{"id":818,"date":"2017-04-03T21:32:51","date_gmt":"2017-04-03T21:32:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=818"},"modified":"2017-04-13T18:02:36","modified_gmt":"2017-04-13T18:02:36","slug":"public-domain-and-term-of-copyright","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/chapter\/public-domain-and-term-of-copyright\/","title":{"raw":"Public Domain and Term of Copyright","rendered":"Public Domain and Term of Copyright"},"content":{"raw":"Copyright protection of a work doesn\u2019t last forever. Once the copyright term ends for a work, it enters the public domain. This means that no one owns the rights to the work anymore, so the work may be used by anyone, for any purpose, without permission. The public domain includes works where copyright has expired and works that were never protected by copyright in the first place (such as works of the U.S. federal government created by federal employees).\r\n<div id=\"attachment_418\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_418\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1392\"]<img class=\"wp-image-418 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/osu.pb.unizin.org\/choosingsources\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2016\/07\/c-publicdomain.png\" alt=\"The public domain symbol - featuring an overlapping p and d in a circle\" width=\"1392\" height=\"800\" \/> The public domain includes works where copyright has expired and works that were never protected by copyright.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"activity\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3><strong>ACTIVITY:<\/strong> Finding Works in the Public Domain<\/h3>\r\nThe public domain provides a great source of materials that you can use for any purpose, without requesting permission or paying a fee. The internet is full of useful sites that can help you find Public Domain materials, including:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/copyright.columbia.edu\/copyright\/copyright-in-general\/public-domain-resources\/\" target=\"_blank\">Columbia University list of Public Domain Sources<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hathitrust.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">HathiTrust<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/archive.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Internet Archive<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Project Gutenberg<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>When Does a Work Enter the Public Domain?<\/h1>\r\nDue to U.S. participation in international treaties and changes to U.S. copyright law, Congress has placed a limitation on the length of copyright so that works can eventually become part of the public domain and be re-used and built upon by others. Over the years the term of copyright has changed significantly.\r\n\r\nThe current term is:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>70 years after death of author. If there are multiple authors, then it is 70 years after the death of the last author.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If corporate, or anonymous, authorship the term is either 95 years from date of first publication, or 120 years from the date of creation, whichever comes first.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Term of Copyright<\/h1>\r\nSince the duration of copyright has changed throughout the years, it can be difficult to determine when copyright expires for a particular work. Below are links to a couple of online sources to help you determine when a particular work enters the public domain.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/copyright.cornell.edu\/resources\/publicdomain.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/librarycopyright.net\/resources\/genie\/\" target=\"_blank\">ALA Copyright Genie<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3><strong>EXAMPLES:<\/strong> Copyright Duration<\/h3>\r\nThe duration of copyright depends on when the work was created and whether it was the work of a single author, multiple authors, or an anonymous or corporate author.\r\n<div id=\"attachment_419\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_419\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1392\"]<img class=\"wp-image-419 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/osu.pb.unizin.org\/choosingsources\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2016\/07\/c-term.png\" alt=\"A single author, a pair of authors, and a corporation show different methods of calculating when copyright ends.\" width=\"1392\" height=\"920\" \/> Copyright terms are based on factors such as the date of death of the author and on what laws were in effect when a work was created.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><i>A Brief History of Rabbits in Literature<\/i> by Aaron Figgleson (1918-2002):\r\nCopyright ends 2072 \u2013 70 years after the author\u2019s death<\/li>\r\n \t<li><i>Quarks: A Definitive Guide<\/i> by Joseph P. Wickes (1952-2012, Raylene O. Fine (1936-2008), and Otis M. Wellborn (1919-2000):\r\nCopyright ends 2082 \u2013 70 years after the death of the last author to die<\/li>\r\n \t<li><i>Whose Poo Is This? A Guide to Animal Droppings<\/i> by Acme Animal Industries (published 2002) \u2013 Created internally 1969:\r\nCopyright ends 2089 \u2013 120 years from the date of creation<\/li>\r\n \t<li><i>Advice for Parents: Good Tips from Parents by <\/i>Acme Animal Industries (published 2011) \u2013 Created in blogs 2008-2011:\r\nCopyright ends 2106 \u2013 95 years from the date of first publication<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>Copyright protection of a work doesn\u2019t last forever. Once the copyright term ends for a work, it enters the public domain. This means that no one owns the rights to the work anymore, so the work may be used by anyone, for any purpose, without permission. The public domain includes works where copyright has expired and works that were never protected by copyright in the first place (such as works of the U.S. federal government created by federal employees).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_418\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div id=\"attachment_418\" style=\"width: 1402px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-418\" class=\"wp-image-418 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/osu.pb.unizin.org\/choosingsources\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2016\/07\/c-publicdomain.png\" alt=\"The public domain symbol - featuring an overlapping p and d in a circle\" width=\"1392\" height=\"800\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-418\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The public domain includes works where copyright has expired and works that were never protected by copyright.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"activity\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3><strong>ACTIVITY:<\/strong> Finding Works in the Public Domain<\/h3>\n<p>The public domain provides a great source of materials that you can use for any purpose, without requesting permission or paying a fee. The internet is full of useful sites that can help you find Public Domain materials, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/copyright.columbia.edu\/copyright\/copyright-in-general\/public-domain-resources\/\" target=\"_blank\">Columbia University list of Public Domain Sources<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hathitrust.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">HathiTrust<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/archive.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Internet Archive<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Project Gutenberg<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>When Does a Work Enter the Public Domain?<\/h1>\n<p>Due to U.S. participation in international treaties and changes to U.S. copyright law, Congress has placed a limitation on the length of copyright so that works can eventually become part of the public domain and be re-used and built upon by others. Over the years the term of copyright has changed significantly.<\/p>\n<p>The current term is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>70 years after death of author. If there are multiple authors, then it is 70 years after the death of the last author.<\/li>\n<li>If corporate, or anonymous, authorship the term is either 95 years from date of first publication, or 120 years from the date of creation, whichever comes first.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Term of Copyright<\/h1>\n<p>Since the duration of copyright has changed throughout the years, it can be difficult to determine when copyright expires for a particular work. Below are links to a couple of online sources to help you determine when a particular work enters the public domain.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/copyright.cornell.edu\/resources\/publicdomain.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/librarycopyright.net\/resources\/genie\/\" target=\"_blank\">ALA Copyright Genie<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"example\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3><strong>EXAMPLES:<\/strong> Copyright Duration<\/h3>\n<p>The duration of copyright depends on when the work was created and whether it was the work of a single author, multiple authors, or an anonymous or corporate author.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_419\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div id=\"attachment_419\" style=\"width: 1402px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-419\" class=\"wp-image-419 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/osu.pb.unizin.org\/choosingsources\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2016\/07\/c-term.png\" alt=\"A single author, a pair of authors, and a corporation show different methods of calculating when copyright ends.\" width=\"1392\" height=\"920\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-419\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Copyright terms are based on factors such as the date of death of the author and on what laws were in effect when a work was created.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><i>A Brief History of Rabbits in Literature<\/i> by Aaron Figgleson (1918-2002):<br \/>\nCopyright ends 2072 \u2013 70 years after the author\u2019s death<\/li>\n<li><i>Quarks: A Definitive Guide<\/i> by Joseph P. Wickes (1952-2012, Raylene O. Fine (1936-2008), and Otis M. Wellborn (1919-2000):<br \/>\nCopyright ends 2082 \u2013 70 years after the death of the last author to die<\/li>\n<li><i>Whose Poo Is This? A Guide to Animal Droppings<\/i> by Acme Animal Industries (published 2002) \u2013 Created internally 1969:<br \/>\nCopyright ends 2089 \u2013 120 years from the date of creation<\/li>\n<li><i>Advice for Parents: Good Tips from Parents by <\/i>Acme Animal Industries (published 2011) \u2013 Created in blogs 2008-2011:<br \/>\nCopyright ends 2106 \u2013 95 years from the date of first publication<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-818\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Choosing &amp; Using Sources: A Guide to Academic Research. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Teaching &amp; Learning, Ohio State University Libraries. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Ohio State University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/osu.pb.unizin.org\/choosingsources\/\">https:\/\/osu.pb.unizin.org\/choosingsources\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Choosing & Using Sources: A Guide to Academic Research\",\"author\":\"Teaching & Learning, Ohio State University Libraries\",\"organization\":\"The Ohio State University\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/osu.pb.unizin.org\/choosingsources\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-818","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":856,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/818","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/818\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1328,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/818\/revisions\/1328"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/856"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/818\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=818"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=818"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=818"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-researchsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=818"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}