence should be carefully considered for student preparation and textual consistency.<\/p>\n

            Chapter 1 Welcome to Economics!<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 2 Choice in a World of Scarcity<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 3 Demand and Supply<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 4 Labor and Financial Markets<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 5 Elasticity<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 20 International Trade<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 6 The Macroeconomic Perspective<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 7 Economic Growth<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 8 Unemployment<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 9 Inflation<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 10 The International Trade and Capital Flows<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 12 The Keynesian Perspective<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 13 The Neoclassical Perspective<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 14 Money and Banking<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 15 Monetary Policy and Bank Regulation<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 16 Exchange Rates and International Capital Flows<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 17 Government Budgets and Fiscal Policy<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 11 The Aggregate Demand\/Aggregate Supply Model<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 18 The Impacts of Government Borrowing<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 19 Macroeconomic Policy Around the World<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Chapter 21 Globalization and Protectionism<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n
            <\/div>\n

            Appendix A The Use of Mathematics in Principles of Economics<\/p>\n

            <\/div>\n

            Appendix B The Expenditure-Output Model<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

            \n

            Changes to the second edition<\/h4>\n

            OpenStax only undertakes revisions when significant modifications to a text are necessary. In the case of Principles of Macroeconomics<\/em>, we received a wealth of constructive feedback. Many of the book\u2019s users felt that consequential movement in economic data, coupled with the impacts of national and global events, warranted a full revision. We also took advantage of the opportunity to improve the writing and sequencing of the text, as well as many of the calculation examples. The major changes are summarized below.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Augmented explanations in chapters one through four provide a more comprehensive and informative foundation for the book.<\/li>\n
            • A clearer explanation, using a numerical example, has been given for finding the utility maximizing combination of goods and services a consumer should choose.<\/li>\n
            • The Theory of Production has been added to the chapter on costs & industry structure.<\/li>\n
            • A more complete treatment has been given to labor markets, including the theories of competitive and monopsonistic labor markets, and bilateral monopoly; and the labor markets chapter and the poverty and
              \neconomic inequality chapter have been resequenced.<\/li>\n
            • Substantial revisions to the AD\/AS model in chapters 11-13 present the core concepts of macroeconomics in a clearer, more dynamic manner.<\/li>\n
            • Case studies and examples have been revised and, in some cases, replaced to provide more relevant and useful information for students.<\/li>\n
            • Economic data, tables, and graphs, as well as discussion and analysis around that data, have been thoroughly updated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Wherever possible, data from the Federal Reserve Economic Database (FRED) was included and referenced. In most of these uses, links to the direct source of the FRED data are provided, and students are encouraged to explore the information and the overall FRED resources more thoroughly.<\/p>\n

              Additional updates and revisions appear throughout the book. They reflect changes to economic realities and policies regarding international trade, taxation, insurance, and other topics. For issues that may change in the months or years following the textbook’s publication, the authors often provided a more open-ended explanation, but we will update the text annually to address further changes.<\/p>\n

              The revision of Principles of Macroeconomics<\/em> was undertaken by Steven Greenlaw (University of Mary Washington) and David Shapiro (Pennsylvania State University), with significant input by lead reviewer Daniel MacDonald (California State University, San Bernardino).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

              \n

              Pedagogical foundation<\/h4>\n

              Throughout Principles of Macroeconomics 2e<\/em>, you will find features that engage the students in economic inquiry and support their learning. Our features include:<\/p>\n