{"id":810,"date":"2017-04-03T21:32:24","date_gmt":"2017-04-03T21:32:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=810"},"modified":"2017-04-13T17:53:10","modified_gmt":"2017-04-13T17:53:10","slug":"what-copyright-covers","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/chapter\/what-copyright-covers\/","title":{"raw":"What Copyright Covers","rendered":"What Copyright Covers"},"content":{"raw":"The kinds of works covered by copyright are listed in Section 102 of the Copyright Act. In order for a work to be covered by copyright, it must be an original work of authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression. (See the detailed explanations below.)\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_421\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1392\"]<img class=\"wp-image-421 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1547\/2017\/04\/03160009\/c-copyright.png\" alt=\"The copyright symbol - featuring one c in a circle\" width=\"1392\" height=\"846\" \/> Copyright covers original work that is fixed in a tangible medium of expression.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThere are several types of works that can be protected, including:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>literary works<\/li>\r\n \t<li>musical works, including any\u00a0accompanying words<\/li>\r\n \t<li>dramatic works, including any\u00a0accompanying music<\/li>\r\n \t<li>pantomimes and choreography<\/li>\r\n \t<li>pictorial, graphic, and sculptural\u00a0works<\/li>\r\n \t<li>motion pictures and other\u00a0audiovisual works<\/li>\r\n \t<li>sound recordings<\/li>\r\n \t<li>architectural works<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn addition to these, new formats such as email, software, video games, and digital works including web pages and online images have all been determined to be covered by copyright protection.\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<h1><strong>Definition<\/strong> Original Work of Authorship<\/h1>\r\nIn copyright law, originality means that a work should have at least a minimum amount of creativity. For example, an alphabetized list of names and phone numbers would not receive copyright protection because it required no creativity to produce.\r\n\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Definition<\/strong> Tangible Medium of Expression<\/h1>\r\nFor a work to be \u201cfixed in a tangible medium,\u201d it must exist in some perceptible format for more than a transitory duration. For example, a work that is fixed in a tangible medium could be written on paper, saved to a computer hard drive, or recorded on film. An improvised jazz performance that is not recorded would not have copyright protection, because the creative expression of the musician has not been saved in any tangible format.\r\n\r\n<h1>What ISN\u2019T Covered by Copyright?<\/h1>\r\nNot all works are covered by copyright. Those not covered include:\r\n<h2>Works already in the public domain (discussed in detail later in this book)<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><i>Moby Dick<\/i><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Shakespeare\u2019s plays<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Beethoven\u2019s works<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Works not fixed in a tangible medium<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A song in your head, but not recorded or written down<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Ideas<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Boy meets girl, they fall in love and live happily ever after<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Hero protagonist saves the world with the help of wacky sidekick<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Facts<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>1+1=2<\/li>\r\n \t<li>George IV died in 1830<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Works of the U.S. Government produced by government employees<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Federal government reports<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Acts\/Bills of Congress<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\" target=\"_blank\">www.whitehouse.gov<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Copyright in Cases of a Work Made for Hire<\/h1>\r\nIf you create something as part of your job duties, it is likely a work made for hire. In these cases, the employer is considered the author and rights holder of a work made for hire rather than the employee.\r\n\r\nRead the United States Copyright Office\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/circs\/circ09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Works Made for Hire<\/a> circular for a more nuanced discussion.\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3><strong>Activity:<\/strong> Copyrightable?<\/h3>\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/library.osu.edu\/blogs\/choosingsources\/files\/2016\/07\/copyrightable.htm\">Open activity in a web browser.<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>The kinds of works covered by copyright are listed in Section 102 of the Copyright Act. In order for a work to be covered by copyright, it must be an original work of authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression. (See the detailed explanations below.)<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_421\" style=\"width: 1402px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-421\" class=\"wp-image-421 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1547\/2017\/04\/03160009\/c-copyright.png\" alt=\"The copyright symbol - featuring one c in a circle\" width=\"1392\" height=\"846\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-421\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Copyright covers original work that is fixed in a tangible medium of expression.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>There are several types of works that can be protected, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>literary works<\/li>\n<li>musical works, including any\u00a0accompanying words<\/li>\n<li>dramatic works, including any\u00a0accompanying music<\/li>\n<li>pantomimes and choreography<\/li>\n<li>pictorial, graphic, and sculptural\u00a0works<\/li>\n<li>motion pictures and other\u00a0audiovisual works<\/li>\n<li>sound recordings<\/li>\n<li>architectural works<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In addition to these, new formats such as email, software, video games, and digital works including web pages and online images have all been determined to be covered by copyright protection.<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">\n<h1><strong>Definition<\/strong> Original Work of Authorship<\/h1>\n<p>In copyright law, originality means that a work should have at least a minimum amount of creativity. For example, an alphabetized list of names and phone numbers would not receive copyright protection because it required no creativity to produce.<\/p>\n<h1><strong>Definition<\/strong> Tangible Medium of Expression<\/h1>\n<p>For a work to be \u201cfixed in a tangible medium,\u201d it must exist in some perceptible format for more than a transitory duration. For example, a work that is fixed in a tangible medium could be written on paper, saved to a computer hard drive, or recorded on film. An improvised jazz performance that is not recorded would not have copyright protection, because the creative expression of the musician has not been saved in any tangible format.<\/p>\n<h1>What ISN\u2019T Covered by Copyright?<\/h1>\n<p>Not all works are covered by copyright. Those not covered include:<\/p>\n<h2>Works already in the public domain (discussed in detail later in this book)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Moby Dick<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Shakespeare\u2019s plays<\/li>\n<li>Beethoven\u2019s works<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Works not fixed in a tangible medium<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>A song in your head, but not recorded or written down<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Ideas<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Boy meets girl, they fall in love and live happily ever after<\/li>\n<li>Hero protagonist saves the world with the help of wacky sidekick<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Facts<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>1+1=2<\/li>\n<li>George IV died in 1830<\/li>\n<li>Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Works of the U.S. Government produced by government employees<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Federal government reports<\/li>\n<li>Acts\/Bills of Congress<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\" target=\"_blank\">www.whitehouse.gov<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Copyright in Cases of a Work Made for Hire<\/h1>\n<p>If you create something as part of your job duties, it is likely a work made for hire. In these cases, the employer is considered the author and rights holder of a work made for hire rather than the employee.<\/p>\n<p>Read the United States Copyright Office\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/circs\/circ09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Works Made for Hire<\/a> circular for a more nuanced discussion.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3><strong>Activity:<\/strong> Copyrightable?<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/library.osu.edu\/blogs\/choosingsources\/files\/2016\/07\/copyrightable.htm\">Open activity in a web browser.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-810\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Choosing &amp; Using Sources: A Guide to Academic Research. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Teaching &amp; Learning, Ohio State University Libraries. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Ohio State University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/osu.pb.unizin.org\/choosingsources\/\">https:\/\/osu.pb.unizin.org\/choosingsources\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Choosing & Using Sources: A Guide to Academic Research\",\"author\":\"Teaching & Learning, Ohio State University Libraries\",\"organization\":\"The Ohio State University\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/osu.pb.unizin.org\/choosingsources\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-810","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":856,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/810","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/810\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1318,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/810\/revisions\/1318"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/856"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/810\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=810"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=810"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=810"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=810"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}