{"id":56,"date":"2014-07-18T19:26:34","date_gmt":"2014-07-18T19:26:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/successfulwriting\/?post_type=chapter&p=56"},"modified":"2014-07-19T04:45:53","modified_gmt":"2014-07-19T04:45:53","slug":"5-5-verb-tenses","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess-2\/chapter\/5-5-verb-tenses\/","title":{"raw":"5.5 Verb Tenses","rendered":"5.5 Verb Tenses"},"content":{"raw":"\r\n

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\r\n5.5<\/span> Verb Tenses<\/h2>\r\n
\r\n
Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n
\r\n\t
Identify simple verb tenses.<\/li>\r\n\t
Recognize to be<\/em>, to have<\/em>, and to do<\/em> verbs.<\/li>\r\n\t
Use perfect verb tenses.<\/li>\r\n\t
Apply progressive verb tenses.<\/li>\r\n\t
Define gerunds and infinitives.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\nYou must always use a verb<\/span><\/span> in every sentence you write. Verbs are parts of speech that indicate actions or states of being. The most basic sentence structure is a subject followed by a verb.\r\n
\r\n
Simple Verb Tenses<\/h2>\r\nVerb tenses<\/span><\/span> tell the reader when the action takes place. The action could be in the past, present, or future.\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Past<\/strong><\/td>\r\n \u2190 Present \u2192<\/strong><\/td>\r\n Future<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Yesterday I jumped<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n Today I jump<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n Tomorrow I will jump<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nSimple present<\/span><\/span> verbs are used in the following situations:\r\n
\r\n\t
When the action takes place now\r\n\r\nI drink<\/strong> the water greedily.<\/li>\r\n\t
When the action is something that happens regularly\r\n\r\nI always cross<\/strong> my fingers for good luck.<\/li>\r\n\t
When describing things that are generally true\r\n\r\nCollege tuition is<\/strong> very costly.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
\r\n\r\nTable 5.4<\/span> Regular Simple Present Tense Verbs\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Verb<\/th>\r\n I<\/th>\r\n He\/She\/It<\/th>\r\n You<\/th>\r\n We<\/th>\r\n They<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
ask<\/td>\r\n ask<\/td>\r\n asks<\/td>\r\n ask<\/td>\r\n ask<\/td>\r\n ask<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
bake<\/td>\r\n bake<\/td>\r\n bakes<\/td>\r\n bake<\/td>\r\n bake<\/td>\r\n bake<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
cook<\/td>\r\n cook<\/td>\r\n cooks<\/td>\r\n cook<\/td>\r\n cook<\/td>\r\n cook<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
cough<\/td>\r\n cough<\/td>\r\n coughs<\/td>\r\n cough<\/td>\r\n cough<\/td>\r\n cough<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
clap<\/td>\r\n clap<\/td>\r\n claps<\/td>\r\n clap<\/td>\r\n clap<\/td>\r\n clap<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
dance<\/td>\r\n dance<\/td>\r\n dances<\/td>\r\n dance<\/td>\r\n dance<\/td>\r\n dance<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
erase<\/td>\r\n erase<\/td>\r\n erases<\/td>\r\n erase<\/td>\r\n erase<\/td>\r\n erase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
kiss<\/td>\r\n kiss<\/td>\r\n kisses<\/td>\r\n kiss<\/td>\r\n kiss<\/td>\r\n kiss<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
push<\/td>\r\n push<\/td>\r\n pushes<\/td>\r\n push<\/td>\r\n push<\/td>\r\n push<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
wash<\/td>\r\n wash<\/td>\r\n washes<\/td>\r\n wash<\/td>\r\n wash<\/td>\r\n wash<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nWhen it is he<\/em>, she<\/em>, or it<\/em> doing the present tense action, remember to add -s<\/em>, or -es<\/em> to the end of the verb or to change the y<\/em> to -ies<\/em>.\r\n\r\nSimple past<\/span><\/span> verbs are used when the action has already taken place and is now finished:\r\n
\r\n\t
I washed<\/strong> my uniform last night.<\/li>\r\n\t
I asked<\/strong> for more pie.<\/li>\r\n\t
I coughed<\/strong> loudly last night.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n\r\nTable 5.5<\/span> Regular Simple Past Tense Verbs\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Verb<\/th>\r\n I<\/th>\r\n He\/She\/It<\/th>\r\n You<\/th>\r\n We<\/th>\r\n They<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
ask<\/td>\r\n asked<\/td>\r\n asked<\/td>\r\n asked<\/td>\r\n asked<\/td>\r\n asked<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
bake<\/td>\r\n baked<\/td>\r\n baked<\/td>\r\n baked<\/td>\r\n baked<\/td>\r\n baked<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
cook<\/td>\r\n cooked<\/td>\r\n cooked<\/td>\r\n cooked<\/td>\r\n cooked<\/td>\r\n cooked<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
cough<\/td>\r\n coughed<\/td>\r\n coughed<\/td>\r\n coughed<\/td>\r\n coughed<\/td>\r\n coughed<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
clap<\/td>\r\n clapped<\/td>\r\n clapped<\/td>\r\n clapped<\/td>\r\n clapped<\/td>\r\n clapped<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
dance<\/td>\r\n danced<\/td>\r\n danced<\/td>\r\n danced<\/td>\r\n danced<\/td>\r\n danced<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
erase<\/td>\r\n erased<\/td>\r\n erased<\/td>\r\n erased<\/td>\r\n erased<\/td>\r\n erased<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
kiss<\/td>\r\n kissed<\/td>\r\n kissed<\/td>\r\n kissed<\/td>\r\n kissed<\/td>\r\n kissed<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
push<\/td>\r\n pushed<\/td>\r\n pushed<\/td>\r\n pushed<\/td>\r\n pushed<\/td>\r\n pushed<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
wash<\/td>\r\n washed<\/td>\r\n washed<\/td>\r\n washed<\/td>\r\n washed<\/td>\r\n washed<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nWhen he<\/em>, she<\/em>, or it<\/em> is doing the action in the past tense, remember to add -d<\/em> or -ed<\/em> to the end of regular verbs.\r\n\r\nSimple future<\/span><\/span> verbs are used when the action has not yet taken place:\r\n
\r\n\t
I will work<\/strong> late tomorrow.<\/li>\r\n\t
I will kiss<\/strong> my boyfriend when I see him.<\/li>\r\n\t
I will erase<\/strong> the board after class.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n\r\nTable 5.6<\/span> Regular Simple Future Tense Verbs\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Verb<\/th>\r\n I<\/th>\r\n He\/She\/It<\/th>\r\n You<\/th>\r\n We<\/th>\r\n They<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
ask<\/td>\r\n will ask<\/td>\r\n will ask<\/td>\r\n will ask<\/td>\r\n will ask<\/td>\r\n will ask<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
bake<\/td>\r\n will bake<\/td>\r\n will bake<\/td>\r\n will bake<\/td>\r\n will bake<\/td>\r\n will bake<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
cook<\/td>\r\n will cook<\/td>\r\n will cook<\/td>\r\n will cook<\/td>\r\n will cook<\/td>\r\n will cook<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
cough<\/td>\r\n will cough<\/td>\r\n will cough<\/td>\r\n will cough<\/td>\r\n will cough<\/td>\r\n will cough<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
clap<\/td>\r\n will clap<\/td>\r\n will clap<\/td>\r\n will clap<\/td>\r\n will clap<\/td>\r\n will clap<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
dance<\/td>\r\n will dance<\/td>\r\n will dance<\/td>\r\n will dance<\/td>\r\n will dance<\/td>\r\n will dance<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
erase<\/td>\r\n will erase<\/td>\r\n will erase<\/td>\r\n will erase<\/td>\r\n will erase<\/td>\r\n will erase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
kiss<\/td>\r\n will kiss<\/td>\r\n will kiss<\/td>\r\n will kiss<\/td>\r\n will kiss<\/td>\r\n will kiss<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
push<\/td>\r\n will push<\/td>\r\n will push<\/td>\r\n will push<\/td>\r\n will push<\/td>\r\n will push<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
wash<\/td>\r\n will wash<\/td>\r\n will wash<\/td>\r\n will wash<\/td>\r\n will wash<\/td>\r\n will wash<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nGoing to<\/em> can also be added to the main verb to make it future tense:\r\n
\r\n\t
I am going to<\/strong> go to work tomorrow.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n
Exercise 1<\/h3>\r\nOn a separate sheet of paper, complete the following sentences by adding the verb in the correct simple tense.\r\n
\r\n\t
Please do not (erase, erased, will erase) what I have written on the board.<\/li>\r\n\t
They (dance, danced, will dance) for hours after the party was over.<\/li>\r\n\t
Harrison (wash, washed, will wash) his laundry after several weeks had passed.<\/li>\r\n\t
Yesterday Mom (ask, asked, will ask) me about my plans for college.<\/li>\r\n\t
I (bake, baked, will bake) several dozen cookies for tomorrow\u2019s bake sale.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
Exercise 2<\/h3>\r\nCorrect the verb tense mistakes in the following paragraph.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLast summer, I walk around Walden Pond. Walden Pond is in Concord, Massachusetts. It is where the philosopher Henry David Thoreau will live during the mid-nineteenth century. During his time there, he wrote a book called Walden<\/em>. Walden<\/em> is a book of Thoreau\u2019s reflections on the natural environment. It will be consider a classic in American literature. I did not know that Walden Pond is consider the birthplace of the environmental movement. It was very relaxing there. I will listen to birds, frogs, and crickets, not to mention the peaceful sound of the pond itself.\r\n\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\nCollaboration\r\n\r\nOnce you have found all the errors you can, please share with a classmate and compare your answers. Did your partner find an error you missed? Did you find an error your partner missed? Compare with your instructor\u2019s answers.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
\r\nTo Be<\/em>, To Do<\/em>, and To Have<\/em><\/h2>\r\nThere are some irregular verbs in English that are formed in special ways. The most common of these are the verbs to be<\/em>, to have<\/em>, and to do<\/em>.\r\n
\r\n\r\nTable 5.7<\/span> Verb Forms of To Be<\/em>, To Do<\/em>, and To Have<\/em>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Base Form<\/th>\r\n Present Tense Form<\/th>\r\n Past Tense Form<\/th>\r\n Future Tense Form<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
be<\/td>\r\n am\/is\/are<\/td>\r\n was\/were<\/td>\r\n will be<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
do<\/td>\r\n do\/does<\/td>\r\n did<\/td>\r\n will do<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
have<\/td>\r\n have\/has<\/td>\r\n had<\/td>\r\n will have<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Tip<\/h3>\r\nMemorize the present tense forms of to be<\/em>, to do<\/em>, and to have<\/em>. A song or rhythmic pattern will make them easier to memorize.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nReview these examples of to be<\/em>, to do<\/em>, and to have<\/em> used in sentences.\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Past<\/th>\r\n \u2190 Present \u2192<\/th>\r\n Future<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
To Be<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Yesterday I was<\/strong> angry.<\/td>\r\n Today I am<\/strong> not angry.<\/td>\r\n Tomorrow I will be<\/strong> angry.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
To Do<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
I did<\/strong> my best yesterday.<\/td>\r\n I do<\/strong> my best every day.<\/td>\r\n Tomorrow I will do<\/strong> my best.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
To Have<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Yesterday I had<\/strong> ten dollars.<\/td>\r\n Today I have<\/strong> ten dollars.<\/td>\r\n Tomorrow I will have<\/strong> ten dollars.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nRemember the following uses of to be, to have<\/em> and to do<\/em>:\r\n\r\nTo Be\r\n
\r\n\t
I \u2192 am\/was\/will be<\/li>\r\n\t
you\/we\/they \u2192 are\/were\/will be<\/li>\r\n\t
he\/she\/it \u2192 is\/was\/will be<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nTo Have\r\n
\r\n\t
I\/you\/we\/they \u2192 have\/had\/will have<\/li>\r\n\t
he\/she\/it \u2192 has\/had\/will have<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nTo Do\r\n
\r\n\t
I\/you\/we\/they \u2192 do\/did\/will do<\/li>\r\n\t
he\/she\/it \u2192 does\/did\/will do<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
Tip<\/h3>\r\nRemember, if you have a compound subject like Marie and Jennifer<\/em>, think of the subject as they<\/em> to determine the correct verb form.\r\n
\r\n\t
Marie and Jennifer (they<\/em>) have a house on Bainbridge Island.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSimilarly, single names can be thought of as he<\/em>, she<\/em>, or it<\/em>.\r\n
\r\n\t
LeBron (he<\/em>) has scored thirty points so far.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
Exercise 3<\/h3>\r\nOn a separate sheet of paper, complete the following sentences by circling the correct form of the verbs to be<\/em>, to have<\/em>, and to do<\/em> in the three simple tenses.\r\n
\r\n\t
Stefan always (do, does, will do) his taxes the day before they are due.<\/li>\r\n\t
We (are, is, was) planning a surprise birthday party for my mother.<\/li>\r\n\t
Turtles (have, had, has) the most beautiful patterns on their shells.<\/li>\r\n\t
I always (do, did, will do) my homework before dinner, so I can eat in peace.<\/li>\r\n\t
You (is, are, was) so much smarter than you think!<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
Perfect Verb Tenses<\/h2>\r\nUp to this point, we have studied the three simple verb tenses\u2014simple present, simple past, and simple future. Now we will add three more tenses, which are called perfect tenses. They are present perfect<\/span><\/span>, past perfect<\/span><\/span>, and future perfect<\/span><\/span>. These are the three basic tenses of English. A past participle<\/span><\/span> is often called the -ed<\/em> form of a verb because it is formed by adding -d<\/em> or -ed<\/em> to the base form of regular verbs. Past participles can also end in -t<\/em> or -en<\/em>. Keep in mind, however, the past participle is also formed in various other ways for irregular verbs. The past participle can be used to form the present perfect tense.\r\n
\r\n\r\nReview the following basic formula for the present perfect tense:\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Subject<\/strong><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n has or have<\/strong><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n past participle<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
I<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n have<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n helped<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe present perfect tense has a connection with the past and the present.\r\n
\r\n <\/a><\/div>\r\nUse the present perfect tense to describe a continuing situation and to describe an action that has just happened.\r\n
\r\n\t
I have worked<\/strong> as a caretaker since June.\r\n\r\nThis sentence tells us that the subject has worked as a caretaker in the past and is still working as a caretaker in the present.<\/li>\r\n\t
Dmitri has<\/strong> just received<\/strong> an award from the Dean of Students.\r\n\r\nThis sentence tells us that Dmitri has very recently received the award. The word just<\/em> emphasizes that the action happened very recently.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nStudy the following basic formula for the past perfect tense:\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Subject<\/strong><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n had or have<\/strong><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n past participle<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
I<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n had<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n listened<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n <\/a><\/div>\r\n
\r\n\t
The bus had left<\/strong> by the time Theo arrived<\/strong> at the station.\r\n\r\nNotice that both actions occurred entirely in the past, but one action occurred before the other. At some time in the past, Theo arrived<\/em> (simple past tense) at the station, but at some time before that, the bus had left<\/em> (past perfect).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nLook at the following basic formula for the future perfect tense:\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Subject<\/strong><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n will have<\/strong><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n past participle<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
I<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n will have<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n graduated<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n <\/a><\/div>\r\nThe future perfect tense describes an action from the past in the future, as if the past event has already occurred. Use the future perfect tense when you anticipate completing an event in the future, but you have not completed it yet.\r\n
\r\n\t
You will have forgotten<\/strong> me after you move<\/strong> to London.\r\n\r\nNotice that both actions occur in the future, but one action will occur before the other. At some time in the future, the subject (you<\/em>) will move<\/em> (future tense) to London, and at some time after that, the subject will have forgotten<\/em> (future perfect tense) the speaker, me<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
Exercise 4<\/h3>\r\nOn a separate sheet of paper, complete the following sentences by using the correct perfect verb tense for the verb in parentheses.\r\n
\r\n\t
I plan to start a compost bin because I (to want) one for a long time now.<\/li>\r\n\t
My brother told me he (to argue) with his friend about politics.<\/li>\r\n\t
By the time we reach the mountain top the sun (to set).<\/li>\r\n\t
Denise (to walk) several miles in the past three hours.<\/li>\r\n\t
His mother (to offer) to pay him to work in her office.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
Progressive Verb Tenses<\/h2>\r\nProgressive verb tenses<\/span><\/span> describe a continuing or unfinished action, such as I am going, I was going<\/em>, or I will be going<\/em>.\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe present progressive tense describes an action or state of being that takes place in the present and that continues to take place.\r\n\r\nTo make verbs in the present progressive tense, combine these two parts:\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\nPresent tense form of<\/strong> to be<\/em><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n \r\n-ing<\/em> (present participle)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
am\/is\/are<\/td>\r\n help<\/td>\r\n helping<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nYou should use the present progressive tense to describe a planned activity, to describe an activity that is recurring right now, and to describe an activity that is in progress, although not actually occurring at the time of speaking:\r\n
\r\n\t
Preeti is starting<\/strong> school on Tuesday.\r\n\r\nThis sentence describes a planned activity.<\/li>\r\n\t
Janetta is getting<\/strong> her teeth cleaned right now.\r\n\r\nThis sentence describes an activity that is occurring right now.<\/li>\r\n\t
I am studying<\/strong> ballet at school.\r\n\r\nThis sentence describes an activity that is in progress but not actually occurring at the time of speaking.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe past progressive tense describes an action or state of being that took place in the past and that continues to take place.\r\n\r\nTo make verbs in the past progressive tense, combine these two parts:\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\nPast tense form of<\/strong> to be<\/em><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n -ing (present participle)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
was\/were<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n helping<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nYou should use the past progressive tense to describe a continuous action in the past, to describe a past activity in progress while another activity occurred, or to describe two past activities in progress at the same time:\r\n
\r\n\t
Ella and I were planning<\/strong> a vacation.\r\n\r\nThis sentence describes a continuous action in the past.<\/li>\r\n\t
I was helping<\/strong> a customer when I smelled delicious fried chicken.\r\n\r\nThis sentence describes a past activity in progress while another activity occurred.<\/li>\r\n\t
While I was finishing<\/strong> my homework, my wife was talking<\/strong> on the phone.\r\n\r\nThis sentence describes two past activities in progress at the same time.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe future progressive tense describes an action or state of being that will take place in the future and that will continue to take place. The action will have started at that future moment, but it will not have finished at that moment.\r\n\r\nTo make verbs in the future progressive tense, combine these parts:\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\nFuture tense form of<\/strong> to be<\/em><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n -ing (present participle)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
will be<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n helping<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nUse the future progressive tense to describe an activity that will be in progress in the future:\r\n
\r\n\t
Samantha and I will be dancing<\/strong> in the school play next week.<\/li>\r\n\t
Tomorrow Agnes will be reading<\/strong> two of her poems.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
Exercise 5<\/h3>\r\nOn a separate sheet of paper, revise the following sentences, written in simple tenses, using the progressive tenses indicated in parentheses.\r\n
\r\n\t
He prepared the food while I watched. (past progressive tense)<\/li>\r\n\t
Jonathan will speak at the conference. (future progressive)<\/li>\r\n\t
Josie traveled to Egypt last July. (past progressive tense)<\/li>\r\n\t
My foot aches, so I know it will rain. (present progressive tense)<\/li>\r\n\t
Micah will talk a lot when I see him. (future progressive)<\/li>\r\n\t
I yawn a lot because I feel tired. (present progressive tense)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nSimilar to the present perfect tense, the present perfect progressive tense is used to indicate an action that was begun in the past and continues into the present. However, the present perfect progressive is used when you want to stress that the action is ongoing.\r\n\r\nTo make verbs in the present perfect progressive tense, combine the following parts:\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\nPresent tense form of<\/strong> to have<\/em><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n Been<\/strong><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n -ing (present participle)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
has or have<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n been<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n helping<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\t
She has been talking<\/strong> for the last hour.\r\n\r\nThis sentence indicates that she<\/em> started talking in the past and is continuing to talk in the present.<\/li>\r\n\t
I have been feeling<\/strong> tired lately.\r\n\r\nThis sentence indicates that I<\/em> started feeling tired in the past, and I<\/em> continue to feel tired in the present. Instead of indicating time, as in the first sentence, the second sentence uses the adverb lately<\/em>. You can also use the adverb recently<\/em> when using the present perfect progressive tense.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nSimilar to the past perfect tense, the past perfect progressive tense is used to indicate an action that was begun in the past and continued until another time in the past. The past perfect progressive does not continue into the present but stops at a designated moment in the past.\r\n\r\nTo make verbs in the past perfect progressive tense, combine the following parts:\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\nPast tense form of<\/strong> to have<\/em><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n been<\/strong><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n -ing (present participle)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
had<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n been<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n helping<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\t
The employees had been talking<\/strong> until their boss arrived.\r\n\r\nThis sentence indicates that the employees were talking in the past and they stopped talking when their boss arrived, which also happened in the past.<\/li>\r\n\t
I had been working<\/strong> all day.\r\n\r\nThis sentence implies that I<\/em> was working in the past. The action does not continue into the future, and the sentence implies that the subject stopped working for unstated reasons.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe future perfect progressive tense is rarely used. It is used to indicate an action that will begin in the future and will continue until another time in the future.\r\n\r\nTo make verbs in the future perfect progressive tense, combine the following parts:\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\nFuture tense form of<\/strong> to have<\/em><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n been<\/strong><\/td>\r\n +<\/strong><\/td>\r\n -ing (present participle)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
will have<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n Been<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n helping<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\t
By the end of the meeting, I will have been hearing<\/strong> about mortgages and taxes for eight hours.\r\n\r\nThis sentence indicates that in the future I<\/em> will hear about mortgages and taxes for eight hours, but it has not happened yet. It also indicates the action of hearing<\/em> will continue until the end of the meeting<\/em>, something that is also in the future.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
Gerunds<\/h2>\r\nA gerund<\/span><\/span> is a form of a verb that is used as a noun. All gerunds end in -ing<\/em>. Since gerunds function as nouns, they occupy places in a sentence that a noun would, such as the subject, direct object, and object of a preposition.\r\n\r\nYou can use a gerund in the following ways:\r\n
\r\n\t
As a subject<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTraveling<\/strong> is Cynthia\u2019s favorite pastime.<\/li>\r\n\t
As a direct object<\/strong>\r\n\r\nI enjoy jogging<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
As an object of a proposition<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe librarian scolded me for laughing<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nOften verbs are followed by gerunds. Study Table 5.8 \"Gerunds and Verbs\" for examples.\r\n
\r\n\r\nTable 5.8<\/span> Gerunds and Verbs\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Gerund<\/th>\r\n Verb Followed by a Gerund<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
moving<\/td>\r\n Denise considered moving<\/strong> to Paris.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
cleaning<\/td>\r\n I hate cleaning<\/strong> the bathroom.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
winning<\/td>\r\n Nate imagines winning<\/strong> an Oscar one day.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
worrying<\/td>\r\n Mom says she has stopped worrying<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
taking<\/td>\r\n She admitted taking<\/strong> the pumpkin.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
Infinitives<\/h2>\r\nAn infinitive<\/span><\/span> is a form of a verb that comes after the word to<\/em> and acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb.\r\n\r\nto<\/em> + verb = infinitive\r\n\r\nExamples of infinitives include to move, to sleep, to look, to throw, to read, and to sneeze.\r\n\r\nOften verbs are followed by infinitives. Study Table 5.9 \"Infinitives and Verbs\" for examples.\r\n
\r\n\r\nTable 5.9<\/span> Infinitives and Verbs\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Infinitive<\/th>\r\n Verb Followed by Infinitive<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
to help<\/td>\r\n Jessica offered to help<\/strong> her move.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
to arrive<\/td>\r\n Mick expects to arrive<\/strong> early.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
to win<\/td>\r\n Sunita wants to win<\/strong> the writing contest.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
to close<\/td>\r\n He forgot to close<\/strong> the curtains.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
to eat<\/td>\r\n She likes to eat<\/strong> late.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nYou may wonder which verbs can be followed by gerunds and which verbs can be followed by infinitives. With the following verbs, you can use either a gerund or an infinitive.\r\n
\r\n\r\nTable 5.10<\/span> Infinitives and Gerunds Verbs\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Base Form of Verb<\/th>\r\n Sentences with Verbs Followed by Gerunds and<\/em> Infinitives<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
begin<\/td>\r\n 1. John began crying<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2. John began to cry<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
hate<\/td>\r\n 1. Marie hated talking<\/strong> on the phone.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2. Marie hated to talk<\/strong> on the phone.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
forget<\/td>\r\n 1. Wendell forgot paying<\/strong> the bills.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2. Wendell forgot to pay<\/strong> the bills.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
like<\/td>\r\n 1. I liked leaving<\/strong> messages.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2. I liked to leave<\/strong> messages.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
continue<\/td>\r\n 1. He continued listening<\/strong> to the news.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2. He continued to listen<\/strong> to the news.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
start<\/td>\r\n 1. I will start recycling<\/strong> immediately.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2. I will start to recycle<\/strong> immediately.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
try<\/td>\r\n 1. Mikhail will try climbing<\/strong> the tree.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2. Mikhail will try to climb<\/strong> the tree.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
prefer<\/td>\r\n 1. I prefer baking<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2. I prefer to bake<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
love<\/td>\r\n 1. Josh loves diving<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2. Josh loves to dive<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
Exercise 6<\/h3>\r\nOn your own sheet of paper, complete the following sentences by choosing the correct infinitive or gerund.\r\n
\r\n\t
I meant (to kiss, kissing) my kids before they left for school.<\/li>\r\n\t
The children hoped (to go, going) to a restaurant for dinner.<\/li>\r\n\t
Do you intend (to eat, eating) the entire pie?<\/li>\r\n\t
Crystal postponed (to get dressed, getting dressed) for the party.<\/li>\r\n\t
When we finish (to play, playing) this game, we will go home.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n
\r\n\t
Verb tenses tell the reader when the action takes place.<\/li>\r\n\t
Actions could be in the past, present, or future.<\/li>\r\n\t
There are some irregular verbs in English that are formed in special ways. The most common of these irregular verbs are the verbs to be<\/em>, to have<\/em>, and to do<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n\t
There are six main verb tenses in English: simple present<\/em>, simple past<\/em>, simple future<\/em>, present perfect<\/em>, past perfect<\/em>, and future perfect<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n\t
Verbs can be followed by either gerunds or infinitives.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
Writing Application<\/h3>\r\nWrite about a lively event that is either remembered or imagined. Ask yourself the following three questions: What happened during the event? What happened after the event? Looking back, what do you think of the event now? Answer each question in a separate paragraph to keep the present, past, and future tense verbs separate.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/body>","rendered":"
\n
\n5.5<\/span> Verb Tenses<\/h2>\n
\n
Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n
\n
Identify simple verb tenses.<\/li>\n
Recognize to be<\/em>, to have<\/em>, and to do<\/em> verbs.<\/li>\n
Use perfect verb tenses.<\/li>\n
Apply progressive verb tenses.<\/li>\n
Define gerunds and infinitives.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
You must always use a verb<\/span><\/span> in every sentence you write. Verbs are parts of speech that indicate actions or states of being. The most basic sentence structure is a subject followed by a verb.<\/p>\n
\n
Simple Verb Tenses<\/h2>\n
Verb tenses<\/span><\/span> tell the reader when the action takes place. The action could be in the past, present, or future.<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\n
Past<\/strong><\/td>\n \u2190 Present \u2192<\/strong><\/td>\n Future<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yesterday I jumped<\/strong>.<\/td>\n Today I jump<\/strong>.<\/td>\n Tomorrow I will jump<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
Simple present<\/span><\/span> verbs are used in the following situations:<\/p>\n
\n
When the action takes place now\n
I drink<\/strong> the water greedily.<\/li>\n
When the action is something that happens regularly\n
I always cross<\/strong> my fingers for good luck.<\/li>\n
When describing things that are generally true\n
College tuition is<\/strong> very costly.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
\n
Table 5.4<\/span> Regular Simple Present Tense Verbs<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Verb<\/th>\n I<\/th>\n He\/She\/It<\/th>\n You<\/th>\n We<\/th>\n They<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
ask<\/td>\n ask<\/td>\n asks<\/td>\n ask<\/td>\n ask<\/td>\n ask<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bake<\/td>\n bake<\/td>\n bakes<\/td>\n bake<\/td>\n bake<\/td>\n bake<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cook<\/td>\n cook<\/td>\n cooks<\/td>\n cook<\/td>\n cook<\/td>\n cook<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cough<\/td>\n cough<\/td>\n coughs<\/td>\n cough<\/td>\n cough<\/td>\n cough<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
clap<\/td>\n clap<\/td>\n claps<\/td>\n clap<\/td>\n clap<\/td>\n clap<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dance<\/td>\n dance<\/td>\n dances<\/td>\n dance<\/td>\n dance<\/td>\n dance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
erase<\/td>\n erase<\/td>\n erases<\/td>\n erase<\/td>\n erase<\/td>\n erase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
kiss<\/td>\n kiss<\/td>\n kisses<\/td>\n kiss<\/td>\n kiss<\/td>\n kiss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
push<\/td>\n push<\/td>\n pushes<\/td>\n push<\/td>\n push<\/td>\n push<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
wash<\/td>\n wash<\/td>\n washes<\/td>\n wash<\/td>\n wash<\/td>\n wash<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
When it is he<\/em>, she<\/em>, or it<\/em> doing the present tense action, remember to add –s<\/em>, or –es<\/em> to the end of the verb or to change the y<\/em> to –ies<\/em>.<\/p>\n
Simple past<\/span><\/span> verbs are used when the action has already taken place and is now finished:<\/p>\n
\n
I washed<\/strong> my uniform last night.<\/li>\n
I asked<\/strong> for more pie.<\/li>\n
I coughed<\/strong> loudly last night.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n
Table 5.5<\/span> Regular Simple Past Tense Verbs<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Verb<\/th>\n I<\/th>\n He\/She\/It<\/th>\n You<\/th>\n We<\/th>\n They<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
ask<\/td>\n asked<\/td>\n asked<\/td>\n asked<\/td>\n asked<\/td>\n asked<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bake<\/td>\n baked<\/td>\n baked<\/td>\n baked<\/td>\n baked<\/td>\n baked<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cook<\/td>\n cooked<\/td>\n cooked<\/td>\n cooked<\/td>\n cooked<\/td>\n cooked<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cough<\/td>\n coughed<\/td>\n coughed<\/td>\n coughed<\/td>\n coughed<\/td>\n coughed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
clap<\/td>\n clapped<\/td>\n clapped<\/td>\n clapped<\/td>\n clapped<\/td>\n clapped<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dance<\/td>\n danced<\/td>\n danced<\/td>\n danced<\/td>\n danced<\/td>\n danced<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
erase<\/td>\n erased<\/td>\n erased<\/td>\n erased<\/td>\n erased<\/td>\n erased<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
kiss<\/td>\n kissed<\/td>\n kissed<\/td>\n kissed<\/td>\n kissed<\/td>\n kissed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
push<\/td>\n pushed<\/td>\n pushed<\/td>\n pushed<\/td>\n pushed<\/td>\n pushed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
wash<\/td>\n washed<\/td>\n washed<\/td>\n washed<\/td>\n washed<\/td>\n washed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
When he<\/em>, she<\/em>, or it<\/em> is doing the action in the past tense, remember to add –d<\/em> or –ed<\/em> to the end of regular verbs.<\/p>\n
Simple future<\/span><\/span> verbs are used when the action has not yet taken place:<\/p>\n
\n
I will work<\/strong> late tomorrow.<\/li>\n
I will kiss<\/strong> my boyfriend when I see him.<\/li>\n
I will erase<\/strong> the board after class.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n
Table 5.6<\/span> Regular Simple Future Tense Verbs<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Verb<\/th>\n I<\/th>\n He\/She\/It<\/th>\n You<\/th>\n We<\/th>\n They<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
ask<\/td>\n will ask<\/td>\n will ask<\/td>\n will ask<\/td>\n will ask<\/td>\n will ask<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bake<\/td>\n will bake<\/td>\n will bake<\/td>\n will bake<\/td>\n will bake<\/td>\n will bake<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cook<\/td>\n will cook<\/td>\n will cook<\/td>\n will cook<\/td>\n will cook<\/td>\n will cook<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cough<\/td>\n will cough<\/td>\n will cough<\/td>\n will cough<\/td>\n will cough<\/td>\n will cough<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
clap<\/td>\n will clap<\/td>\n will clap<\/td>\n will clap<\/td>\n will clap<\/td>\n will clap<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dance<\/td>\n will dance<\/td>\n will dance<\/td>\n will dance<\/td>\n will dance<\/td>\n will dance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
erase<\/td>\n will erase<\/td>\n will erase<\/td>\n will erase<\/td>\n will erase<\/td>\n will erase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
kiss<\/td>\n will kiss<\/td>\n will kiss<\/td>\n will kiss<\/td>\n will kiss<\/td>\n will kiss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
push<\/td>\n will push<\/td>\n will push<\/td>\n will push<\/td>\n will push<\/td>\n will push<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
wash<\/td>\n will wash<\/td>\n will wash<\/td>\n will wash<\/td>\n will wash<\/td>\n will wash<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
Going to<\/em> can also be added to the main verb to make it future tense:<\/p>\n
\n
I am going to<\/strong> go to work tomorrow.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n
Exercise 1<\/h3>\n
On a separate sheet of paper, complete the following sentences by adding the verb in the correct simple tense.<\/p>\n
\n
Please do not (erase, erased, will erase) what I have written on the board.<\/li>\n
They (dance, danced, will dance) for hours after the party was over.<\/li>\n
Harrison (wash, washed, will wash) his laundry after several weeks had passed.<\/li>\n
Yesterday Mom (ask, asked, will ask) me about my plans for college.<\/li>\n
I (bake, baked, will bake) several dozen cookies for tomorrow\u2019s bake sale.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Exercise 2<\/h3>\n
Correct the verb tense mistakes in the following paragraph.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Last summer, I walk around Walden Pond. Walden Pond is in Concord, Massachusetts. It is where the philosopher Henry David Thoreau will live during the mid-nineteenth century. During his time there, he wrote a book called Walden<\/em>. Walden<\/em> is a book of Thoreau\u2019s reflections on the natural environment. It will be consider a classic in American literature. I did not know that Walden Pond is consider the birthplace of the environmental movement. It was very relaxing there. I will listen to birds, frogs, and crickets, not to mention the peaceful sound of the pond itself.<\/p>\n
<\/span><\/p>\n
Collaboration<\/p>\n
Once you have found all the errors you can, please share with a classmate and compare your answers. Did your partner find an error you missed? Did you find an error your partner missed? Compare with your instructor\u2019s answers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nTo Be<\/em>, To Do<\/em>, and To Have<\/em><\/h2>\n
There are some irregular verbs in English that are formed in special ways. The most common of these are the verbs to be<\/em>, to have<\/em>, and to do<\/em>.<\/p>\n
\n
Table 5.7<\/span> Verb Forms of To Be<\/em>, To Do<\/em>, and To Have<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Base Form<\/th>\n Present Tense Form<\/th>\n Past Tense Form<\/th>\n Future Tense Form<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
be<\/td>\n am\/is\/are<\/td>\n was\/were<\/td>\n will be<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
do<\/td>\n do\/does<\/td>\n did<\/td>\n will do<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
have<\/td>\n have\/has<\/td>\n had<\/td>\n will have<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Tip<\/h3>\n
Memorize the present tense forms of to be<\/em>, to do<\/em>, and to have<\/em>. A song or rhythmic pattern will make them easier to memorize.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Review these examples of to be<\/em>, to do<\/em>, and to have<\/em> used in sentences.<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Past<\/th>\n \u2190 Present \u2192<\/th>\n Future<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
To Be<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yesterday I was<\/strong> angry.<\/td>\n Today I am<\/strong> not angry.<\/td>\n Tomorrow I will be<\/strong> angry.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
To Do<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I did<\/strong> my best yesterday.<\/td>\n I do<\/strong> my best every day.<\/td>\n Tomorrow I will do<\/strong> my best.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
To Have<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yesterday I had<\/strong> ten dollars.<\/td>\n Today I have<\/strong> ten dollars.<\/td>\n Tomorrow I will have<\/strong> ten dollars.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Remember the following uses of to be, to have<\/em> and to do<\/em>:<\/p>\n
To Be<\/p>\n
\n
I \u2192 am\/was\/will be<\/li>\n
you\/we\/they \u2192 are\/were\/will be<\/li>\n
he\/she\/it \u2192 is\/was\/will be<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
To Have<\/p>\n
\n
I\/you\/we\/they \u2192 have\/had\/will have<\/li>\n
he\/she\/it \u2192 has\/had\/will have<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
To Do<\/p>\n
\n
I\/you\/we\/they \u2192 do\/did\/will do<\/li>\n
he\/she\/it \u2192 does\/did\/will do<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Tip<\/h3>\n
Remember, if you have a compound subject like Marie and Jennifer<\/em>, think of the subject as they<\/em> to determine the correct verb form.<\/p>\n
\n
Marie and Jennifer (they<\/em>) have a house on Bainbridge Island.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Similarly, single names can be thought of as he<\/em>, she<\/em>, or it<\/em>.<\/p>\n
\n
LeBron (he<\/em>) has scored thirty points so far.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Exercise 3<\/h3>\n
On a separate sheet of paper, complete the following sentences by circling the correct form of the verbs to be<\/em>, to have<\/em>, and to do<\/em> in the three simple tenses.<\/p>\n
\n
Stefan always (do, does, will do) his taxes the day before they are due.<\/li>\n
We (are, is, was) planning a surprise birthday party for my mother.<\/li>\n
Turtles (have, had, has) the most beautiful patterns on their shells.<\/li>\n
I always (do, did, will do) my homework before dinner, so I can eat in peace.<\/li>\n
You (is, are, was) so much smarter than you think!<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Perfect Verb Tenses<\/h2>\n
Up to this point, we have studied the three simple verb tenses\u2014simple present, simple past, and simple future. Now we will add three more tenses, which are called perfect tenses. They are present perfect<\/span><\/span>, past perfect<\/span><\/span>, and future perfect<\/span><\/span>. These are the three basic tenses of English. A past participle<\/span><\/span> is often called the –ed<\/em> form of a verb because it is formed by adding –d<\/em> or –ed<\/em> to the base form of regular verbs. Past participles can also end in -t<\/em> or -en<\/em>. Keep in mind, however, the past participle is also formed in various other ways for irregular verbs. The past participle can be used to form the present perfect tense.<\/p>\n
\n
Review the following basic formula for the present perfect tense:<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\n
Subject<\/strong><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n has or have<\/strong><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n past participle<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I<\/td>\n <\/td>\n have<\/td>\n <\/td>\n helped<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
The present perfect tense has a connection with the past and the present.<\/p>\n
\n $\"image\"$ <\/a><\/div>\n
Use the present perfect tense to describe a continuing situation and to describe an action that has just happened.<\/p>\n
\n
I have worked<\/strong> as a caretaker since June.\n
This sentence tells us that the subject has worked as a caretaker in the past and is still working as a caretaker in the present.<\/li>\n
Dmitri has<\/strong> just received<\/strong> an award from the Dean of Students.\n
This sentence tells us that Dmitri has very recently received the award. The word just<\/em> emphasizes that the action happened very recently.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Study the following basic formula for the past perfect tense:<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\n
Subject<\/strong><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n had or have<\/strong><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n past participle<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I<\/td>\n <\/td>\n had<\/td>\n <\/td>\n listened<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n $\"image\"$ <\/a><\/div>\n
\n
The bus had left<\/strong> by the time Theo arrived<\/strong> at the station.\n
Notice that both actions occurred entirely in the past, but one action occurred before the other. At some time in the past, Theo arrived<\/em> (simple past tense) at the station, but at some time before that, the bus had left<\/em> (past perfect).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Look at the following basic formula for the future perfect tense:<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\n
Subject<\/strong><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n will have<\/strong><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n past participle<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I<\/td>\n <\/td>\n will have<\/td>\n <\/td>\n graduated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n $\"image\"$ <\/a><\/div>\n
The future perfect tense describes an action from the past in the future, as if the past event has already occurred. Use the future perfect tense when you anticipate completing an event in the future, but you have not completed it yet.<\/p>\n
\n
You will have forgotten<\/strong> me after you move<\/strong> to London.\n
Notice that both actions occur in the future, but one action will occur before the other. At some time in the future, the subject (you<\/em>) will move<\/em> (future tense) to London, and at some time after that, the subject will have forgotten<\/em> (future perfect tense) the speaker, me<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Exercise 4<\/h3>\n
On a separate sheet of paper, complete the following sentences by using the correct perfect verb tense for the verb in parentheses.<\/p>\n
\n
I plan to start a compost bin because I (to want) one for a long time now.<\/li>\n
My brother told me he (to argue) with his friend about politics.<\/li>\n
By the time we reach the mountain top the sun (to set).<\/li>\n
Denise (to walk) several miles in the past three hours.<\/li>\n
His mother (to offer) to pay him to work in her office.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Progressive Verb Tenses<\/h2>\n
Progressive verb tenses<\/span><\/span> describe a continuing or unfinished action, such as I am going, I was going<\/em>, or I will be going<\/em>.<\/p>\n
\n
The present progressive tense describes an action or state of being that takes place in the present and that continues to take place.<\/p>\n
To make verbs in the present progressive tense, combine these two parts:<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\n
\nPresent tense form of<\/strong> to be<\/em><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n \n-ing<\/em> (present participle)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
am\/is\/are<\/td>\n help<\/td>\n helping<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
You should use the present progressive tense to describe a planned activity, to describe an activity that is recurring right now, and to describe an activity that is in progress, although not actually occurring at the time of speaking:<\/p>\n
\n
Preeti is starting<\/strong> school on Tuesday.\n
This sentence describes a planned activity.<\/li>\n
Janetta is getting<\/strong> her teeth cleaned right now.\n
This sentence describes an activity that is occurring right now.<\/li>\n
I am studying<\/strong> ballet at school.\n
This sentence describes an activity that is in progress but not actually occurring at the time of speaking.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
\n
The past progressive tense describes an action or state of being that took place in the past and that continues to take place.<\/p>\n
To make verbs in the past progressive tense, combine these two parts:<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\n
\nPast tense form of<\/strong> to be<\/em><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n -ing (present participle)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
was\/were<\/td>\n <\/td>\n helping<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
You should use the past progressive tense to describe a continuous action in the past, to describe a past activity in progress while another activity occurred, or to describe two past activities in progress at the same time:<\/p>\n
\n
Ella and I were planning<\/strong> a vacation.\n
This sentence describes a continuous action in the past.<\/li>\n
I was helping<\/strong> a customer when I smelled delicious fried chicken.\n
This sentence describes a past activity in progress while another activity occurred.<\/li>\n
While I was finishing<\/strong> my homework, my wife was talking<\/strong> on the phone.\n
This sentence describes two past activities in progress at the same time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
\n
The future progressive tense describes an action or state of being that will take place in the future and that will continue to take place. The action will have started at that future moment, but it will not have finished at that moment.<\/p>\n
To make verbs in the future progressive tense, combine these parts:<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\n
\nFuture tense form of<\/strong> to be<\/em><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n -ing (present participle)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
will be<\/td>\n <\/td>\n helping<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
Use the future progressive tense to describe an activity that will be in progress in the future:<\/p>\n
\n
Samantha and I will be dancing<\/strong> in the school play next week.<\/li>\n
Tomorrow Agnes will be reading<\/strong> two of her poems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Exercise 5<\/h3>\n
On a separate sheet of paper, revise the following sentences, written in simple tenses, using the progressive tenses indicated in parentheses.<\/p>\n
\n
He prepared the food while I watched. (past progressive tense)<\/li>\n
Jonathan will speak at the conference. (future progressive)<\/li>\n
Josie traveled to Egypt last July. (past progressive tense)<\/li>\n
My foot aches, so I know it will rain. (present progressive tense)<\/li>\n
Micah will talk a lot when I see him. (future progressive)<\/li>\n
I yawn a lot because I feel tired. (present progressive tense)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Similar to the present perfect tense, the present perfect progressive tense is used to indicate an action that was begun in the past and continues into the present. However, the present perfect progressive is used when you want to stress that the action is ongoing.<\/p>\n
To make verbs in the present perfect progressive tense, combine the following parts:<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\n
\nPresent tense form of<\/strong> to have<\/em><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n Been<\/strong><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n -ing (present participle)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
has or have<\/td>\n <\/td>\n been<\/td>\n <\/td>\n helping<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n
She has been talking<\/strong> for the last hour.\n
This sentence indicates that she<\/em> started talking in the past and is continuing to talk in the present.<\/li>\n
I have been feeling<\/strong> tired lately.\n
This sentence indicates that I<\/em> started feeling tired in the past, and I<\/em> continue to feel tired in the present. Instead of indicating time, as in the first sentence, the second sentence uses the adverb lately<\/em>. You can also use the adverb recently<\/em> when using the present perfect progressive tense.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Similar to the past perfect tense, the past perfect progressive tense is used to indicate an action that was begun in the past and continued until another time in the past. The past perfect progressive does not continue into the present but stops at a designated moment in the past.<\/p>\n
To make verbs in the past perfect progressive tense, combine the following parts:<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\n
\nPast tense form of<\/strong> to have<\/em><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n been<\/strong><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n -ing (present participle)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
had<\/td>\n <\/td>\n been<\/td>\n <\/td>\n helping<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n
The employees had been talking<\/strong> until their boss arrived.\n
This sentence indicates that the employees were talking in the past and they stopped talking when their boss arrived, which also happened in the past.<\/li>\n
I had been working<\/strong> all day.\n
This sentence implies that I<\/em> was working in the past. The action does not continue into the future, and the sentence implies that the subject stopped working for unstated reasons.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
\n
The future perfect progressive tense is rarely used. It is used to indicate an action that will begin in the future and will continue until another time in the future.<\/p>\n
To make verbs in the future perfect progressive tense, combine the following parts:<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\n
\nFuture tense form of<\/strong> to have<\/em><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n been<\/strong><\/td>\n +<\/strong><\/td>\n -ing (present participle)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
will have<\/td>\n <\/td>\n Been<\/td>\n <\/td>\n helping<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n
By the end of the meeting, I will have been hearing<\/strong> about mortgages and taxes for eight hours.\n
This sentence indicates that in the future I<\/em> will hear about mortgages and taxes for eight hours, but it has not happened yet. It also indicates the action of hearing<\/em> will continue until the end of the meeting<\/em>, something that is also in the future.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Gerunds<\/h2>\n
A gerund<\/span><\/span> is a form of a verb that is used as a noun. All gerunds end in -ing<\/em>. Since gerunds function as nouns, they occupy places in a sentence that a noun would, such as the subject, direct object, and object of a preposition.<\/p>\n
You can use a gerund in the following ways:<\/p>\n
\n
As a subject<\/strong>\n
Traveling<\/strong> is Cynthia\u2019s favorite pastime.<\/li>\n
As a direct object<\/strong>\n
I enjoy jogging<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
As an object of a proposition<\/strong>\n
The librarian scolded me for laughing<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Often verbs are followed by gerunds. Study Table 5.8 “Gerunds and Verbs” for examples.<\/p>\n
\n
Table 5.8<\/span> Gerunds and Verbs<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Gerund<\/th>\n Verb Followed by a Gerund<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
moving<\/td>\n Denise considered moving<\/strong> to Paris.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cleaning<\/td>\n I hate cleaning<\/strong> the bathroom.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
winning<\/td>\n Nate imagines winning<\/strong> an Oscar one day.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
worrying<\/td>\n Mom says she has stopped worrying<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
taking<\/td>\n She admitted taking<\/strong> the pumpkin.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Infinitives<\/h2>\n
An infinitive<\/span><\/span> is a form of a verb that comes after the word to<\/em> and acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb.<\/p>\n
to<\/em> + verb = infinitive<\/p>\n
Examples of infinitives include to move, to sleep, to look, to throw, to read, and to sneeze.<\/p>\n
Often verbs are followed by infinitives. Study Table 5.9 “Infinitives and Verbs” for examples.<\/p>\n
\n
Table 5.9<\/span> Infinitives and Verbs<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Infinitive<\/th>\n Verb Followed by Infinitive<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
to help<\/td>\n Jessica offered to help<\/strong> her move.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
to arrive<\/td>\n Mick expects to arrive<\/strong> early.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
to win<\/td>\n Sunita wants to win<\/strong> the writing contest.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
to close<\/td>\n He forgot to close<\/strong> the curtains.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
to eat<\/td>\n She likes to eat<\/strong> late.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
You may wonder which verbs can be followed by gerunds and which verbs can be followed by infinitives. With the following verbs, you can use either a gerund or an infinitive.<\/p>\n
\n
Table 5.10<\/span> Infinitives and Gerunds Verbs<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Base Form of Verb<\/th>\n Sentences with Verbs Followed by Gerunds and<\/em> Infinitives<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
begin<\/td>\n 1. John began crying<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. John began to cry<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
hate<\/td>\n 1. Marie hated talking<\/strong> on the phone.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Marie hated to talk<\/strong> on the phone.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
forget<\/td>\n 1. Wendell forgot paying<\/strong> the bills.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Wendell forgot to pay<\/strong> the bills.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
like<\/td>\n 1. I liked leaving<\/strong> messages.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. I liked to leave<\/strong> messages.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
continue<\/td>\n 1. He continued listening<\/strong> to the news.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. He continued to listen<\/strong> to the news.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
start<\/td>\n 1. I will start recycling<\/strong> immediately.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. I will start to recycle<\/strong> immediately.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
try<\/td>\n 1. Mikhail will try climbing<\/strong> the tree.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Mikhail will try to climb<\/strong> the tree.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
prefer<\/td>\n 1. I prefer baking<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. I prefer to bake<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
love<\/td>\n 1. Josh loves diving<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Josh loves to dive<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Exercise 6<\/h3>\n
On your own sheet of paper, complete the following sentences by choosing the correct infinitive or gerund.<\/p>\n
\n
I meant (to kiss, kissing) my kids before they left for school.<\/li>\n
The children hoped (to go, going) to a restaurant for dinner.<\/li>\n
Do you intend (to eat, eating) the entire pie?<\/li>\n
Crystal postponed (to get dressed, getting dressed) for the party.<\/li>\n
When we finish (to play, playing) this game, we will go home.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n
\n
Verb tenses tell the reader when the action takes place.<\/li>\n
Actions could be in the past, present, or future.<\/li>\n
There are some irregular verbs in English that are formed in special ways. The most common of these irregular verbs are the verbs to be<\/em>, to have<\/em>, and to do<\/em>.<\/li>\n
There are six main verb tenses in English: simple present<\/em>, simple past<\/em>, simple future<\/em>, present perfect<\/em>, past perfect<\/em>, and future perfect<\/em>.<\/li>\n
Verbs can be followed by either gerunds or infinitives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Writing Application<\/h3>\n
Write about a lively event that is either remembered or imagined. Ask yourself the following three questions: What happened during the event? What happened after the event? Looking back, what do you think of the event now? Answer each question in a separate paragraph to keep the present, past, and future tense verbs separate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t
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Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div>
Successful Writing. Authored by<\/strong>: Anonymous. Provided by<\/strong>: Anonymous. Located at<\/strong>: http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/successful-writing\/<\/a>. License<\/strong>: CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":5,"menu_order":38,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Successful Writing\",\"author\":\"Anonymous\",\"organization\":\"Anonymous\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/successful-writing\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-56","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":241,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/56","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/56\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":299,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/56\/revisions\/299"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/241"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/56\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=56"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=56"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=56"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=56"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}