{"id":63,"date":"2014-07-18T19:26:34","date_gmt":"2014-07-18T19:26:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/successfulwriting\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=63"},"modified":"2015-03-19T17:54:45","modified_gmt":"2015-03-19T17:54:45","slug":"6-2-effective-means-for-writing-a-paragraph","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/chapter\/6-2-effective-means-for-writing-a-paragraph\/","title":{"raw":"6.2 Effective Means for Writing a Paragraph","rendered":"6.2 Effective Means for Writing a Paragraph"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Identify characteristics of a good topic sentence.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Identify the three parts of a developed paragraph.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Apply knowledge of topic sentences and parts of a developed paragraph in an assignment.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n\r\nNow that you have identified common purposes for writing and learned how to select appropriate content for a particular audience, you can think about the structure of a paragraph in greater detail. Composing an effective paragraph requires a method similar to building a house. You may have the finest content, or materials, but if you do not arrange them in the correct order, then the final product will not hold together very well.\r\n\r\nA strong paragraph contains three distinct components:\r\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_l02\" class=\"im_orderedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Topic sentence<\/span><\/span><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">.<\/strong> The topic sentence is the main idea of the paragraph.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Body<\/span><\/span><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">.<\/strong> The body is composed of the supporting sentences that develop the main point.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Conclusion<\/span><\/span><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">.<\/strong> The conclusion is the final sentence that summarizes the main point.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThe foundation of a good paragraph is the topic sentence, which expresses the main idea of the paragraph. The topic sentence relates to the thesis, or main point, of the essay (see Chapter 9 \"Writing Essays: From Start to Finish\" for more information about thesis statements) and guides the reader by signposting what the paragraph is about. All the sentences in the rest of the paragraph should relate to the topic sentence.\r\n\r\nThis section covers the major components of a paragraph and examines how to develop an effective topic sentence.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Developing a Topic Sentence<\/h2>\r\nPick up any newspaper or magazine and read the first sentence of an article. Are you fairly confident that you know what the rest of the article is about? If so, you have likely read the topic sentence. An effective topic sentence combines a main idea with the writer\u2019s personal attitude or opinion. It serves to orient the reader and provides an indication of what will follow in the rest of the paragraph. Read the following example.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\nCreating a national set of standards for math and English education will improve student learning in many states.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThis topic sentence declares a favorable position for standardizing math and English education. After reading this sentence, a reader might reasonably expect the writer to provide supporting details and facts as to why standardizing math and English education might improve student learning in many states. If the purpose of the essay is actually to evaluate education in only one particular state, or to discuss math or English education specifically, then the topic sentence is misleading.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Tip<\/h3>\r\nWhen writing a draft of an essay, allow a friend or colleague to read the opening line of your first paragraph. Ask your reader to predict what your paper will be about. If he or she is unable to guess your topic accurately, you should consider revising your topic sentence so that it clearly defines your purpose in writing.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\"><\/h2>\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Main Idea versus Controlling Idea<\/h2>\r\nTopic sentences contain both a <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">main idea<\/span><\/span> (the subject, or topic that the writer is discussing) and a <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">controlling idea<\/span><\/span> (the writer\u2019s specific stance on that subject). Just as a thesis statement includes an idea that controls a document\u2019s focus (as you will read about in Chapter 8 \"The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?\"), a topic sentence must also contain a controlling idea to direct the paragraph. Different writers may use the same main idea but can steer their paragraph in a number of different directions according to their stance on the subject. Read the following examples.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s01_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\r\n\t<li>Marijuana is a destructive influence on teens and causes long-term brain damage.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The antinausea properties in marijuana are a lifeline for many cancer patients.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Legalizing marijuana would create a higher demand for Class A and Class B drugs.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nAlthough the main idea\u2014marijuana\u2014is the same in all three topic sentences, the controlling idea differs depending on the writer\u2019s viewpoint.<strong><\/strong>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s01_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercise 1<\/h3>\r\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">Circle the main idea and underline the controlling idea in each of the following topic sentences.\r\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s01_l02\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n\t<li>Exercising three times a week is the only way to maintain good physical health.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Sexism and racism are still rampant in today\u2019s workplace.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Raising the legal driving age to twenty-one would decrease road traffic accidents.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Owning a business is the only way to achieve financial success.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Dog owners should be prohibited from taking their pets on public beaches.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Characteristics of a Good Topic Sentence<\/h2>\r\nFive characteristics define a good topic sentence:\r\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s02_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li>A good topic sentence provides an accurate indication of what will follow in the rest of the paragraph.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Weak example.<\/strong> People rarely give firefighters the credit they deserve for such a physically and emotionally demanding job. (The paragraph is about a specific incident that involved firefighters; therefore, this topic sentence is too general.)\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Stronger example.<\/strong> During the October riots, Unit 3B went beyond the call of duty. (This topic sentence is more specific and indicates that the paragraph will contain information about a particular incident involving Unit 3B.)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A good topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea or opinion.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Weak example.<\/strong> In this paper, I am going to discuss the rising suicide rate among young professionals. (This topic sentence provides a main idea, but it does not present a controlling idea, or thesis.)\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Stronger example.<\/strong> The rising suicide rate among young professionals is a cause for immediate concern. (This topic sentence presents the writer\u2019s opinion on the subject of rising suicide rates among young professionals.)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A good topic sentence is clear and easy to follow.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Weak example.<\/strong> In general, writing an essay, thesis, or other academic or nonacademic document is considerably easier and of much higher quality if you first construct an outline, of which there are many different types. (This topic sentence includes a main idea and a controlling thesis, but both are buried beneath the confusing sentence structure and unnecessary vocabulary. These obstacles make it difficult for the reader to follow.)\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Stronger example.<\/strong> Most forms of writing can be improved by first creating an outline. (This topic sentence cuts out unnecessary verbiage and simplifies the previous statement, making it easier for the reader to follow.)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A good topic sentence does not include supporting details.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Weak example.<\/strong> Salaries should be capped in baseball for many reasons, most importantly so we don\u2019t allow the same team to win year after year. (This topic sentence includes a supporting detail that should be included later in the paragraph to back up the main point.)\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Stronger example.<\/strong> Introducing a salary cap would improve the game of baseball for many reasons. (This topic sentence omits the additional supporting detail so that it can be expanded upon later in the paragraph.)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A good topic sentence engages the reader by using interesting vocabulary.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Weak example.<\/strong> The military deserves better equipment. (This topic sentence includes a main idea and a controlling thesis, but the language is bland and unexciting.)\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Stronger example.<\/strong> The appalling lack of resources provided to the military is outrageous and requires our immediate attention. (This topic sentence reiterates the same idea and controlling thesis, but adjectives such as <em class=\"im_emphasis\">appalling<\/em> and <em class=\"im_emphasis\">immediate<\/em> better engage the reader. These words also indicate the writer\u2019s tone.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s02_n01\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercise 2<\/h3>\r\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">Choose the most effective topic sentence from the following sentence pairs.\r\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s02_l02\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n\t<li>a. This paper will discuss the likelihood of the Democrats winning the next election.b. To boost their chances of winning the next election, the Democrats need to listen to public opinion.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>a. The unrealistic demands of union workers are crippling the economy for three main reasons.b. Union workers are crippling the economy because companies are unable to remain competitive as a result of added financial pressure.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>a. Authors are losing money as a result of technological advances.b. The introduction of new technology will devastate the literary world.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>a. Rap music is produced by untalented individuals with oversized egos.b. This essay will consider whether talent is required in the rap music industry.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercise 3<\/h3>\r\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s02_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\nUsing the tips on developing effective topic sentences in this section, create a topic sentence on each of the following subjects. Remember to include a controlling idea as well as a main idea. Write your responses on your own sheet of paper.\r\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s02_l03\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n\t<li>An endangered species____________________________________________<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The cost of fuel____________________________________________<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The legal drinking age____________________________________________<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A controversial film or novel____________________________________________<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\"><section id=\"glossary\">\r\n<h3>Writing at Work<\/h3>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\">\r\n\r\nWhen creating a workplace document, use the \u201ctop-down\u201d approach\u2014keep the topic sentence at the beginning of each paragraph so that readers immediately understand the gist of the message. This method saves busy colleagues precious time and effort trying to figure out the main points and relevant details.\r\n\r\nHeadings are another helpful tool. In a text-heavy document, break up each paragraph with individual headings. These serve as useful navigation aids, enabling colleagues to skim through the document and locate paragraphs that are relevant to them.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s02_n03\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Developing Paragraphs That Use Topic Sentences, Supporting Ideas, and Transitions Effectively<\/h2>\r\nLearning how to develop a good topic sentence is the first step toward writing a solid paragraph. Once you have composed your topic sentence, you have a guideline for the rest of the paragraph. To complete the paragraph, a writer must support the topic sentence with additional information and summarize the main point with a concluding sentence.\r\n\r\nThis section identifies the three major structural parts of a paragraph and covers how to develop a paragraph using transitional words and phrases.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Identifying Parts of a Paragraph<\/h2>\r\nAn effective paragraph contains three main parts: a topic sentence, the body, and the concluding sentence. A topic sentence is often the first sentence of a paragraph. This chapter has already discussed its purpose\u2014to express a main idea combined with the writer\u2019s attitude about the subject. The body of the paragraph usually follows, containing supporting details. <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Supporting sentences<\/span><\/span> help explain, prove, or enhance the topic sentence. The <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">concluding sentence<\/span><\/span> is the last sentence in the paragraph. It reminds the reader of the main point by restating it in different words.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_f01\" class=\"im_figure im_large im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 6.2<\/span> Paragraph Structure Graphic Organizer\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_10\/59f28b4b4236978c4bd5754bed96d4ac.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_59f28b4b4236978c4bd5754bed96d4ac.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nRead the following paragraph. The topic sentence is underlined for you.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"im_token\">After reading the new TV guide this week I had just one thought\u2014why are we still being bombarded with reality shows?<\/span><\/span> This season, the plague of reality television continues to darken our airwaves. Along with the return of viewer favorites, we are to be cursed with yet another mindless creation. <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Prisoner<\/em> follows the daily lives of eight suburban housewives who have chosen to be put in jail for the purposes of this fake psychological experiment. A preview for the first episode shows the usual tears and tantrums associated with reality television. I dread to think what producers will come up with next season, but if any of them are reading this blog\u2014stop it! We\u2019ve had enough reality television to last us a lifetime!<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe first sentence of this paragraph is the topic sentence. It tells the reader that the paragraph will be about reality television shows, and it expresses the writer\u2019s distaste for these shows through the use of the word <em class=\"im_emphasis\">bombarded<\/em>.\r\n\r\nEach of the following sentences in the paragraph supports the topic sentence by providing further information about a specific reality television show. The final sentence is the concluding sentence. It reiterates the main point that viewers are bored with reality television shows by using different words from the topic sentence.\r\n\r\nParagraphs that begin with the topic sentence move from the general to the specific. They open with a general statement about a subject (reality shows) and then discuss specific examples (the reality show <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Prisoner<\/em>). Most academic essays contain the topic sentence at the beginning of the first paragraph.\r\n\r\nNow take a look at the following paragraph. The topic sentence is underlined for you.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Last year, a cat traveled 130 miles to reach its family, who had moved to another state and had left their pet behind. Even though it had never been to their new home, the cat was able to track down its former owners. A dog in my neighborhood can predict when its master is about to have a seizure. It makes sure that he does not hurt himself during an epileptic fit. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"im_token\">Compared to many animals, our own senses are almost dull.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe last sentence of this paragraph is the topic sentence. It draws on specific examples (a cat that tracked down its owners and a dog that can predict seizures) and then makes a general statement that draws a conclusion from these examples (animals\u2019 senses are better than humans\u2019). In this case, the supporting sentences are placed before the topic sentence and the concluding sentence is the same as the topic sentence.\r\n\r\nThis technique is frequently used in persuasive writing. The writer produces detailed examples as evidence to back up his or her point, preparing the reader to accept the concluding topic sentence as the truth.\r\n\r\nSometimes, the topic sentence appears in the middle of a paragraph. Read the following example. The topic sentence is underlined for you.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_n03\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">For many years, I suffered from severe anxiety every time I took an exam. Hours before the exam, my heart would begin pounding, my legs would shake, and sometimes I would become physically unable to move. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"im_token\">Last year, I was referred to a specialist and finally found a way to control my anxiety\u2014breathing exercises.<\/span><\/span> It seems so simple, but by doing just a few breathing exercises a couple of hours before an exam, I gradually got my anxiety under control. The exercises help slow my heart rate and make me feel less anxious. Better yet, they require no pills, no equipment, and very little time. It\u2019s amazing how just breathing correctly has helped me learn to manage my anxiety symptoms.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn this paragraph, the underlined sentence is the topic sentence. It expresses the main idea\u2014that breathing exercises can help control anxiety. The preceding sentences enable the writer to build up to his main point (breathing exercises can help control anxiety) by using a personal anecdote (how he used to suffer from anxiety). The supporting sentences then expand on how breathing exercises help the writer by providing additional information. The last sentence is the concluding sentence and restates how breathing can help manage anxiety.\r\n\r\nPlacing a topic sentence in the middle of a paragraph is often used in creative writing. If you notice that you have used a topic sentence in the middle of a paragraph in an academic essay, read through the paragraph carefully to make sure that it contains only one major topic. To read more about topic sentences and where they appear in paragraphs, see Chapter 8 \"The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?\".\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Implied Topic Sentences<\/h2>\r\nSome well-organized paragraphs do not contain a topic sentence at all. Instead of being directly stated, the main idea is implied in the content of the paragraph. Read the following example:\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\nHeaving herself up the stairs, Luella had to pause for breath several times. She let out a wheeze as she sat down heavily in the wooden rocking chair. Tao approached her cautiously, as if she might crumble at the slightest touch. He studied her face, like parchment; stretched across the bones so finely he could almost see right through the skin to the decaying muscle underneath. Luella smiled a toothless grin.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nAlthough no single sentence in this paragraph states the main idea, the entire paragraph focuses on one concept\u2014that Luella is extremely old. The topic sentence is thus implied rather than stated. This technique is often used in descriptive or narrative writing. Implied topic sentences work well if the writer has a firm idea of what he or she intends to say in the paragraph and sticks to it. However, a paragraph loses its effectiveness if an implied topic sentence is too subtle or the writer loses focus.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s01_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Tip<\/h3>\r\nAvoid using implied topic sentences in an informational document. Readers often lose patience if they are unable to quickly grasp what the writer is trying to say. The clearest and most efficient way to communicate in an informational document is to position the topic sentence at the beginning of the paragraph.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s01_n03\" class=\"im_exercises im_block\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercise 4<\/h3>\r\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">Identify the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentence in the following paragraph.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The desert provides a harsh environment in which few mammals are able to adapt. Of these hardy creatures, the kangaroo rat is possibly the most fascinating. Able to live in some of the most arid parts of the southwest, the kangaroo rat neither sweats nor pants to keep cool. Its specialized kidneys enable it to survive on a miniscule amount of water. Unlike other desert creatures, the kangaroo rat does not store water in its body but instead is able to convert the dry seeds it eats into moisture. Its ability to adapt to such a hostile environment makes the kangaroo rat a truly amazing creature.<\/p>\r\nCollaboration\r\n\r\nPlease share with a classmate and compare your answers.\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Supporting Sentences<\/h2>\r\nIf you think of a paragraph as a hamburger, the supporting sentences are the meat inside the bun. They make up the body of the paragraph by explaining, proving, or enhancing the controlling idea in the topic sentence. Most paragraphs contain three to six supporting sentences depending on the audience and purpose for writing. A supporting sentence usually offers one of the following:\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s02_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Reason<\/strong><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Sentence:<\/strong> The refusal of the baby boom generation to retire is contributing to the current lack of available jobs.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Fact<\/strong><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Sentence:<\/strong> Many families now rely on older relatives to support them financially.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Statistic<\/strong><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Sentence:<\/strong> Nearly 10 percent of adults are currently unemployed in the United States.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Quotation<\/strong><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Sentence:<\/strong> \u201cWe will not allow this situation to continue,\u201d stated Senator Johns.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Example<\/strong><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Sentence:<\/strong> Last year, Bill was asked to retire at the age of fifty-five.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe type of supporting sentence you choose will depend on what you are writing and why you are writing. For example, if you are attempting to persuade your audience to take a particular position you should rely on facts, statistics, and concrete examples, rather than personal opinions. Read the following example:\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s02_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\nThere are numerous advantages to owning a hybrid car. <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">(Topic sentence)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nFirst, they get 20 percent to 35 percent more miles to the gallon than a fuel-efficient gas-powered vehicle. <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">(Supporting sentence 1: statistic)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSecond, they produce very few emissions during low speed city driving. <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">(Supporting sentence 2: fact)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBecause they do not require gas, hybrid cars reduce dependency on fossil fuels, which helps lower prices at the pump. <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">(Supporting sentence 3: reason)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAlex bought a hybrid car two years ago and has been extremely impressed with its performance. <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">(Supporting sentence 4: example)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u201cIt\u2019s the cheapest car I\u2019ve ever had,\u201d she said. \u201cThe running costs are far lower than previous gas powered vehicles I\u2019ve owned.\u201d <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">(Supporting sentence 5: quotation)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nGiven the low running costs and environmental benefits of owning a hybrid car, it is likely that many more people will follow Alex\u2019s example in the near future. <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">(Concluding sentence)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nTo find information for your supporting sentences, you might consider using one of the following sources:\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s02_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li>Reference book<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Encyclopedia<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Website<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Biography\/autobiography<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Map<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Dictionary<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Newspaper\/magazine<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Interview<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Previous experience<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Personal research<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nTo read more about sources and research, see Chapter 11 \"Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?\".\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s02_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Tip<\/h3>\r\nWhen searching for information on the Internet, remember that some websites are more reliable than others. websites ending in .gov or .edu are generally more reliable than websites ending in .com or .org. Wikis and blogs are not reliable sources of information because they are subject to inaccuracies.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Concluding Sentences<\/h2>\r\nAn effective concluding sentence draws together all the ideas you have raised in your paragraph. It reminds readers of the main point\u2014the topic sentence\u2014without restating it in exactly the same words. Using the hamburger example, the top bun (the topic sentence) and the bottom bun (the concluding sentence) are very similar. They frame the \u201cmeat\u201d or body of the paragraph. Compare the topic sentence and concluding sentence from the previous example:\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s03_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Topic sentence:<\/strong> There are numerous advantages to owning a hybrid car.\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Concluding sentence:<\/strong> Given the low running costs and environmental benefits of owning a hybrid car, it is likely that many more people will follow Alex\u2019s example in the near future.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nNotice the use of the synonyms <em class=\"im_emphasis\">advantages<\/em> and <em class=\"im_emphasis\">benefits<\/em>. The concluding sentence reiterates the idea that owning a hybrid is advantageous without using the exact same words. It also summarizes two examples of the advantages covered in the supporting sentences: low running costs and environmental benefits.\r\n\r\nYou should avoid introducing any new ideas into your concluding sentence. A conclusion is intended to provide the reader with a sense of completion. Introducing a subject that is not covered in the paragraph will confuse the reader and weaken your writing.\r\n\r\nA concluding sentence may do any of the following:\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s03_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li>Restate the main idea.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Example:<\/strong> Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the United States.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Summarize the key points in the paragraph.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Example:<\/strong> A lack of healthy choices, poor parenting, and an addiction to video games are among the many factors contributing to childhood obesity.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Draw a conclusion based on the information in the paragraph.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Example:<\/strong> These statistics indicate that unless we take action, childhood obesity rates will continue to rise.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Make a prediction, suggestion, or recommendation about the information in the paragraph.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Example:<\/strong> Based on this research, more than 60 percent of children in the United States will be morbidly obese by the year 2030 unless we take evasive action.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Offer an additional observation about the controlling idea.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Example:<\/strong> Childhood obesity is an entirely preventable tragedy.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s03_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercise 5<\/h3>\r\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">\r\n<p data-type=\"title\">On your own paper, write one example of each type of concluding sentence based on a topic of your choice.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title\">Transitions<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s04\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n\r\nA strong paragraph moves seamlessly from the topic sentence into the supporting sentences and on to the concluding sentence. To help organize a paragraph and ensure that ideas logically connect to one another, writers use transitional words and phrases. A <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">transition<\/span><\/span> is a connecting word that describes a relationship between ideas. Take another look at the earlier example:\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s04_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\nThere are numerous advantages to owning a hybrid car. <span class=\"im_token\">First<\/span>, they get 20 percent to 35 percent more miles to the gallon than a fuel-efficient gas-powered vehicle. <span class=\"im_token\">Second<\/span>, they produce very few emissions during low speed city driving. <span class=\"im_token\">Because<\/span> they do not require gas, hybrid cars reduce dependency on fossil fuels, which helps lower prices at the pump. Alex bought a hybrid car two years ago and has been extremely impressed with its performance. \u201cIt\u2019s the cheapest car I\u2019ve ever had,\u201d she said. \u201cThe running costs are far lower than previous gas-powered vehicles I\u2019ve owned.\u201d Given the low running costs and environmental benefits of owning a hybrid car, it is likely that many more people will follow Alex\u2019s example in the near future.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nEach of the underlined words is a transition word. Words such as <em class=\"im_emphasis\">first<\/em> and <em class=\"im_emphasis\">second<\/em> are transition words that show sequence or clarify order. They help organize the writer\u2019s ideas by showing that he or she has another point to make in support of the topic sentence. Other transition words that show order include <em class=\"im_emphasis\">third<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">also<\/em>, and <em class=\"im_emphasis\">furthermore<\/em>.\r\n\r\nThe transition word <em class=\"im_emphasis\">because<\/em> is a transition word of consequence that continues a line of thought. It indicates that the writer will provide an explanation of a result. In this sentence, the writer explains why hybrid cars will reduce dependency on fossil fuels (because they do not require gas). Other transition words of consequence include <em class=\"im_emphasis\">as a result<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">so that<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">since<\/em>, or <em class=\"im_emphasis\">for this reason<\/em>.\r\n\r\nTo include a summarizing transition in her concluding sentence, the writer could rewrite the final sentence as follows:\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s04_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\nIn conclusion, given the low running costs and environmental benefits of owning a hybrid car, it is likely that many more people will follow Alex\u2019s example in the near future.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe following chart provides some useful transition words to connect supporting sentences and concluding sentences. See Chapter 8 \"The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?\" for a more comprehensive look at transitional words and phrases.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s04_t01\" class=\"im_table im_block\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Table 6.1<\/span> Useful Transitional Words and Phrases\r\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">For Supporting Sentences<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>above all<\/td>\r\n<td>but<\/td>\r\n<td>for instance<\/td>\r\n<td>in particular<\/td>\r\n<td>moreover<\/td>\r\n<td>subsequently<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>also<\/td>\r\n<td>conversely<\/td>\r\n<td>furthermore<\/td>\r\n<td>later on<\/td>\r\n<td>nevertheless<\/td>\r\n<td>therefore<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>aside from<\/td>\r\n<td>correspondingly<\/td>\r\n<td>however<\/td>\r\n<td>likewise<\/td>\r\n<td>on one hand<\/td>\r\n<td>to begin with<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>at the same time<\/td>\r\n<td>for example<\/td>\r\n<td>in addition<\/td>\r\n<td>meanwhile<\/td>\r\n<td>on the contrary<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">For Concluding Sentences<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>after all<\/td>\r\n<td>all things considered<\/td>\r\n<td>in brief<\/td>\r\n<td>in summary<\/td>\r\n<td>on the whole<\/td>\r\n<td>to sum up<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>all in all<\/td>\r\n<td>finally<\/td>\r\n<td>in conclusion<\/td>\r\n<td>on balance<\/td>\r\n<td>thus<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s04_n03\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercise 6<\/h3>\r\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">Using your own paper, write a paragraph on a topic of your choice. Be sure to include a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence and to use transitional words and phrases to link your ideas together.\r\n\r\nCollaboration\r\n\r\nPlease share with a classmate and compare your answers.\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3>Writing at Work<\/h3>\r\n<section>\r\n<div data-type=\"note\">\r\n\r\nTransitional words and phrases are useful tools to incorporate into workplace documents. They guide the reader through the document, clarifying relationships between sentences and paragraphs so that the reader understands why they have been written in that particular order.\r\n\r\nFor example, when writing an instructional memo, it may be helpful to consider the following transitional words and phrases: <em class=\"im_emphasis\">before you begin<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">first<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">next<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">then<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">finally<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">after you have completed<\/em>. Using these transitions as a template to write your memo will provide readers with clear, logical instructions about a particular process and the order in which steps are supposed to be completed.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<section>\r\n<div data-type=\"note\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>A good paragraph contains three distinct components: a topic sentence, body, and concluding sentence.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The topic sentence expresses the main idea of the paragraph combined with the writer\u2019s attitude or opinion about the topic.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Good topic sentences contain both a main idea and a controlling idea, are clear and easy to follow, use engaging vocabulary, and provide an accurate indication of what will follow in the rest of the paragraph.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Topic sentences may be placed at the beginning, middle, or end of a paragraph. In most academic essays, the topic sentence is placed at the beginning of a paragraph.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Supporting sentences help explain, prove, or enhance the topic sentence by offering facts, reasons, statistics, quotations, or examples.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Concluding sentences summarize the key points in a paragraph and reiterate the main idea without repeating it word for word.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Transitional words and phrases help organize ideas in a paragraph and show how these ideas relate to one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify characteristics of a good topic sentence.<\/li>\n<li>Identify the three parts of a developed paragraph.<\/li>\n<li>Apply knowledge of topic sentences and parts of a developed paragraph in an assignment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<p>Now that you have identified common purposes for writing and learned how to select appropriate content for a particular audience, you can think about the structure of a paragraph in greater detail. Composing an effective paragraph requires a method similar to building a house. You may have the finest content, or materials, but if you do not arrange them in the correct order, then the final product will not hold together very well.<\/p>\n<p>A strong paragraph contains three distinct components:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_l02\" class=\"im_orderedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Topic sentence<\/span><\/span><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">.<\/strong> The topic sentence is the main idea of the paragraph.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Body<\/span><\/span><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">.<\/strong> The body is composed of the supporting sentences that develop the main point.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Conclusion<\/span><\/span><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">.<\/strong> The conclusion is the final sentence that summarizes the main point.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The foundation of a good paragraph is the topic sentence, which expresses the main idea of the paragraph. The topic sentence relates to the thesis, or main point, of the essay (see Chapter 9 &#8220;Writing Essays: From Start to Finish&#8221; for more information about thesis statements) and guides the reader by signposting what the paragraph is about. All the sentences in the rest of the paragraph should relate to the topic sentence.<\/p>\n<p>This section covers the major components of a paragraph and examines how to develop an effective topic sentence.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Developing a Topic Sentence<\/h2>\n<p>Pick up any newspaper or magazine and read the first sentence of an article. Are you fairly confident that you know what the rest of the article is about? If so, you have likely read the topic sentence. An effective topic sentence combines a main idea with the writer\u2019s personal attitude or opinion. It serves to orient the reader and provides an indication of what will follow in the rest of the paragraph. Read the following example.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p>Creating a national set of standards for math and English education will improve student learning in many states.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>This topic sentence declares a favorable position for standardizing math and English education. After reading this sentence, a reader might reasonably expect the writer to provide supporting details and facts as to why standardizing math and English education might improve student learning in many states. If the purpose of the essay is actually to evaluate education in only one particular state, or to discuss math or English education specifically, then the topic sentence is misleading.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Tip<\/h3>\n<p>When writing a draft of an essay, allow a friend or colleague to read the opening line of your first paragraph. Ask your reader to predict what your paper will be about. If he or she is unable to guess your topic accurately, you should consider revising your topic sentence so that it clearly defines your purpose in writing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\"><\/h2>\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Main Idea versus Controlling Idea<\/h2>\n<p>Topic sentences contain both a <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">main idea<\/span><\/span> (the subject, or topic that the writer is discussing) and a <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">controlling idea<\/span><\/span> (the writer\u2019s specific stance on that subject). Just as a thesis statement includes an idea that controls a document\u2019s focus (as you will read about in Chapter 8 &#8220;The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?&#8221;), a topic sentence must also contain a controlling idea to direct the paragraph. Different writers may use the same main idea but can steer their paragraph in a number of different directions according to their stance on the subject. Read the following examples.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s01_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\n<li>Marijuana is a destructive influence on teens and causes long-term brain damage.<\/li>\n<li>The antinausea properties in marijuana are a lifeline for many cancer patients.<\/li>\n<li>Legalizing marijuana would create a higher demand for Class A and Class B drugs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Although the main idea\u2014marijuana\u2014is the same in all three topic sentences, the controlling idea differs depending on the writer\u2019s viewpoint.<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s01_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercise 1<\/h3>\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">Circle the main idea and underline the controlling idea in each of the following topic sentences.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s01_l02\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Exercising three times a week is the only way to maintain good physical health.<\/li>\n<li>Sexism and racism are still rampant in today\u2019s workplace.<\/li>\n<li>Raising the legal driving age to twenty-one would decrease road traffic accidents.<\/li>\n<li>Owning a business is the only way to achieve financial success.<\/li>\n<li>Dog owners should be prohibited from taking their pets on public beaches.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Characteristics of a Good Topic Sentence<\/h2>\n<p>Five characteristics define a good topic sentence:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s02_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>A good topic sentence provides an accurate indication of what will follow in the rest of the paragraph.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Weak example.<\/strong> People rarely give firefighters the credit they deserve for such a physically and emotionally demanding job. (The paragraph is about a specific incident that involved firefighters; therefore, this topic sentence is too general.)\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Stronger example.<\/strong> During the October riots, Unit 3B went beyond the call of duty. (This topic sentence is more specific and indicates that the paragraph will contain information about a particular incident involving Unit 3B.)<\/li>\n<li>A good topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea or opinion.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Weak example.<\/strong> In this paper, I am going to discuss the rising suicide rate among young professionals. (This topic sentence provides a main idea, but it does not present a controlling idea, or thesis.)\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Stronger example.<\/strong> The rising suicide rate among young professionals is a cause for immediate concern. (This topic sentence presents the writer\u2019s opinion on the subject of rising suicide rates among young professionals.)<\/li>\n<li>A good topic sentence is clear and easy to follow.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Weak example.<\/strong> In general, writing an essay, thesis, or other academic or nonacademic document is considerably easier and of much higher quality if you first construct an outline, of which there are many different types. (This topic sentence includes a main idea and a controlling thesis, but both are buried beneath the confusing sentence structure and unnecessary vocabulary. These obstacles make it difficult for the reader to follow.)\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Stronger example.<\/strong> Most forms of writing can be improved by first creating an outline. (This topic sentence cuts out unnecessary verbiage and simplifies the previous statement, making it easier for the reader to follow.)<\/li>\n<li>A good topic sentence does not include supporting details.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Weak example.<\/strong> Salaries should be capped in baseball for many reasons, most importantly so we don\u2019t allow the same team to win year after year. (This topic sentence includes a supporting detail that should be included later in the paragraph to back up the main point.)\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Stronger example.<\/strong> Introducing a salary cap would improve the game of baseball for many reasons. (This topic sentence omits the additional supporting detail so that it can be expanded upon later in the paragraph.)<\/li>\n<li>A good topic sentence engages the reader by using interesting vocabulary.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Weak example.<\/strong> The military deserves better equipment. (This topic sentence includes a main idea and a controlling thesis, but the language is bland and unexciting.)\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Stronger example.<\/strong> The appalling lack of resources provided to the military is outrageous and requires our immediate attention. (This topic sentence reiterates the same idea and controlling thesis, but adjectives such as <em class=\"im_emphasis\">appalling<\/em> and <em class=\"im_emphasis\">immediate<\/em> better engage the reader. These words also indicate the writer\u2019s tone.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s02_n01\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercise 2<\/h3>\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">Choose the most effective topic sentence from the following sentence pairs.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s02_l02\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>a. This paper will discuss the likelihood of the Democrats winning the next election.b. To boost their chances of winning the next election, the Democrats need to listen to public opinion.<\/li>\n<li>a. The unrealistic demands of union workers are crippling the economy for three main reasons.b. Union workers are crippling the economy because companies are unable to remain competitive as a result of added financial pressure.<\/li>\n<li>a. Authors are losing money as a result of technological advances.b. The introduction of new technology will devastate the literary world.<\/li>\n<li>a. Rap music is produced by untalented individuals with oversized egos.b. This essay will consider whether talent is required in the rap music industry.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercise 3<\/h3>\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s02_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\n<p>Using the tips on developing effective topic sentences in this section, create a topic sentence on each of the following subjects. Remember to include a controlling idea as well as a main idea. Write your responses on your own sheet of paper.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s02_l03\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>An endangered species____________________________________________<\/li>\n<li>The cost of fuel____________________________________________<\/li>\n<li>The legal drinking age____________________________________________<\/li>\n<li>A controversial film or novel____________________________________________<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<section id=\"glossary\">\n<h3>Writing at Work<\/h3>\n<div data-type=\"definition\">\n<p>When creating a workplace document, use the \u201ctop-down\u201d approach\u2014keep the topic sentence at the beginning of each paragraph so that readers immediately understand the gist of the message. This method saves busy colleagues precious time and effort trying to figure out the main points and relevant details.<\/p>\n<p>Headings are another helpful tool. In a text-heavy document, break up each paragraph with individual headings. These serve as useful navigation aids, enabling colleagues to skim through the document and locate paragraphs that are relevant to them.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s01_s02_n03\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Developing Paragraphs That Use Topic Sentences, Supporting Ideas, and Transitions Effectively<\/h2>\n<p>Learning how to develop a good topic sentence is the first step toward writing a solid paragraph. Once you have composed your topic sentence, you have a guideline for the rest of the paragraph. To complete the paragraph, a writer must support the topic sentence with additional information and summarize the main point with a concluding sentence.<\/p>\n<p>This section identifies the three major structural parts of a paragraph and covers how to develop a paragraph using transitional words and phrases.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Identifying Parts of a Paragraph<\/h2>\n<p>An effective paragraph contains three main parts: a topic sentence, the body, and the concluding sentence. A topic sentence is often the first sentence of a paragraph. This chapter has already discussed its purpose\u2014to express a main idea combined with the writer\u2019s attitude about the subject. The body of the paragraph usually follows, containing supporting details. <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Supporting sentences<\/span><\/span> help explain, prove, or enhance the topic sentence. The <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">concluding sentence<\/span><\/span> is the last sentence in the paragraph. It reminds the reader of the main point by restating it in different words.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_f01\" class=\"im_figure im_large im_editable im_block\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 6.2<\/span> Paragraph Structure Graphic Organizer<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_10\/59f28b4b4236978c4bd5754bed96d4ac.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_59f28b4b4236978c4bd5754bed96d4ac.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Read the following paragraph. The topic sentence is underlined for you.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"im_token\">After reading the new TV guide this week I had just one thought\u2014why are we still being bombarded with reality shows?<\/span><\/span> This season, the plague of reality television continues to darken our airwaves. Along with the return of viewer favorites, we are to be cursed with yet another mindless creation. <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Prisoner<\/em> follows the daily lives of eight suburban housewives who have chosen to be put in jail for the purposes of this fake psychological experiment. A preview for the first episode shows the usual tears and tantrums associated with reality television. I dread to think what producers will come up with next season, but if any of them are reading this blog\u2014stop it! We\u2019ve had enough reality television to last us a lifetime!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The first sentence of this paragraph is the topic sentence. It tells the reader that the paragraph will be about reality television shows, and it expresses the writer\u2019s distaste for these shows through the use of the word <em class=\"im_emphasis\">bombarded<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Each of the following sentences in the paragraph supports the topic sentence by providing further information about a specific reality television show. The final sentence is the concluding sentence. It reiterates the main point that viewers are bored with reality television shows by using different words from the topic sentence.<\/p>\n<p>Paragraphs that begin with the topic sentence move from the general to the specific. They open with a general statement about a subject (reality shows) and then discuss specific examples (the reality show <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Prisoner<\/em>). Most academic essays contain the topic sentence at the beginning of the first paragraph.<\/p>\n<p>Now take a look at the following paragraph. The topic sentence is underlined for you.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Last year, a cat traveled 130 miles to reach its family, who had moved to another state and had left their pet behind. Even though it had never been to their new home, the cat was able to track down its former owners. A dog in my neighborhood can predict when its master is about to have a seizure. It makes sure that he does not hurt himself during an epileptic fit. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"im_token\">Compared to many animals, our own senses are almost dull.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The last sentence of this paragraph is the topic sentence. It draws on specific examples (a cat that tracked down its owners and a dog that can predict seizures) and then makes a general statement that draws a conclusion from these examples (animals\u2019 senses are better than humans\u2019). In this case, the supporting sentences are placed before the topic sentence and the concluding sentence is the same as the topic sentence.<\/p>\n<p>This technique is frequently used in persuasive writing. The writer produces detailed examples as evidence to back up his or her point, preparing the reader to accept the concluding topic sentence as the truth.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes, the topic sentence appears in the middle of a paragraph. Read the following example. The topic sentence is underlined for you.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_n03\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">For many years, I suffered from severe anxiety every time I took an exam. Hours before the exam, my heart would begin pounding, my legs would shake, and sometimes I would become physically unable to move. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"im_token\">Last year, I was referred to a specialist and finally found a way to control my anxiety\u2014breathing exercises.<\/span><\/span> It seems so simple, but by doing just a few breathing exercises a couple of hours before an exam, I gradually got my anxiety under control. The exercises help slow my heart rate and make me feel less anxious. Better yet, they require no pills, no equipment, and very little time. It\u2019s amazing how just breathing correctly has helped me learn to manage my anxiety symptoms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In this paragraph, the underlined sentence is the topic sentence. It expresses the main idea\u2014that breathing exercises can help control anxiety. The preceding sentences enable the writer to build up to his main point (breathing exercises can help control anxiety) by using a personal anecdote (how he used to suffer from anxiety). The supporting sentences then expand on how breathing exercises help the writer by providing additional information. The last sentence is the concluding sentence and restates how breathing can help manage anxiety.<\/p>\n<p>Placing a topic sentence in the middle of a paragraph is often used in creative writing. If you notice that you have used a topic sentence in the middle of a paragraph in an academic essay, read through the paragraph carefully to make sure that it contains only one major topic. To read more about topic sentences and where they appear in paragraphs, see Chapter 8 &#8220;The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?&#8221;.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Implied Topic Sentences<\/h2>\n<p>Some well-organized paragraphs do not contain a topic sentence at all. Instead of being directly stated, the main idea is implied in the content of the paragraph. Read the following example:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p>Heaving herself up the stairs, Luella had to pause for breath several times. She let out a wheeze as she sat down heavily in the wooden rocking chair. Tao approached her cautiously, as if she might crumble at the slightest touch. He studied her face, like parchment; stretched across the bones so finely he could almost see right through the skin to the decaying muscle underneath. Luella smiled a toothless grin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Although no single sentence in this paragraph states the main idea, the entire paragraph focuses on one concept\u2014that Luella is extremely old. The topic sentence is thus implied rather than stated. This technique is often used in descriptive or narrative writing. Implied topic sentences work well if the writer has a firm idea of what he or she intends to say in the paragraph and sticks to it. However, a paragraph loses its effectiveness if an implied topic sentence is too subtle or the writer loses focus.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s01_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Tip<\/h3>\n<p>Avoid using implied topic sentences in an informational document. Readers often lose patience if they are unable to quickly grasp what the writer is trying to say. The clearest and most efficient way to communicate in an informational document is to position the topic sentence at the beginning of the paragraph.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s01_n03\" class=\"im_exercises im_block\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercise 4<\/h3>\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">Identify the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentence in the following paragraph.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The desert provides a harsh environment in which few mammals are able to adapt. Of these hardy creatures, the kangaroo rat is possibly the most fascinating. Able to live in some of the most arid parts of the southwest, the kangaroo rat neither sweats nor pants to keep cool. Its specialized kidneys enable it to survive on a miniscule amount of water. Unlike other desert creatures, the kangaroo rat does not store water in its body but instead is able to convert the dry seeds it eats into moisture. Its ability to adapt to such a hostile environment makes the kangaroo rat a truly amazing creature.<\/p>\n<p>Collaboration<\/p>\n<p>Please share with a classmate and compare your answers.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Supporting Sentences<\/h2>\n<p>If you think of a paragraph as a hamburger, the supporting sentences are the meat inside the bun. They make up the body of the paragraph by explaining, proving, or enhancing the controlling idea in the topic sentence. Most paragraphs contain three to six supporting sentences depending on the audience and purpose for writing. A supporting sentence usually offers one of the following:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s02_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Reason<\/strong><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Sentence:<\/strong> The refusal of the baby boom generation to retire is contributing to the current lack of available jobs.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Fact<\/strong><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Sentence:<\/strong> Many families now rely on older relatives to support them financially.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Statistic<\/strong><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Sentence:<\/strong> Nearly 10 percent of adults are currently unemployed in the United States.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Quotation<\/strong><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Sentence:<\/strong> \u201cWe will not allow this situation to continue,\u201d stated Senator Johns.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Example<\/strong><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Sentence:<\/strong> Last year, Bill was asked to retire at the age of fifty-five.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The type of supporting sentence you choose will depend on what you are writing and why you are writing. For example, if you are attempting to persuade your audience to take a particular position you should rely on facts, statistics, and concrete examples, rather than personal opinions. Read the following example:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s02_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p>There are numerous advantages to owning a hybrid car. <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">(Topic sentence)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>First, they get 20 percent to 35 percent more miles to the gallon than a fuel-efficient gas-powered vehicle. <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">(Supporting sentence 1: statistic)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Second, they produce very few emissions during low speed city driving. <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">(Supporting sentence 2: fact)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Because they do not require gas, hybrid cars reduce dependency on fossil fuels, which helps lower prices at the pump. <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">(Supporting sentence 3: reason)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Alex bought a hybrid car two years ago and has been extremely impressed with its performance. <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">(Supporting sentence 4: example)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s the cheapest car I\u2019ve ever had,\u201d she said. \u201cThe running costs are far lower than previous gas powered vehicles I\u2019ve owned.\u201d <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">(Supporting sentence 5: quotation)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Given the low running costs and environmental benefits of owning a hybrid car, it is likely that many more people will follow Alex\u2019s example in the near future. <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">(Concluding sentence)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>To find information for your supporting sentences, you might consider using one of the following sources:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s02_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>Reference book<\/li>\n<li>Encyclopedia<\/li>\n<li>Website<\/li>\n<li>Biography\/autobiography<\/li>\n<li>Map<\/li>\n<li>Dictionary<\/li>\n<li>Newspaper\/magazine<\/li>\n<li>Interview<\/li>\n<li>Previous experience<\/li>\n<li>Personal research<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To read more about sources and research, see Chapter 11 &#8220;Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?&#8221;.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s02_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Tip<\/h3>\n<p>When searching for information on the Internet, remember that some websites are more reliable than others. websites ending in .gov or .edu are generally more reliable than websites ending in .com or .org. Wikis and blogs are not reliable sources of information because they are subject to inaccuracies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Concluding Sentences<\/h2>\n<p>An effective concluding sentence draws together all the ideas you have raised in your paragraph. It reminds readers of the main point\u2014the topic sentence\u2014without restating it in exactly the same words. Using the hamburger example, the top bun (the topic sentence) and the bottom bun (the concluding sentence) are very similar. They frame the \u201cmeat\u201d or body of the paragraph. Compare the topic sentence and concluding sentence from the previous example:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s03_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Topic sentence:<\/strong> There are numerous advantages to owning a hybrid car.<\/p>\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Concluding sentence:<\/strong> Given the low running costs and environmental benefits of owning a hybrid car, it is likely that many more people will follow Alex\u2019s example in the near future.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Notice the use of the synonyms <em class=\"im_emphasis\">advantages<\/em> and <em class=\"im_emphasis\">benefits<\/em>. The concluding sentence reiterates the idea that owning a hybrid is advantageous without using the exact same words. It also summarizes two examples of the advantages covered in the supporting sentences: low running costs and environmental benefits.<\/p>\n<p>You should avoid introducing any new ideas into your concluding sentence. A conclusion is intended to provide the reader with a sense of completion. Introducing a subject that is not covered in the paragraph will confuse the reader and weaken your writing.<\/p>\n<p>A concluding sentence may do any of the following:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s03_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>Restate the main idea.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Example:<\/strong> Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the United States.<\/li>\n<li>Summarize the key points in the paragraph.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Example:<\/strong> A lack of healthy choices, poor parenting, and an addiction to video games are among the many factors contributing to childhood obesity.<\/li>\n<li>Draw a conclusion based on the information in the paragraph.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Example:<\/strong> These statistics indicate that unless we take action, childhood obesity rates will continue to rise.<\/li>\n<li>Make a prediction, suggestion, or recommendation about the information in the paragraph.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Example:<\/strong> Based on this research, more than 60 percent of children in the United States will be morbidly obese by the year 2030 unless we take evasive action.<\/li>\n<li>Offer an additional observation about the controlling idea.<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Example:<\/strong> Childhood obesity is an entirely preventable tragedy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s03_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercise 5<\/h3>\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">\n<p data-type=\"title\">On your own paper, write one example of each type of concluding sentence based on a topic of your choice.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\n<h2 class=\"im_title\">Transitions<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s04\" class=\"im_section\">\n<p>A strong paragraph moves seamlessly from the topic sentence into the supporting sentences and on to the concluding sentence. To help organize a paragraph and ensure that ideas logically connect to one another, writers use transitional words and phrases. A <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">transition<\/span><\/span> is a connecting word that describes a relationship between ideas. Take another look at the earlier example:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s04_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p>There are numerous advantages to owning a hybrid car. <span class=\"im_token\">First<\/span>, they get 20 percent to 35 percent more miles to the gallon than a fuel-efficient gas-powered vehicle. <span class=\"im_token\">Second<\/span>, they produce very few emissions during low speed city driving. <span class=\"im_token\">Because<\/span> they do not require gas, hybrid cars reduce dependency on fossil fuels, which helps lower prices at the pump. Alex bought a hybrid car two years ago and has been extremely impressed with its performance. \u201cIt\u2019s the cheapest car I\u2019ve ever had,\u201d she said. \u201cThe running costs are far lower than previous gas-powered vehicles I\u2019ve owned.\u201d Given the low running costs and environmental benefits of owning a hybrid car, it is likely that many more people will follow Alex\u2019s example in the near future.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Each of the underlined words is a transition word. Words such as <em class=\"im_emphasis\">first<\/em> and <em class=\"im_emphasis\">second<\/em> are transition words that show sequence or clarify order. They help organize the writer\u2019s ideas by showing that he or she has another point to make in support of the topic sentence. Other transition words that show order include <em class=\"im_emphasis\">third<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">also<\/em>, and <em class=\"im_emphasis\">furthermore<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The transition word <em class=\"im_emphasis\">because<\/em> is a transition word of consequence that continues a line of thought. It indicates that the writer will provide an explanation of a result. In this sentence, the writer explains why hybrid cars will reduce dependency on fossil fuels (because they do not require gas). Other transition words of consequence include <em class=\"im_emphasis\">as a result<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">so that<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">since<\/em>, or <em class=\"im_emphasis\">for this reason<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>To include a summarizing transition in her concluding sentence, the writer could rewrite the final sentence as follows:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s04_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p>In conclusion, given the low running costs and environmental benefits of owning a hybrid car, it is likely that many more people will follow Alex\u2019s example in the near future.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The following chart provides some useful transition words to connect supporting sentences and concluding sentences. See Chapter 8 &#8220;The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?&#8221; for a more comprehensive look at transitional words and phrases.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s04_t01\" class=\"im_table im_block\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Table 6.1<\/span> Useful Transitional Words and Phrases<\/p>\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"6\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">For Supporting Sentences<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>above all<\/td>\n<td>but<\/td>\n<td>for instance<\/td>\n<td>in particular<\/td>\n<td>moreover<\/td>\n<td>subsequently<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>also<\/td>\n<td>conversely<\/td>\n<td>furthermore<\/td>\n<td>later on<\/td>\n<td>nevertheless<\/td>\n<td>therefore<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>aside from<\/td>\n<td>correspondingly<\/td>\n<td>however<\/td>\n<td>likewise<\/td>\n<td>on one hand<\/td>\n<td>to begin with<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>at the same time<\/td>\n<td>for example<\/td>\n<td>in addition<\/td>\n<td>meanwhile<\/td>\n<td>on the contrary<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"6\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">For Concluding Sentences<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>after all<\/td>\n<td>all things considered<\/td>\n<td>in brief<\/td>\n<td>in summary<\/td>\n<td>on the whole<\/td>\n<td>to sum up<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>all in all<\/td>\n<td>finally<\/td>\n<td>in conclusion<\/td>\n<td>on balance<\/td>\n<td>thus<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch06_s02_s02_s01_s04_n03\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercise 6<\/h3>\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">Using your own paper, write a paragraph on a topic of your choice. Be sure to include a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence and to use transitional words and phrases to link your ideas together.<\/p>\n<p>Collaboration<\/p>\n<p>Please share with a classmate and compare your answers.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3>Writing at Work<\/h3>\n<section>\n<div data-type=\"note\">\n<p>Transitional words and phrases are useful tools to incorporate into workplace documents. They guide the reader through the document, clarifying relationships between sentences and paragraphs so that the reader understands why they have been written in that particular order.<\/p>\n<p>For example, when writing an instructional memo, it may be helpful to consider the following transitional words and phrases: <em class=\"im_emphasis\">before you begin<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">first<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">next<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">then<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">finally<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">after you have completed<\/em>. Using these transitions as a template to write your memo will provide readers with clear, logical instructions about a particular process and the order in which steps are supposed to be completed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<section>\n<div data-type=\"note\">\n<ul>\n<li>A good paragraph contains three distinct components: a topic sentence, body, and concluding sentence.<\/li>\n<li>The topic sentence expresses the main idea of the paragraph combined with the writer\u2019s attitude or opinion about the topic.<\/li>\n<li>Good topic sentences contain both a main idea and a controlling idea, are clear and easy to follow, use engaging vocabulary, and provide an accurate indication of what will follow in the rest of the paragraph.<\/li>\n<li>Topic sentences may be placed at the beginning, middle, or end of a paragraph. In most academic essays, the topic sentence is placed at the beginning of a paragraph.<\/li>\n<li>Supporting sentences help explain, prove, or enhance the topic sentence by offering facts, reasons, statistics, quotations, or examples.<\/li>\n<li>Concluding sentences summarize the key points in a paragraph and reiterate the main idea without repeating it word for word.<\/li>\n<li>Transitional words and phrases help organize ideas in a paragraph and show how these ideas relate to one another.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-63\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Successful Writing. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/successful-writing\/\">http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/successful-writing\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":5,"menu_order":45,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Successful Writing\",\"author\":\"Anonymous\",\"organization\":\"Anonymous\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/successful-writing\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-63","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":242,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/63","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/63\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":370,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/63\/revisions\/370"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/242"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/63\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=63"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=63"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=63"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}