{"id":780,"date":"2017-04-03T21:30:05","date_gmt":"2017-04-03T21:30:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=780"},"modified":"2017-04-13T18:58:49","modified_gmt":"2017-04-13T18:58:49","slug":"citation-and-citation-styles","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/chapter\/citation-and-citation-styles\/","title":{"raw":"Citation and Citation Styles","rendered":"Citation and Citation Styles"},"content":{"raw":"<div id=\"attachment_912\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 510px\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_912\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img class=\"wp-image-912 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1547\/2017\/04\/03155930\/9-citation.png\" alt=\"quotation marks in a conversation bubble\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" \/> Sources that influenced your thinking and research are to be cited in academic writing.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nCiting sources is an academic convention for keeping track of which sources influenced your own thinking and research. (See <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/chapter\/ethical-use-and-citing-sources\/\">Ethical Use of Sources<\/a> for many good reasons why you should cite others\u2019 work.)\r\n\r\nMost citations require two parts:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>the full bibliographic citation on the Bibliography page or References page of your final product, and<\/li>\r\n \t<li>an indication within your text (usually author and publication date) that tells your reader where you have used something that needs a citation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWith your in-text citation, your reader will be able to tell which full bibliographic citation you are referring to by paying attention to the author\u2019s name and publication date.\r\n\r\nLet\u2019s look at an example.\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3>Example: Citations in Academic Writing<\/h3>\r\nHere\u2019s a citation in the text of an academic paper:\r\n<div class=\"blockquote\">\r\n<blockquote>Studies have shown that compared to passive learning, which occurs when students observing a lecture, students will learn more and will retain that learning longer if more active methods of teaching and learning are used (Bonwell and Eison 1991; Fink 2003).<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe information in parentheses above is a citation that coordinates with a list of full citations at the end of the paper.\r\n\r\nAt the end of the paper, these bibliographic entries appear in a reference list:\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 60px\">Bonwell, C. G., and Eison, J. A.1991. \u201cActive learning: Creating excitement in the classroom.\u201d ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Rep. No. 1, George Washington Univ., Washington, D.C.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 60px\">Fink, L. D. 2003. Creating significant learning experiences, Wiley, New York.<\/p>\r\nYou can see the <a href=\"http:\/\/proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu\/login?url=http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)1052-3928(2009)135:1(21)\">full article<\/a> [OSU login required] from which this example was taken online.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Citation Styles<\/h1>\r\nThere are dozens of citation styles (called style guides). While each style requires much of the same publication information to be included in a citation, the styles differ from each other in formatting details such as capitalization, punctuation, and order of publication information.\r\n\r\nStyle guides set the specific rules for how to create both in-text citations and their full bibliographic citations.\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3><strong>Example:<\/strong> Differences in Citation Styles<\/h3>\r\nThe image below shows bibliographic citations in four common styles. Notice that they contain author name, article title, journal title, publication year, and information about volume, issue, and pages. Notice also the small differences in punctuation, order of the elements, and formatting that <strong>do make a difference<\/strong>.\r\n<div id=\"attachment_939\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 795px\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_939\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"785\"]<img class=\"wp-image-939 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1547\/2017\/04\/03155932\/citation.png\" alt=\"A comparison of APA, MLA, Chicago, and AMA styles to show all use the same elements, which differences in order and punctuation.\" width=\"785\" height=\"247\" \/> Differences between citation practices occur mainly in formatting.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nDifferent citation styles reflect the values of the discipline for which they were written. For example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>APA: Social sciences value timeliness, and so the in text citation in APA style includes the year of publication.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>MLA: The liberal arts and humanities are focused on language, and so MLA uses footnotes to make reading and following the text easier.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_912\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 510px\">\n<div id=\"attachment_912\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-912\" class=\"wp-image-912 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1547\/2017\/04\/03155930\/9-citation.png\" alt=\"quotation marks in a conversation bubble\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-912\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources that influenced your thinking and research are to be cited in academic writing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Citing sources is an academic convention for keeping track of which sources influenced your own thinking and research. (See <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/chapter\/ethical-use-and-citing-sources\/\">Ethical Use of Sources<\/a> for many good reasons why you should cite others\u2019 work.)<\/p>\n<p>Most citations require two parts:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the full bibliographic citation on the Bibliography page or References page of your final product, and<\/li>\n<li>an indication within your text (usually author and publication date) that tells your reader where you have used something that needs a citation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>With your in-text citation, your reader will be able to tell which full bibliographic citation you are referring to by paying attention to the author\u2019s name and publication date.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at an example.<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3>Example: Citations in Academic Writing<\/h3>\n<p>Here\u2019s a citation in the text of an academic paper:<\/p>\n<div class=\"blockquote\">\n<blockquote><p>Studies have shown that compared to passive learning, which occurs when students observing a lecture, students will learn more and will retain that learning longer if more active methods of teaching and learning are used (Bonwell and Eison 1991; Fink 2003).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<p>The information in parentheses above is a citation that coordinates with a list of full citations at the end of the paper.<\/p>\n<p>At the end of the paper, these bibliographic entries appear in a reference list:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 60px\">Bonwell, C. G., and Eison, J. A.1991. \u201cActive learning: Creating excitement in the classroom.\u201d ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Rep. No. 1, George Washington Univ., Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 60px\">Fink, L. D. 2003. Creating significant learning experiences, Wiley, New York.<\/p>\n<p>You can see the <a href=\"http:\/\/proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu\/login?url=http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)1052-3928(2009)135:1(21)\">full article<\/a> [OSU login required] from which this example was taken online.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Citation Styles<\/h1>\n<p>There are dozens of citation styles (called style guides). While each style requires much of the same publication information to be included in a citation, the styles differ from each other in formatting details such as capitalization, punctuation, and order of publication information.<\/p>\n<p>Style guides set the specific rules for how to create both in-text citations and their full bibliographic citations.<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3><strong>Example:<\/strong> Differences in Citation Styles<\/h3>\n<p>The image below shows bibliographic citations in four common styles. Notice that they contain author name, article title, journal title, publication year, and information about volume, issue, and pages. Notice also the small differences in punctuation, order of the elements, and formatting that <strong>do make a difference<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_939\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 795px\">\n<div id=\"attachment_939\" style=\"width: 795px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-939\" class=\"wp-image-939 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1547\/2017\/04\/03155932\/citation.png\" alt=\"A comparison of APA, MLA, Chicago, and AMA styles to show all use the same elements, which differences in order and punctuation.\" width=\"785\" height=\"247\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-939\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Differences between citation practices occur mainly in formatting.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Different citation styles reflect the values of the discipline for which they were written. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>APA: Social sciences value timeliness, and so the in text citation in APA style includes the year of publication.<\/li>\n<li>MLA: The liberal arts and humanities are focused on language, and so MLA uses footnotes to make reading and following the text easier.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-780\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Choosing &amp; Using Sources: A Guide to Academic Research. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Teaching &amp; Learning, Ohio State University Libraries. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Ohio State University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/osu.pb.unizin.org\/choosingsources\/\">https:\/\/osu.pb.unizin.org\/choosingsources\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Choosing & Using Sources: A Guide to Academic Research\",\"author\":\"Teaching & Learning, Ohio State University Libraries\",\"organization\":\"The Ohio State University\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/osu.pb.unizin.org\/choosingsources\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-780","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":877,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/780","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/780\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1379,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/780\/revisions\/1379"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/877"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/780\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=780"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=780"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=780"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=780"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}