{"id":400,"date":"2016-11-23T16:34:38","date_gmt":"2016-11-23T16:34:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-social-psychology\/?post_type=chapter&p=400"},"modified":"2016-11-23T16:34:38","modified_gmt":"2016-11-23T16:34:38","slug":"chapter-5-definitions","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-social-psychology\/chapter\/chapter-5-definitions\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 5 Definitions","rendered":"Chapter 5 Definitions"},"content":{"raw":"Actor-observer bias<\/strong> or difference <\/strong>When we tend to make more personal attributions for the behavior of others than we do for ourselves and to make more situational attributions for our own behavior than for the behavior of others\r\n\r\nAttribution<\/strong> The process of assigning causes to behaviors\r\n\r\nAttributional style<\/strong> The type of attributions that we tend to make for events that occur to us.\r\n\r\nCausal attribution <\/strong>The process of trying to determine the causes of people\u2019s behavior\r\n\r\nConsensus information <\/strong>When a situation seems to be the cause of a behavior if the situation creates the same behavior in most people\r\n\r\nConsistency information <\/strong>When a situation seems to be the cause of a behavior if the situation always produces the behavior in the target\r\n\r\nDistinctiveness information <\/strong>When a situation seems to be the cause of a behavior if the behavior occurs when the situation is present but not when it is not present\r\n\r\nEntity theorists <\/strong>People who tend to believe that others' traits are fundamentally stable and incapable of change\r\n\r\nFundamental attribution error <\/strong>When we tend to overestimate the role of person factors and overlook the impact of situations in explaining a behavior\r\n\r\nGlobal attributions<\/strong> Those attributions that we feel apply broadly\r\n\r\nGroup attribution error<\/strong> The tendency to make attributional generalizations about entire outgroups based on a very small number of observations of individual members\r\n\r\nGroup-serving bias (<\/strong>or ultimate attribution error) <\/strong>The tendency to make internal attributions about our ingroups' successes, and external attributions about their setbacks, and to make the opposite pattern of attributions about our outgroups\r\n\r\nHalo effect<\/strong> The influence of a global positive evaluation of a person on perceptions of their specific traits\r\n\r\nIncremental theorists<\/strong> People who believe that personalities change a lot over time and who therefore are more likely to make situational attributions for events.\r\n\r\nJust world belief<\/strong> The belief that people get what they deserve in life\r\n\r\nJust world hypothesis <\/strong>The tendency to make attributions based on the belief that the world is fundamentally just\r\n\r\nLearned helplessness <\/strong>The tendency to continually make external, stable, and global attributions for our behavior\r\n\r\nNegative attributional style <\/strong>The tendency to explain negative events by referring to our own internal, stable, and global qualities\r\n\r\nNonverbal behavior <\/strong>Any type of communication that does not involve speaking, including facial expressions, body language, touching, voice patterns, and interpersonal distance\r\n\r\nPerson perception <\/strong>The process of learning about other people\r\n\r\nPersonal (<\/strong>or internal <\/strong>or dispositional) attribution <\/strong>When we decide that the behavior was caused primarily by the person\r\n\r\nPositive attributional style <\/strong>Ways of explaining events that are related to high self-esteem, including a tendency to explain negative events experienced by referring to external, unstable, and specific qualities\r\n\r\nRecency effect <\/strong>When information that comes later is given more weight\r\n\r\nSelf-handicapping <\/strong>When we make statements or engage in behaviors that help us create a convenient external attribution for potential failure\r\n\r\nSelf-serving attributions <\/strong>Attributions that help us meet our desire to see ourselves positively\r\n\r\nSelf-serving bias <\/strong>The tendency to attribute our successes to ourselves, and our failures to others and the situation\r\n\r\nSituational attribution <\/strong>When we determine that a behavior was caused primarily by the situation\r\n\r\nSpecific attributions<\/strong> Those attributions that we see as more unique to particular events.\r\n\r\nStable attributions <\/strong>Those attributions that we think will be relatively permanent\r\n\r\nStereotype<\/strong> The positive or negative beliefs that we hold about the characteristics of social group\r\n\r\nTrait ascription bias <\/strong>A tendency for people to view their own personality, beliefs, and behaviors as more variable than those of others\r\n\r\nTransactional leaders<\/strong> Leaders who work with their subordinates to help them understand what is required of them and to get the job done\r\n\r\nUnrealistic optimism <\/strong>The tendency to be overly positive about the likelihood that negative things will occur to us and that we will be able to effectively cope with them if they do\r\n\r\nUnstable attributions<\/strong> Those attributions that are expected to change over time","rendered":"

Actor-observer bias<\/strong> or difference <\/strong>When we tend to make more personal attributions for the behavior of others than we do for ourselves and to make more situational attributions for our own behavior than for the behavior of others<\/p>\n

Attribution<\/strong> The process of assigning causes to behaviors<\/p>\n

Attributional style<\/strong> The type of attributions that we tend to make for events that occur to us.<\/p>\n

Causal attribution <\/strong>The process of trying to determine the causes of people\u2019s behavior<\/p>\n

Consensus information <\/strong>When a situation seems to be the cause of a behavior if the situation creates the same behavior in most people<\/p>\n

Consistency information <\/strong>When a situation seems to be the cause of a behavior if the situation always produces the behavior in the target<\/p>\n

Distinctiveness information <\/strong>When a situation seems to be the cause of a behavior if the behavior occurs when the situation is present but not when it is not present<\/p>\n

Entity theorists <\/strong>People who tend to believe that others’ traits are fundamentally stable and incapable of change<\/p>\n

Fundamental attribution error <\/strong>When we tend to overestimate the role of person factors and overlook the impact of situations in explaining a behavior<\/p>\n

Global attributions<\/strong> Those attributions that we feel apply broadly<\/p>\n

Group attribution error<\/strong> The tendency to make attributional generalizations about entire outgroups based on a very small number of observations of individual members<\/p>\n

Group-serving bias (<\/strong>or ultimate attribution error) <\/strong>The tendency to make internal attributions about our ingroups’ successes, and external attributions about their setbacks, and to make the opposite pattern of attributions about our outgroups<\/p>\n

Halo effect<\/strong> The influence of a global positive evaluation of a person on perceptions of their specific traits<\/p>\n

Incremental theorists<\/strong> People who believe that personalities change a lot over time and who therefore are more likely to make situational attributions for events.<\/p>\n

Just world belief<\/strong> The belief that people get what they deserve in life<\/p>\n

Just world hypothesis <\/strong>The tendency to make attributions based on the belief that the world is fundamentally just<\/p>\n

Learned helplessness <\/strong>The tendency to continually make external, stable, and global attributions for our behavior<\/p>\n

Negative attributional style <\/strong>The tendency to explain negative events by referring to our own internal, stable, and global qualities<\/p>\n

Nonverbal behavior <\/strong>Any type of communication that does not involve speaking, including facial expressions, body language, touching, voice patterns, and interpersonal distance<\/p>\n

Person perception <\/strong>The process of learning about other people<\/p>\n

Personal (<\/strong>or internal <\/strong>or dispositional) attribution <\/strong>When we decide that the behavior was caused primarily by the person<\/p>\n

Positive attributional style <\/strong>Ways of explaining events that are related to high self-esteem, including a tendency to explain negative events experienced by referring to external, unstable, and specific qualities<\/p>\n

Recency effect <\/strong>When information that comes later is given more weight<\/p>\n

Self-handicapping <\/strong>When we make statements or engage in behaviors that help us create a convenient external attribution for potential failure<\/p>\n

Self-serving attributions <\/strong>Attributions that help us meet our desire to see ourselves positively<\/p>\n

Self-serving bias <\/strong>The tendency to attribute our successes to ourselves, and our failures to others and the situation<\/p>\n

Situational attribution <\/strong>When we determine that a behavior was caused primarily by the situation<\/p>\n

Specific attributions<\/strong> Those attributions that we see as more unique to particular events.<\/p>\n

Stable attributions <\/strong>Those attributions that we think will be relatively permanent<\/p>\n

Stereotype<\/strong> The positive or negative beliefs that we hold about the characteristics of social group<\/p>\n

Trait ascription bias <\/strong>A tendency for people to view their own personality, beliefs, and behaviors as more variable than those of others<\/p>\n

Transactional leaders<\/strong> Leaders who work with their subordinates to help them understand what is required of them and to get the job done<\/p>\n

Unrealistic optimism <\/strong>The tendency to be overly positive about the likelihood that negative things will occur to us and that we will be able to effectively cope with them if they do<\/p>\n

Unstable attributions<\/strong> Those attributions that are expected to change over time<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t

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Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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