{"id":81,"date":"2015-08-13T20:00:45","date_gmt":"2015-08-13T20:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/standupspeakoutxmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=81"},"modified":"2015-08-26T20:17:15","modified_gmt":"2015-08-26T20:17:15","slug":"the-importance-of-an-introduction","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-standupspeakout\/chapter\/the-importance-of-an-introduction\/","title":{"raw":"The Importance of an Introduction","rendered":"The Importance of an Introduction"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Explain the general length of an introduction.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>List and explain the five basic functions of an introduction.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Understand how to use three factors of credibility in an introduction.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe introduction for a speech is generally only 10 to 15 percent of the entire time the speaker will spend speaking. This means that if your speech is to be five minutes long, your introduction should be no more than forty-five seconds. If your speech is to be ten minutes long, then your introduction should be no more than a minute and a half. Unfortunately, that 10 to 15 percent of your speech can either make your audience interested in what you have to say or cause them to tune out before you\u2019ve really gotten started. Overall, a good introduction should serve five functions. Let\u2019s examine each of these.\r\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch09_s01_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Gain Audience Attention and Interest<\/h2>\r\nThe first major purpose of an introduction is to gain your audience\u2019s attention and make them interested in what you have to say. One of the biggest mistakes that novice speakers make is to assume that people will naturally listen because the speaker is speaking. While many audiences may be polite and not talk while you\u2019re speaking, actually getting them to listen to what you are saying is a completely different challenge. Let\u2019s face it\u2014we\u2019ve all tuned someone out at some point because we weren\u2019t interested in what they had to say. If you do not get the audience\u2019s attention at the outset, it will only become more difficult to do so as you continue speaking. We\u2019ll talk about some strategies for grabbing an audience\u2019s attention later on in this chapter.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch09_s01_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">State the Purpose of Your Speech<\/h2>\r\nThe second major function of an introduction is to reveal the purpose of your speech to your audience. Have you ever sat through a speech wondering what the basic point was? Have you ever come away after a speech and had no idea what the speaker was talking about? An introduction is important because it forces the speaker to be mindfully aware of explaining the topic of the speech to the audience. If the speaker doesn\u2019t know what her or his topic is and cannot convey that topic to the audience, then we\u2019ve got really big problems! Robert Cavett, the founder of the National Speaker\u2019s Association, used the analogy of a preacher giving a sermon when he noted, \u201cWhen it\u2019s foggy in the pulpit, it\u2019s cloudy in the pews.\u201d\r\n\r\nAs we discussed in Chapter 6 \"Finding a Purpose and Selecting a Topic\", the specific purpose is the one idea you want your audience to remember when you are finished with your speech. Your specific purpose is the rudder that guides your research, organization, and development of main points. The more clearly focused your purpose is, the easier your task will be in developing your speech. In addition, a clear purpose provides the audience with a single, simple idea to remember even if they daydream during the body of your speech. To develop a specific purpose, you should complete the following sentence: \u201cI want my audience to understand that\u2026\u201d Notice that your specific speech purpose is phrased in terms of expected audience responses, not in terms of your own perspective.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch09_s01_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Establish Credibility<\/h2>\r\nOne of the most researched areas within the field of communication has been Aristotle\u2019s concept of <em class=\"im_emphasis\">ethos<\/em> or credibility. First, and foremost, the concept of credibility must be understood as a perception of receivers. You may be the most competent, caring, and trustworthy speaker in the world on a given topic, but if your audience does not perceive you as credible, then your expertise and passion will not matter. As public speakers, we need to make sure that we explain to our audiences why we are credible speakers on a given topic.\r\n\r\nJames C. McCroskey and Jason J. Teven have conducted extensive research on credibility and have determined that an individual\u2019s credibility is composed of three factors: competence, trustworthiness, and caring\/goodwill.<span id=\"wrench_1.0-fn09_001\" class=\"im_footnote\">[footnote]McCroskey, J. C., &amp; Teven, J. J. (1999). Goodwill: A reexamination of the construct and its measurement. <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Communication Monographs, 66<\/em>, 90\u2013103.[\/footnote]<\/span> <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Competence<\/span><\/span> is the degree to which a speaker is perceived to be knowledgeable or expert in a given subject by an audience member. Some individuals are given expert status because of positions they hold in society. For example, Dr. Regina Benjamin, the US Surgeon General, is expected to be competent in matters related to health and wellness as a result of being the United States\u2019 top physician.\r\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch09_s01_s03_f01\" class=\"im_figure im_medium im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"260\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/LBpubspeakethics\/section_12\/73666f4b89cde5d6f35fb81668dac80d.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/901\/2015\/08\/23224338\/73666f4b89cde5d6f35fb81668dac80d.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of Regina Benjamin.\" width=\"260\" height=\"335\" \/><\/a> Figure 1. Regina Benjamin.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"im_copyright\">\r\n\r\nBut what if you do not possess a fancy title that lends itself to established competence? You need to explain to the audience why you are competent to speak on your topic. Keep in mind that even well-known speakers are not perceived as universally credible. US Surgeon General Regina Benjamin may be seen as competent on health and wellness issues, but may not be seen as a competent speaker on trends in Latin American music or different ways to cook summer squash. Like well-known speakers, you will need to establish your credibility on each topic you address, so establishing your competence about the energy efficiency of furnace systems during your informative speech does not automatically mean you will be seen as competent on the topic of organ donation for your persuasive speech.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe second factor of credibility noted by McCroskey and Teven is <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">trustworthiness<\/span><\/span>, or the degree to which an audience member perceives a speaker as honest. Nothing will turn an audience against a speaker faster than if the audience believes the speaker is lying. When an audience does not perceive a speaker as trustworthy, the information coming out of the speaker\u2019s mouth is automatically perceived as deceitful. The speaker could be 100 percent honest, but the audience will still find the information suspect. For example, in the summer of 2009, many Democratic members of Congress attempted to hold public town-hall meetings about health care. For a range of reasons, many of the people who attended these town-hall meetings refused to let their elected officials actually speak because the audiences were convinced that the Congressmen and Congresswomen were lying.\r\n\r\nIn these situations, where a speaker is in front of a very hostile audience, there is little a speaker can do to reestablish that sense of trustworthiness. These public town-hall meetings became screaming matches between the riled-up audiences and the congressional representatives. Some police departments actually ended up having to escort the representatives from the buildings because they feared for their safety. Check out <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/video\/#\/video\/bestoftv\/2009\/08\/07\/ldt.sylvester.town.hall.cnn?iref=videosearch\">this video<\/a> from CNN.com to see what some of these events actually looked like. We hope that you will not be in physical danger when you speak to your classmates or in other settings, but these incidents serve to underscore how important speaker trustworthiness is across speaking contexts.\r\n\r\nCaring\/goodwill is the final factor of credibility noted by McCroskey and Teven. <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Caring\/goodwill<\/span><\/span> refers to the degree to which an audience member perceives a speaker as caring about the audience member. As noted by Wrench, McCroskey, and Richmond, \u201cIf a receiver does not believe that a source has the best intentions in mind for the receiver, the receiver will not see the source as credible. Simply put, we are going to listen to people who we think truly care for us and are looking out for our welfare.\u201d<span id=\"wrench_1.0-fn09_002\" class=\"im_footnote\">[footnote]Wrench, J. S., McCroskey, J. C., &amp; Richmond, V. P. (2008). <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Human communication in everyday life: Explanations and applications<\/em>. Boston, MA: Allyn &amp; Bacon, pp. 33\u201334.[\/footnote]<\/span> As a speaker, then, you need to establish that your information is being presented because you care about your audience and are not just trying to manipulate them. We should note that research has indicated that caring\/goodwill is the most important factor of credibility. This means that if an audience believes that a speaker truly cares about the audience\u2019s best interests, the audience may overlook some competence and trust issues.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch09_s01_s04\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Provide Reasons to Listen<\/h2>\r\nThe fourth major function of an introduction is to establish a connection between the speaker and the audience, and one of the most effective means of establishing a connection with your audience is to provide them with reasons why they should listen to your speech. The idea of establishing a connection is an extension of the notion of caring\/goodwill. In the chapters on Language and Speech Delivery, we\u2019ll spend a lot more time talking about how you can establish a good relationship with your audience. However, this relationship starts the moment you step to the front of the room to start speaking.\r\n\r\nInstead of assuming the audience will make their own connections to your material, you should explicitly state how your information might be useful to your audience. Tell them directly how they might use your information themselves. It is not enough for you alone to be interested in your topic. You need to build a bridge to the audience by explicitly connecting your topic to their possible needs.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch09_s01_s05\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Preview Main Ideas<\/h2>\r\nThe last major function of an introduction is to preview the main ideas that your speech will discuss. A preview establishes the direction your speech will take. We sometimes call this process signposting because you\u2019re establishing signs for audience members to look for while you\u2019re speaking. In the most basic speech format, speakers generally have three to five major points they plan on making. During the preview, a speaker outlines what these points will be, which demonstrates to the audience that the speaker is organized.\r\n\r\nA study by Baker found that individuals who were unorganized while speaking were perceived as less credible than those individuals who were organized.<span id=\"wrench_1.0-fn09_003\" class=\"im_footnote\">[footnote]Baker, E. E. (1965). The immediate effects of perceived speaker disorganization on speaker credibility and audience attitude change in persuasive speaking. <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Western Speech, 29<\/em>, 148\u2013161.[\/footnote]<\/span> Having a solid preview of the information contained within one\u2019s speech and then following that preview will definitely help a speaker\u2019s credibility. It also helps your audience keep track of where you are if they momentarily daydream or get distracted.\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Introductions are only 10\u201315 percent of one\u2019s speech, so speakers need to make sure they think through the entire introduction to ensure that they will capture an audience. During an introduction, speakers attempt to impart the general and specific purpose of a speech while making their audience members interested in the speech topic, establishing their own credibility, and providing the audience with a preview of the speech structure.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A speaker\u2019s perceived credibility is a combination of competence, trustworthiness, and caring\/goodwill. Research has shown that caring\/goodwill is probably the most important factor of credibility because audiences want to know that a speaker has their best interests at heart. At the same time, speakers should strive to be both competent and honest while speaking.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>What are the five basic functions of an introduction? Discuss with your classmates which purpose you think is the most important. Why?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Why is establishing a relationship with one\u2019s audience important? How do you plan on establishing a relationship with your audience during your next speech?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Of the three factors of credibility, which do you think is going to be hardest to establish with your peers during your next speech? Why? What can you do to enhance your peers\u2019 perception of your credibility?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the general length of an introduction.<\/li>\n<li>List and explain the five basic functions of an introduction.<\/li>\n<li>Understand how to use three factors of credibility in an introduction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>The introduction for a speech is generally only 10 to 15 percent of the entire time the speaker will spend speaking. This means that if your speech is to be five minutes long, your introduction should be no more than forty-five seconds. If your speech is to be ten minutes long, then your introduction should be no more than a minute and a half. Unfortunately, that 10 to 15 percent of your speech can either make your audience interested in what you have to say or cause them to tune out before you\u2019ve really gotten started. Overall, a good introduction should serve five functions. Let\u2019s examine each of these.<\/p>\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch09_s01_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Gain Audience Attention and Interest<\/h2>\n<p>The first major purpose of an introduction is to gain your audience\u2019s attention and make them interested in what you have to say. One of the biggest mistakes that novice speakers make is to assume that people will naturally listen because the speaker is speaking. While many audiences may be polite and not talk while you\u2019re speaking, actually getting them to listen to what you are saying is a completely different challenge. Let\u2019s face it\u2014we\u2019ve all tuned someone out at some point because we weren\u2019t interested in what they had to say. If you do not get the audience\u2019s attention at the outset, it will only become more difficult to do so as you continue speaking. We\u2019ll talk about some strategies for grabbing an audience\u2019s attention later on in this chapter.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch09_s01_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">State the Purpose of Your Speech<\/h2>\n<p>The second major function of an introduction is to reveal the purpose of your speech to your audience. Have you ever sat through a speech wondering what the basic point was? Have you ever come away after a speech and had no idea what the speaker was talking about? An introduction is important because it forces the speaker to be mindfully aware of explaining the topic of the speech to the audience. If the speaker doesn\u2019t know what her or his topic is and cannot convey that topic to the audience, then we\u2019ve got really big problems! Robert Cavett, the founder of the National Speaker\u2019s Association, used the analogy of a preacher giving a sermon when he noted, \u201cWhen it\u2019s foggy in the pulpit, it\u2019s cloudy in the pews.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>As we discussed in Chapter 6 &#8220;Finding a Purpose and Selecting a Topic&#8221;, the specific purpose is the one idea you want your audience to remember when you are finished with your speech. Your specific purpose is the rudder that guides your research, organization, and development of main points. The more clearly focused your purpose is, the easier your task will be in developing your speech. In addition, a clear purpose provides the audience with a single, simple idea to remember even if they daydream during the body of your speech. To develop a specific purpose, you should complete the following sentence: \u201cI want my audience to understand that\u2026\u201d Notice that your specific speech purpose is phrased in terms of expected audience responses, not in terms of your own perspective.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch09_s01_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Establish Credibility<\/h2>\n<p>One of the most researched areas within the field of communication has been Aristotle\u2019s concept of <em class=\"im_emphasis\">ethos<\/em> or credibility. First, and foremost, the concept of credibility must be understood as a perception of receivers. You may be the most competent, caring, and trustworthy speaker in the world on a given topic, but if your audience does not perceive you as credible, then your expertise and passion will not matter. As public speakers, we need to make sure that we explain to our audiences why we are credible speakers on a given topic.<\/p>\n<p>James C. McCroskey and Jason J. Teven have conducted extensive research on credibility and have determined that an individual\u2019s credibility is composed of three factors: competence, trustworthiness, and caring\/goodwill.<span id=\"wrench_1.0-fn09_001\" class=\"im_footnote\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"McCroskey, J. C., &amp; Teven, J. J. (1999). Goodwill: A reexamination of the construct and its measurement. Communication Monographs, 66, 90\u2013103.\" id=\"return-footnote-81-1\" href=\"#footnote-81-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Competence<\/span><\/span> is the degree to which a speaker is perceived to be knowledgeable or expert in a given subject by an audience member. Some individuals are given expert status because of positions they hold in society. For example, Dr. Regina Benjamin, the US Surgeon General, is expected to be competent in matters related to health and wellness as a result of being the United States\u2019 top physician.<\/p>\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch09_s01_s03_f01\" class=\"im_figure im_medium im_editable im_block\">\n<div style=\"width: 270px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/LBpubspeakethics\/section_12\/73666f4b89cde5d6f35fb81668dac80d.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/901\/2015\/08\/23224338\/73666f4b89cde5d6f35fb81668dac80d.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of Regina Benjamin.\" width=\"260\" height=\"335\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Regina Benjamin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"im_copyright\">\n<p>But what if you do not possess a fancy title that lends itself to established competence? You need to explain to the audience why you are competent to speak on your topic. Keep in mind that even well-known speakers are not perceived as universally credible. US Surgeon General Regina Benjamin may be seen as competent on health and wellness issues, but may not be seen as a competent speaker on trends in Latin American music or different ways to cook summer squash. Like well-known speakers, you will need to establish your credibility on each topic you address, so establishing your competence about the energy efficiency of furnace systems during your informative speech does not automatically mean you will be seen as competent on the topic of organ donation for your persuasive speech.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The second factor of credibility noted by McCroskey and Teven is <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">trustworthiness<\/span><\/span>, or the degree to which an audience member perceives a speaker as honest. Nothing will turn an audience against a speaker faster than if the audience believes the speaker is lying. When an audience does not perceive a speaker as trustworthy, the information coming out of the speaker\u2019s mouth is automatically perceived as deceitful. The speaker could be 100 percent honest, but the audience will still find the information suspect. For example, in the summer of 2009, many Democratic members of Congress attempted to hold public town-hall meetings about health care. For a range of reasons, many of the people who attended these town-hall meetings refused to let their elected officials actually speak because the audiences were convinced that the Congressmen and Congresswomen were lying.<\/p>\n<p>In these situations, where a speaker is in front of a very hostile audience, there is little a speaker can do to reestablish that sense of trustworthiness. These public town-hall meetings became screaming matches between the riled-up audiences and the congressional representatives. Some police departments actually ended up having to escort the representatives from the buildings because they feared for their safety. Check out <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/video\/#\/video\/bestoftv\/2009\/08\/07\/ldt.sylvester.town.hall.cnn?iref=videosearch\">this video<\/a> from CNN.com to see what some of these events actually looked like. We hope that you will not be in physical danger when you speak to your classmates or in other settings, but these incidents serve to underscore how important speaker trustworthiness is across speaking contexts.<\/p>\n<p>Caring\/goodwill is the final factor of credibility noted by McCroskey and Teven. <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Caring\/goodwill<\/span><\/span> refers to the degree to which an audience member perceives a speaker as caring about the audience member. As noted by Wrench, McCroskey, and Richmond, \u201cIf a receiver does not believe that a source has the best intentions in mind for the receiver, the receiver will not see the source as credible. Simply put, we are going to listen to people who we think truly care for us and are looking out for our welfare.\u201d<span id=\"wrench_1.0-fn09_002\" class=\"im_footnote\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Wrench, J. S., McCroskey, J. C., &amp; Richmond, V. P. (2008). Human communication in everyday life: Explanations and applications. Boston, MA: Allyn &amp; Bacon, pp. 33\u201334.\" id=\"return-footnote-81-2\" href=\"#footnote-81-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> As a speaker, then, you need to establish that your information is being presented because you care about your audience and are not just trying to manipulate them. We should note that research has indicated that caring\/goodwill is the most important factor of credibility. This means that if an audience believes that a speaker truly cares about the audience\u2019s best interests, the audience may overlook some competence and trust issues.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch09_s01_s04\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Provide Reasons to Listen<\/h2>\n<p>The fourth major function of an introduction is to establish a connection between the speaker and the audience, and one of the most effective means of establishing a connection with your audience is to provide them with reasons why they should listen to your speech. The idea of establishing a connection is an extension of the notion of caring\/goodwill. In the chapters on Language and Speech Delivery, we\u2019ll spend a lot more time talking about how you can establish a good relationship with your audience. However, this relationship starts the moment you step to the front of the room to start speaking.<\/p>\n<p>Instead of assuming the audience will make their own connections to your material, you should explicitly state how your information might be useful to your audience. Tell them directly how they might use your information themselves. It is not enough for you alone to be interested in your topic. You need to build a bridge to the audience by explicitly connecting your topic to their possible needs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch09_s01_s05\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Preview Main Ideas<\/h2>\n<p>The last major function of an introduction is to preview the main ideas that your speech will discuss. A preview establishes the direction your speech will take. We sometimes call this process signposting because you\u2019re establishing signs for audience members to look for while you\u2019re speaking. In the most basic speech format, speakers generally have three to five major points they plan on making. During the preview, a speaker outlines what these points will be, which demonstrates to the audience that the speaker is organized.<\/p>\n<p>A study by Baker found that individuals who were unorganized while speaking were perceived as less credible than those individuals who were organized.<span id=\"wrench_1.0-fn09_003\" class=\"im_footnote\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Baker, E. E. (1965). The immediate effects of perceived speaker disorganization on speaker credibility and audience attitude change in persuasive speaking. Western Speech, 29, 148\u2013161.\" id=\"return-footnote-81-3\" href=\"#footnote-81-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Having a solid preview of the information contained within one\u2019s speech and then following that preview will definitely help a speaker\u2019s credibility. It also helps your audience keep track of where you are if they momentarily daydream or get distracted.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Introductions are only 10\u201315 percent of one\u2019s speech, so speakers need to make sure they think through the entire introduction to ensure that they will capture an audience. During an introduction, speakers attempt to impart the general and specific purpose of a speech while making their audience members interested in the speech topic, establishing their own credibility, and providing the audience with a preview of the speech structure.<\/li>\n<li>A speaker\u2019s perceived credibility is a combination of competence, trustworthiness, and caring\/goodwill. Research has shown that caring\/goodwill is probably the most important factor of credibility because audiences want to know that a speaker has their best interests at heart. At the same time, speakers should strive to be both competent and honest while speaking.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>What are the five basic functions of an introduction? Discuss with your classmates which purpose you think is the most important. Why?<\/li>\n<li>Why is establishing a relationship with one\u2019s audience important? How do you plan on establishing a relationship with your audience during your next speech?<\/li>\n<li>Of the three factors of credibility, which do you think is going to be hardest to establish with your peers during your next speech? Why? What can you do to enhance your peers\u2019 perception of your credibility?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-81\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Public Speaking: Practice and Ethics. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/public-speaking-practice-and-ethics\/\">http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/public-speaking-practice-and-ethics\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Regina Benjamin. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lawrence Jackson, White House photographer. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Regina_Benjamin_crop.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Regina_Benjamin_crop.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-81-1\">McCroskey, J. C., &amp; Teven, J. J. (1999). Goodwill: A reexamination of the construct and its measurement. <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Communication Monographs, 66<\/em>, 90\u2013103. <a href=\"#return-footnote-81-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-81-2\">Wrench, J. S., McCroskey, J. C., &amp; Richmond, V. P. (2008). <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Human communication in everyday life: Explanations and applications<\/em>. Boston, MA: Allyn &amp; Bacon, pp. 33\u201334. <a href=\"#return-footnote-81-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-81-3\">Baker, E. E. (1965). The immediate effects of perceived speaker disorganization on speaker credibility and audience attitude change in persuasive speaking. <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Western Speech, 29<\/em>, 148\u2013161. <a href=\"#return-footnote-81-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":9,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Public Speaking: Practice and Ethics\",\"author\":\"Anonymous\",\"organization\":\"Anonymous\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/public-speaking-practice-and-ethics\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Regina Benjamin\",\"author\":\"Lawrence Jackson, White House photographer\",\"organization\":\"Wikimedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Regina_Benjamin_crop.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-81","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":78,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-standupspeakout\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/81","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-standupspeakout\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-standupspeakout\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-standupspeakout\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-standupspeakout\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/81\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":591,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-standupspeakout\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/81\/revisions\/591"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-standupspeakout\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/78"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-standupspeakout\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/81\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-standupspeakout\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=81"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-standupspeakout\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=81"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-standupspeakout\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=81"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-standupspeakout\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=81"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}