{"id":374,"date":"2016-11-23T14:03:10","date_gmt":"2016-11-23T14:03:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-social-psychology\/?post_type=chapter&p=374"},"modified":"2016-11-23T15:14:08","modified_gmt":"2016-11-23T15:14:08","slug":"chapter-1-glossary","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-social-psychology\/chapter\/chapter-1-glossary\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 1 Definitions","rendered":"Chapter 1 Definitions"},"content":{"raw":"Affect<\/strong> The feelings we experience as part of our everyday lives\r\n\r\nA<\/strong>ttitude<\/strong> is a knowledge representation that includes primarily our liking or disliking of a person, thing, or group\r\n\r\nBehavioral measures<\/strong> Measures designed to directly assess what people do\r\n\r\nCollectivism<\/strong> Cultural norms that indicate that people should be more fundamentally connected with others and thus are more oriented toward interdependence\r\n\r\nCorrelational research <\/strong>Research designed to search for and test hypotheses about the relationships between two or more variables\r\n\r\nCover story<\/strong> A false statement of what the research was really about\r\n\r\nCulture<\/strong> A group of people, normally living within a given geographical region, who share a common set of social norms, including religious and family values and moral beliefs\r\n\r\nDependent variable<\/strong> The variable that is measured after the manipulations have occurred\r\n\r\nElectroencephalography (EEG)<\/strong> A technique that records the electrical activity produced by the brain\u2019s neurons through the use of electrodes that are placed around the research participant\u2019s head\r\n\r\nEmotions<\/strong> Brief, but often intense, mental and physiological feeling states\r\n\r\nEvolutionary adaptation<\/strong> The assumption that human nature, including much of our social behavior, is determined largely by our evolutionary past\r\n\r\nExternal validity <\/strong>The extent to which relationships can be expected to hold up when they are tested again in different ways and for different people\r\n\r\nFactorial research designs<\/strong> Experimental designs that have two or more independent variables\r\n\r\nFalsifiable <\/strong>When the outcome of the research can demonstrate empirically either that there is support for the hypothesis (i.e., the relationship between the variables was correctly specified) or that there is actually no relationship between the variables or that the actual relationship is not in the direction that was predicted\r\n\r\nField experiments <\/strong>Experimental research studies that are conducted in a natural environment\r\n\r\nFitness<\/strong> The extent to which having a given characteristic helps the individual organism to survive and to reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the species who do not have the characteristic\r\n\r\nFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)<\/strong> A neuroimaging technique that uses a magnetic field to create images of brain structure and function\r\n\r\nHindsight bias <\/strong>The tendency to think that we could have predicted something that we probably would not have been able to predict\r\n\r\nImplicit Association Test<\/strong> (IAT)<\/strong> A procedure designed to elicit implicit beliefs and attitudes\r\n\r\nIngroup<\/strong> Those we view as being similar and important to us and with whom we share close social connections\r\n\r\nInternal validity<\/strong> The extent to which changes in the dependent variable in an experiment can confidently be attributed to changes in the independent variable\r\n\r\nKin selection<\/strong> Strategies that favor the reproductive success of one\u2019s relatives, sometimes even at a cost to the individual\u2019s own survival\r\n\r\nMeta-analysis<\/strong> A statistical procedure in which the results of existing studies are combined to determine what conclusions can be drawn on the basis of all the studies considered together\r\n\r\nMood<\/strong> The positive or negative feelings that are in the background of our everyday experiences\r\n\r\nOther-concern <\/strong>The motivation to affiliate with, accept, and be accepted by others=\r\n\r\nPearson correlation coefficient <\/strong>A statistic used to summarize the association, or correlation, between two variable\r\n\r\nReciprocal altruism<\/strong> A mutual, and generally equitable, exchange of benefits\r\n\r\nResearch hypothesis <\/strong>A specific prediction about the relationship between the variables of interest and about the specific direction of that relationship\r\n\r\nSchema<\/strong> A knowledge representation that includes information about a person, group, or situation\r\n\r\nSelf-concern<\/strong> The motivation to protect and enhance the self and the people who are psychologically close to us\r\n\r\nSelf-report measures<\/strong> Measures in which individuals are asked to respond to questions posed by an interviewer or on a questionnaire\r\n\r\nSocial cognition <\/strong>An understanding of how our knowledge about our social worlds develops through experience and the influence of these knowledge structures on memory, information processing, attitudes, and judgment.\r\n\r\nSocial exchange<\/strong> The idea that, if we help other people now, they will return the favor should we need their help in the future\r\n\r\nSocial influence<\/strong> The process through which other people change our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and through which we change theirs\r\n\r\nSocial neuroscience <\/strong>The study of how our social behavior both influences and is influenced by the activities of our brain\r\n\r\nSocial norms<\/strong> The ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group members and perceived by them as appropriate\r\n\r\nSocial psychology<\/strong> The scientific study of how we feel about, think about, and behave toward the people around us and how our feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are influenced by those people\r\n\r\nThird variables <\/strong>Variables that are not part of the research hypothesis but that cause both the predictor and the outcome variable and thus produce the observed correlation between them","rendered":"

Affect<\/strong> The feelings we experience as part of our everyday lives<\/p>\n

A<\/strong>ttitude<\/strong> is a knowledge representation that includes primarily our liking or disliking of a person, thing, or group<\/p>\n

Behavioral measures<\/strong> Measures designed to directly assess what people do<\/p>\n

Collectivism<\/strong> Cultural norms that indicate that people should be more fundamentally connected with others and thus are more oriented toward interdependence<\/p>\n

Correlational research <\/strong>Research designed to search for and test hypotheses about the relationships between two or more variables<\/p>\n

Cover story<\/strong> A false statement of what the research was really about<\/p>\n

Culture<\/strong> A group of people, normally living within a given geographical region, who share a common set of social norms, including religious and family values and moral beliefs<\/p>\n

Dependent variable<\/strong> The variable that is measured after the manipulations have occurred<\/p>\n

Electroencephalography (EEG)<\/strong> A technique that records the electrical activity produced by the brain\u2019s neurons through the use of electrodes that are placed around the research participant\u2019s head<\/p>\n

Emotions<\/strong> Brief, but often intense, mental and physiological feeling states<\/p>\n

Evolutionary adaptation<\/strong> The assumption that human nature, including much of our social behavior, is determined largely by our evolutionary past<\/p>\n

External validity <\/strong>The extent to which relationships can be expected to hold up when they are tested again in different ways and for different people<\/p>\n

Factorial research designs<\/strong> Experimental designs that have two or more independent variables<\/p>\n

Falsifiable <\/strong>When the outcome of the research can demonstrate empirically either that there is support for the hypothesis (i.e., the relationship between the variables was correctly specified) or that there is actually no relationship between the variables or that the actual relationship is not in the direction that was predicted<\/p>\n

Field experiments <\/strong>Experimental research studies that are conducted in a natural environment<\/p>\n

Fitness<\/strong> The extent to which having a given characteristic helps the individual organism to survive and to reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the species who do not have the characteristic<\/p>\n

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)<\/strong> A neuroimaging technique that uses a magnetic field to create images of brain structure and function<\/p>\n

Hindsight bias <\/strong>The tendency to think that we could have predicted something that we probably would not have been able to predict<\/p>\n

Implicit Association Test<\/strong> (IAT)<\/strong> A procedure designed to elicit implicit beliefs and attitudes<\/p>\n

Ingroup<\/strong> Those we view as being similar and important to us and with whom we share close social connections<\/p>\n

Internal validity<\/strong> The extent to which changes in the dependent variable in an experiment can confidently be attributed to changes in the independent variable<\/p>\n

Kin selection<\/strong> Strategies that favor the reproductive success of one\u2019s relatives, sometimes even at a cost to the individual\u2019s own survival<\/p>\n

Meta-analysis<\/strong> A statistical procedure in which the results of existing studies are combined to determine what conclusions can be drawn on the basis of all the studies considered together<\/p>\n

Mood<\/strong> The positive or negative feelings that are in the background of our everyday experiences<\/p>\n

Other-concern <\/strong>The motivation to affiliate with, accept, and be accepted by others=<\/p>\n

Pearson correlation coefficient <\/strong>A statistic used to summarize the association, or correlation, between two variable<\/p>\n

Reciprocal altruism<\/strong> A mutual, and generally equitable, exchange of benefits<\/p>\n

Research hypothesis <\/strong>A specific prediction about the relationship between the variables of interest and about the specific direction of that relationship<\/p>\n

Schema<\/strong> A knowledge representation that includes information about a person, group, or situation<\/p>\n

Self-concern<\/strong> The motivation to protect and enhance the self and the people who are psychologically close to us<\/p>\n

Self-report measures<\/strong> Measures in which individuals are asked to respond to questions posed by an interviewer or on a questionnaire<\/p>\n

Social cognition <\/strong>An understanding of how our knowledge about our social worlds develops through experience and the influence of these knowledge structures on memory, information processing, attitudes, and judgment.<\/p>\n

Social exchange<\/strong> The idea that, if we help other people now, they will return the favor should we need their help in the future<\/p>\n

Social influence<\/strong> The process through which other people change our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and through which we change theirs<\/p>\n

Social neuroscience <\/strong>The study of how our social behavior both influences and is influenced by the activities of our brain<\/p>\n

Social norms<\/strong> The ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group members and perceived by them as appropriate<\/p>\n

Social psychology<\/strong> The scientific study of how we feel about, think about, and behave toward the people around us and how our feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are influenced by those people<\/p>\n

Third variables <\/strong>Variables that are not part of the research hypothesis but that cause both the predictor and the outcome variable and thus produce the observed correlation between them<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t

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