{"id":67,"date":"2014-07-18T19:26:35","date_gmt":"2014-07-18T19:26:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/successfulwriting\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=67"},"modified":"2015-03-19T21:56:02","modified_gmt":"2015-03-19T21:56:02","slug":"7-2-coordination-and-subordination","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/chapter\/7-2-coordination-and-subordination\/","title":{"raw":"7.2 Coordination and Subordination","rendered":"7.2 Coordination and Subordination"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Identify coordination and subordination in writing.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Combine sentences and ideas using coordination.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Combine sentences and ideas using subordination.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n\r\nIn the previous section, we learned how to use different patterns to create sentence variety and to add emphasis to important points in our writing. Next, we will examine two ways in which we can join sentences with related ideas:\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Coordination<\/span><\/span><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">.<\/strong> Joining two related ideas of equal importance.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Subordination<\/span><\/span><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">.<\/strong> Joining two related ideas of unequal importance.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nConnecting sentences with coordinate or subordinate clauses creates more coherent paragraphs, and in turn, produces more effective writing. In this section, you will read excerpts from Naomi\u2019s classmate named Joshua, who drafted an essay about wine production. Read this excerpt from Joshua\u2019s essay.\r\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large im_block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_11\/6261f1ab25a0321fcbaa91d144a42147.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_6261f1ab25a0321fcbaa91d144a42147.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\nThis section examines several ways to combine sentences with coordination and subordination, using Joshua\u2019s essay as an example.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Coordination<\/h2>\r\nCoordination joins two independent clauses that contain related ideas of equal importance.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Original sentences:<\/strong> I spent my entire paycheck last week. I am staying home this weekend.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn their current form, these sentences contain two separate ideas that may or may not be related. Am I staying home this week <em class=\"im_emphasis\">because<\/em> I spent my paycheck, or is there another reason for my lack of enthusiasm to leave the house? To indicate a relationship between the two ideas, we can use the coordinating conjunction <em class=\"im_emphasis\">so<\/em>:\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Revised sentence:<\/strong> I spent my entire paycheck last week, <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">so<\/strong> I am staying home this weekend.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe revised sentence illustrates that the two ideas are connected. Notice that the sentence retains two independent clauses (<em class=\"im_emphasis\">I spent my entire paycheck<\/em>; <em class=\"im_emphasis\">I am staying home this weekend<\/em>) because each can stand alone as a complete idea.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Coordinating Conjunctions<\/h2>\r\nA <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">coordinating conjunction<\/span><\/span> is a word that joins two independent clauses. The most common coordinating conjunctions are <em class=\"im_emphasis\">for<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">and<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">nor<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">but<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">or<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">yet<\/em>, and <em class=\"im_emphasis\">so<\/em>. Note that a comma precedes the coordinating conjunction when joining two clauses.\r\n<div class=\"im_informaltable im_block\">\r\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Independent Clause<\/th>\r\n<th>Coordinating Conjunction<\/th>\r\n<th>Independent Clause<\/th>\r\n<th>Revised Sentence<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>I will not be attending the dance.<\/td>\r\n<td>for (indicates a reason or cause)<\/td>\r\n<td>I have no one to go with.<\/td>\r\n<td>I will not be attending the dance, for I have no one to go with.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>I plan to stay home.<\/td>\r\n<td>and (joins two ideas)<\/td>\r\n<td>I will complete an essay for class.<\/td>\r\n<td>I plan to stay home, and I will complete an essay for class.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Jessie isn\u2019t going to be at the dance.<\/td>\r\n<td>nor (indicates a negative)<\/td>\r\n<td>Tom won\u2019t be there either.<\/td>\r\n<td>Jessie isn\u2019t going to be at the dance, nor will Tom be there.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>The fundraisers are hoping for a record-breaking attendance.<\/td>\r\n<td>but (indicates a contrast)<\/td>\r\n<td>I don\u2019t think many people are going.<\/td>\r\n<td>The fundraisers are hoping for a record-breaking attendance, but I don\u2019t think many people are going.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>I might go to the next fundraising event.<\/td>\r\n<td>or (offers an alternative)<\/td>\r\n<td>I might donate some money to the cause.<\/td>\r\n<td>I might go to the next fundraising event, or I might donate some money to the cause.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>My parents are worried that I am antisocial.<\/td>\r\n<td>yet (indicates a reason)<\/td>\r\n<td>I have many friends at school.<\/td>\r\n<td>My parents are worried that I am antisocial, yet I have many friends at school.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Buying a new dress is expensive.<\/td>\r\n<td>so (indicates a result)<\/td>\r\n<td>By staying home I will save money.<\/td>\r\n<td>Buying a new dress is expensive, so by staying home I will save money.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Tip<\/h3>\r\nTo help you remember the seven coordinating conjunctions, think of the acronym FANBOYS: <em class=\"im_emphasis\">for<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">and<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">nor<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">but<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">or<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">yet<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">so<\/em>. Remember that when you use a coordinating conjunction in a sentence, a comma should precede it.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Conjunctive Adverbs<\/h2>\r\nAnother method of joining two independent clauses with related and equal ideas is to use a conjunctive adverb and a semicolon (see Chapter 2 \"Writing Basics: What Makes a Good Sentence?\" for information on semicolon usage). A <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">conjunctive adverb<\/span><\/span> is a linking word that demonstrates a relationship between two clauses. Read the following sentences:\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s02_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Original sentences:<\/strong> Bridget wants to take part in the next Olympics. She trains every day.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nSince these sentences contain two equal and related ideas, they may be joined using a conjunctive adverb. Now, read the revised sentence:\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s02_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Revised sentence:<\/strong> Bridget wants to take part in the next Olympics; therefore, she trains every day.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe revised sentence explains the relationship between Bridget\u2019s desire to take part in the next Olympics and her daily training. Notice that the conjunctive adverb comes after a semicolon that separates the two clauses and is followed by a comma.\r\n\r\nReview the following chart of some common conjunctive adverbs with examples of how they are used:\r\n<div class=\"im_informaltable im_block\">\r\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Function<\/th>\r\n<th>Conjunctive Adverb<\/th>\r\n<th>Example<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Addition<\/td>\r\n<td>also, furthermore, moreover, besides<\/td>\r\n<td>Alicia was late for class and stuck in traffic; furthermore, her shoe heel had broken and she had forgotten her lunch.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Comparison<\/td>\r\n<td>similarly, likewise<\/td>\r\n<td>Recycling aluminum cans is beneficial to the environment; similarly, reusing plastic bags and switching off lights reduces waste.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Contrast<\/td>\r\n<td>instead, however, conversely<\/td>\r\n<td>Most people do not walk to work; instead, they drive or take the train.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Emphasis<\/td>\r\n<td>namely, certainly, indeed<\/td>\r\n<td>The Siberian tiger is a rare creature; indeed, there are fewer than five hundred left in the wild.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Cause and Effect<\/td>\r\n<td>accordingly, consequently, hence, thus<\/td>\r\n<td>I missed my train this morning; consequently, I was late for my meeting.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Time<\/td>\r\n<td>finally, next, subsequently, then<\/td>\r\n<td>Tim crossed the barrier, jumped over the wall, and pushed through the hole in the fence; finally, he made it to the station.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nTake a look at Joshua\u2019s essay on wine production and identify some areas in which he might use coordination.\r\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large im_block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_11\/bf0139a4ac3be8c1332fa8e29d65fb00.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_bf0139a4ac3be8c1332fa8e29d65fb00.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\nNow look at Joshua\u2019s revised essay. Did you coordinate the same sentences? You may find that your answers are different because there are usually several ways to join two independent clauses.\r\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large im_block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_11\/4bbaddc1c7fe3f2ce404fc58d4f9a387.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_4bbaddc1c7fe3f2ce404fc58d4f9a387.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s02_n03\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercise 1<\/h3>\r\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">Combine each sentence pair into a single sentence using either a coordinating conjunction or a conjunctive adverb. Then copy the combined sentence onto your own sheet of paper.\r\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s02_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n\t<li>Pets are not allowed in Mr. Taylor\u2019s building. He owns several cats and a parrot.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>New legislation prevents drivers from sending or reading text messages while driving. Many people continue to use their phones illegally.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The coroner concluded that the young man had taken a lethal concoction of drugs. By the time his relatives found him, nothing could be done.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Amphibians are vertebrates that live on land and in the water. Flatworms are invertebrates that live only in water.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Ashley carefully fed and watered her tomato plants all summer. The tomatoes grew juicy and ripe.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>When he lost his car key, Simon attempted to open the door with a wire hanger, a credit card, and a paper clip. He called the manufacturer for advice.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nCollaboration\r\n\r\nPlease share with a classmate and compare your answers.\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s02_n04\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\"><section id=\"glossary\">\r\n<h3>Writing at Work<\/h3>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\">When writing an essay or a report, it is important that you do not use excessive coordination. Workplace documents should be clear and concise, so only join two clauses that are logically connected and can work together to make one main point. If you repeat the same coordinating conjunction several times in a sentence, you are probably including more than one idea. This may make it difficult for readers to pick out the most important information in each sentence.<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"lti-mapping\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Subordination<\/h2>\r\nSubordination joins two sentences with related ideas by merging them into a <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">main clause<\/span><\/span> (a complete sentence) and a <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">dependent clause<\/span><\/span> (a construction that relies on the main clause to complete its meaning). Coordination allows a writer to give equal weight to the two ideas that are being combined, and subordination enables a writer to emphasize one idea over the other. Take a look at the following sentences:\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Original sentences:<\/strong> Tracy stopped to help the injured man. She would be late for work.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nTo illustrate that these two ideas are related, we can rewrite them as a single sentence using the subordinating conjunction <em class=\"im_emphasis\">even though<\/em>.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Revised sentence:<\/strong> Even though Tracy would be late for work, she stopped to help the injured man.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn the revised version, we now have an independent clause (<em class=\"im_emphasis\">she stopped to help the injured man<\/em>) that stands as a complete sentence and a dependent clause (<em class=\"im_emphasis\">even though Tracy would be late for work<\/em>) that is subordinate to the main clause. Notice that the revised sentence emphasizes the fact that Tracy stopped to help the injured man, rather than the fact she would be late for work. We could also write the sentence this way:\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_n03\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Revised sentence:<\/strong> Tracy stopped to help the injured man even though she would be late for work.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe meaning remains the same in both sentences, with the subordinating conjunction <em class=\"im_emphasis\">even though<\/em> introducing the dependent clause.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_n04\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Tip<\/h3>\r\nTo punctuate sentences correctly, look at the position of the main clause and the subordinate clause. If a subordinate clause precedes the main clause, use a comma. If the subordinate clause follows the main cause, no punctuation is required.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Subordinating Conjunctions<\/h2>\r\nA <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">subordinating conjunction<\/span><\/span> is a word that joins a subordinate (dependent) clause to a main (independent) clause. Review the following chart of some common subordinating conjunctions and examples of how they are used:\r\n<div class=\"im_informaltable im_block\">\r\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Function<\/th>\r\n<th>Subordinating Conjunction<\/th>\r\n<th>Example<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Concession<\/td>\r\n<td>although, while, though, whereas, even though<\/td>\r\n<td>Sarah completed her report even though she had to stay late to get it done.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Condition<\/td>\r\n<td>if, unless, until<\/td>\r\n<td>Until we know what is causing the problem, we will not be able to fix it.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Manner<\/td>\r\n<td>as if, as, though<\/td>\r\n<td>Everyone in the conference room stopped talking at once, as though they had been stunned into silence.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Place<\/td>\r\n<td>where, wherever<\/td>\r\n<td>Rita is in San Jose where she has several important client meetings.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Reason<\/td>\r\n<td>because, since, so that, in order that<\/td>\r\n<td>Because the air conditioning was turned up so high, everyone in the office wore sweaters.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Time<\/td>\r\n<td>after, before, while, once, when<\/td>\r\n<td>After the meeting had finished, we all went to lunch.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nTake a look at the excerpt from Joshua\u2019s essay and identify some areas in which he might use subordination.\r\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large im_block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_11\/23367ff7f0c317c41d5e2fd4c0949d2b.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_23367ff7f0c317c41d5e2fd4c0949d2b.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\nNow look at Joshua\u2019s revised essay and compare your answers. You will probably notice that there are many different ways to subordinate sentences.\r\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large im_block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_11\/76b5d0a6a075c470c19299d4e368311e.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_76b5d0a6a075c470c19299d4e368311e.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_s01_n01\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercise 2<\/h3>\r\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">Combine each sentence pair into a single sentence using a subordinating conjunction and then copy the combined sentence onto your own sheet of paper.\r\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_s01_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n\t<li>Jake is going to Mexico. There are beautiful beaches in Mexico.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A snowstorm disrupted traffic all over the east coast. There will be long delivery delays this week.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>My neighbor had his television volume turned up too high. I banged on his door and asked him to keep the noise down.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Jessica prepared the potato salad and the saut\u00e9ed vegetables. Ashley marinated the chicken.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Romeo poisons himself. Juliet awakes to find Romeo dead and stabs herself with a dagger.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercise 3<\/h3>\r\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_s01_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\nCopy the paragraph from Joshua\u2019s essay onto your own sheet of paper. Then edit using the techniques you have learned in this section. Join the underlined sentences using coordination or subordination. Check your revised sentences for punctuation.\r\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_11\/2781fe28f4a325a05a381a9ab8138f0c.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_2781fe28f4a325a05a381a9ab8138f0c.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_s01_n03\" class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block\"><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\"><section id=\"glossary\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Coordination and subordination join two sentences with related ideas.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Coordination joins sentences with related and equal ideas, whereas subordination joins sentences with related but unequal ideas.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Sentences can be coordinated using either a coordinating conjunction and a comma or a conjunctive adverb and a semicolon.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Subordinate sentences are characterized by the use of a subordinate conjunction.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>In a subordinate sentence, a comma is used to separate the main clause from the dependent clause if the dependent clause is placed at the beginning of the sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify coordination and subordination in writing.<\/li>\n<li>Combine sentences and ideas using coordination.<\/li>\n<li>Combine sentences and ideas using subordination.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<p>In the previous section, we learned how to use different patterns to create sentence variety and to add emphasis to important points in our writing. Next, we will examine two ways in which we can join sentences with related ideas:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Coordination<\/span><\/span><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">.<\/strong> Joining two related ideas of equal importance.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Subordination<\/span><\/span><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">.<\/strong> Joining two related ideas of unequal importance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Connecting sentences with coordinate or subordinate clauses creates more coherent paragraphs, and in turn, produces more effective writing. In this section, you will read excerpts from Naomi\u2019s classmate named Joshua, who drafted an essay about wine production. Read this excerpt from Joshua\u2019s essay.<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large im_block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_11\/6261f1ab25a0321fcbaa91d144a42147.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_6261f1ab25a0321fcbaa91d144a42147.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>This section examines several ways to combine sentences with coordination and subordination, using Joshua\u2019s essay as an example.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Coordination<\/h2>\n<p>Coordination joins two independent clauses that contain related ideas of equal importance.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Original sentences:<\/strong> I spent my entire paycheck last week. I am staying home this weekend.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In their current form, these sentences contain two separate ideas that may or may not be related. Am I staying home this week <em class=\"im_emphasis\">because<\/em> I spent my paycheck, or is there another reason for my lack of enthusiasm to leave the house? To indicate a relationship between the two ideas, we can use the coordinating conjunction <em class=\"im_emphasis\">so<\/em>:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Revised sentence:<\/strong> I spent my entire paycheck last week, <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">so<\/strong> I am staying home this weekend.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The revised sentence illustrates that the two ideas are connected. Notice that the sentence retains two independent clauses (<em class=\"im_emphasis\">I spent my entire paycheck<\/em>; <em class=\"im_emphasis\">I am staying home this weekend<\/em>) because each can stand alone as a complete idea.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Coordinating Conjunctions<\/h2>\n<p>A <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">coordinating conjunction<\/span><\/span> is a word that joins two independent clauses. The most common coordinating conjunctions are <em class=\"im_emphasis\">for<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">and<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">nor<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">but<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">or<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">yet<\/em>, and <em class=\"im_emphasis\">so<\/em>. Note that a comma precedes the coordinating conjunction when joining two clauses.<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_informaltable im_block\">\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Independent Clause<\/th>\n<th>Coordinating Conjunction<\/th>\n<th>Independent Clause<\/th>\n<th>Revised Sentence<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>I will not be attending the dance.<\/td>\n<td>for (indicates a reason or cause)<\/td>\n<td>I have no one to go with.<\/td>\n<td>I will not be attending the dance, for I have no one to go with.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I plan to stay home.<\/td>\n<td>and (joins two ideas)<\/td>\n<td>I will complete an essay for class.<\/td>\n<td>I plan to stay home, and I will complete an essay for class.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Jessie isn\u2019t going to be at the dance.<\/td>\n<td>nor (indicates a negative)<\/td>\n<td>Tom won\u2019t be there either.<\/td>\n<td>Jessie isn\u2019t going to be at the dance, nor will Tom be there.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>The fundraisers are hoping for a record-breaking attendance.<\/td>\n<td>but (indicates a contrast)<\/td>\n<td>I don\u2019t think many people are going.<\/td>\n<td>The fundraisers are hoping for a record-breaking attendance, but I don\u2019t think many people are going.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I might go to the next fundraising event.<\/td>\n<td>or (offers an alternative)<\/td>\n<td>I might donate some money to the cause.<\/td>\n<td>I might go to the next fundraising event, or I might donate some money to the cause.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>My parents are worried that I am antisocial.<\/td>\n<td>yet (indicates a reason)<\/td>\n<td>I have many friends at school.<\/td>\n<td>My parents are worried that I am antisocial, yet I have many friends at school.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Buying a new dress is expensive.<\/td>\n<td>so (indicates a result)<\/td>\n<td>By staying home I will save money.<\/td>\n<td>Buying a new dress is expensive, so by staying home I will save money.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Tip<\/h3>\n<p>To help you remember the seven coordinating conjunctions, think of the acronym FANBOYS: <em class=\"im_emphasis\">for<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">and<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">nor<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">but<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">or<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">yet<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis\">so<\/em>. Remember that when you use a coordinating conjunction in a sentence, a comma should precede it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Conjunctive Adverbs<\/h2>\n<p>Another method of joining two independent clauses with related and equal ideas is to use a conjunctive adverb and a semicolon (see Chapter 2 &#8220;Writing Basics: What Makes a Good Sentence?&#8221; for information on semicolon usage). A <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">conjunctive adverb<\/span><\/span> is a linking word that demonstrates a relationship between two clauses. Read the following sentences:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s02_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Original sentences:<\/strong> Bridget wants to take part in the next Olympics. She trains every day.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Since these sentences contain two equal and related ideas, they may be joined using a conjunctive adverb. Now, read the revised sentence:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s02_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Revised sentence:<\/strong> Bridget wants to take part in the next Olympics; therefore, she trains every day.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The revised sentence explains the relationship between Bridget\u2019s desire to take part in the next Olympics and her daily training. Notice that the conjunctive adverb comes after a semicolon that separates the two clauses and is followed by a comma.<\/p>\n<p>Review the following chart of some common conjunctive adverbs with examples of how they are used:<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_informaltable im_block\">\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Function<\/th>\n<th>Conjunctive Adverb<\/th>\n<th>Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Addition<\/td>\n<td>also, furthermore, moreover, besides<\/td>\n<td>Alicia was late for class and stuck in traffic; furthermore, her shoe heel had broken and she had forgotten her lunch.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Comparison<\/td>\n<td>similarly, likewise<\/td>\n<td>Recycling aluminum cans is beneficial to the environment; similarly, reusing plastic bags and switching off lights reduces waste.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Contrast<\/td>\n<td>instead, however, conversely<\/td>\n<td>Most people do not walk to work; instead, they drive or take the train.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Emphasis<\/td>\n<td>namely, certainly, indeed<\/td>\n<td>The Siberian tiger is a rare creature; indeed, there are fewer than five hundred left in the wild.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cause and Effect<\/td>\n<td>accordingly, consequently, hence, thus<\/td>\n<td>I missed my train this morning; consequently, I was late for my meeting.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Time<\/td>\n<td>finally, next, subsequently, then<\/td>\n<td>Tim crossed the barrier, jumped over the wall, and pushed through the hole in the fence; finally, he made it to the station.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Take a look at Joshua\u2019s essay on wine production and identify some areas in which he might use coordination.<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large im_block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_11\/bf0139a4ac3be8c1332fa8e29d65fb00.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_bf0139a4ac3be8c1332fa8e29d65fb00.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>Now look at Joshua\u2019s revised essay. Did you coordinate the same sentences? You may find that your answers are different because there are usually several ways to join two independent clauses.<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large im_block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_11\/4bbaddc1c7fe3f2ce404fc58d4f9a387.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_4bbaddc1c7fe3f2ce404fc58d4f9a387.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s02_n03\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercise 1<\/h3>\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">Combine each sentence pair into a single sentence using either a coordinating conjunction or a conjunctive adverb. Then copy the combined sentence onto your own sheet of paper.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s02_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Pets are not allowed in Mr. Taylor\u2019s building. He owns several cats and a parrot.<\/li>\n<li>New legislation prevents drivers from sending or reading text messages while driving. Many people continue to use their phones illegally.<\/li>\n<li>The coroner concluded that the young man had taken a lethal concoction of drugs. By the time his relatives found him, nothing could be done.<\/li>\n<li>Amphibians are vertebrates that live on land and in the water. Flatworms are invertebrates that live only in water.<\/li>\n<li>Ashley carefully fed and watered her tomato plants all summer. The tomatoes grew juicy and ripe.<\/li>\n<li>When he lost his car key, Simon attempted to open the door with a wire hanger, a credit card, and a paper clip. He called the manufacturer for advice.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Collaboration<\/p>\n<p>Please share with a classmate and compare your answers.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s01_s02_n04\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<section id=\"glossary\">\n<h3>Writing at Work<\/h3>\n<div data-type=\"definition\">When writing an essay or a report, it is important that you do not use excessive coordination. Workplace documents should be clear and concise, so only join two clauses that are logically connected and can work together to make one main point. If you repeat the same coordinating conjunction several times in a sentence, you are probably including more than one idea. This may make it difficult for readers to pick out the most important information in each sentence.<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lti-mapping\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Subordination<\/h2>\n<p>Subordination joins two sentences with related ideas by merging them into a <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">main clause<\/span><\/span> (a complete sentence) and a <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">dependent clause<\/span><\/span> (a construction that relies on the main clause to complete its meaning). Coordination allows a writer to give equal weight to the two ideas that are being combined, and subordination enables a writer to emphasize one idea over the other. Take a look at the following sentences:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Original sentences:<\/strong> Tracy stopped to help the injured man. She would be late for work.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>To illustrate that these two ideas are related, we can rewrite them as a single sentence using the subordinating conjunction <em class=\"im_emphasis\">even though<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Revised sentence:<\/strong> Even though Tracy would be late for work, she stopped to help the injured man.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the revised version, we now have an independent clause (<em class=\"im_emphasis\">she stopped to help the injured man<\/em>) that stands as a complete sentence and a dependent clause (<em class=\"im_emphasis\">even though Tracy would be late for work<\/em>) that is subordinate to the main clause. Notice that the revised sentence emphasizes the fact that Tracy stopped to help the injured man, rather than the fact she would be late for work. We could also write the sentence this way:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_n03\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Revised sentence:<\/strong> Tracy stopped to help the injured man even though she would be late for work.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The meaning remains the same in both sentences, with the subordinating conjunction <em class=\"im_emphasis\">even though<\/em> introducing the dependent clause.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_n04\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Tip<\/h3>\n<p>To punctuate sentences correctly, look at the position of the main clause and the subordinate clause. If a subordinate clause precedes the main clause, use a comma. If the subordinate clause follows the main cause, no punctuation is required.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Subordinating Conjunctions<\/h2>\n<p>A <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">subordinating conjunction<\/span><\/span> is a word that joins a subordinate (dependent) clause to a main (independent) clause. Review the following chart of some common subordinating conjunctions and examples of how they are used:<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_informaltable im_block\">\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Function<\/th>\n<th>Subordinating Conjunction<\/th>\n<th>Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Concession<\/td>\n<td>although, while, though, whereas, even though<\/td>\n<td>Sarah completed her report even though she had to stay late to get it done.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Condition<\/td>\n<td>if, unless, until<\/td>\n<td>Until we know what is causing the problem, we will not be able to fix it.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Manner<\/td>\n<td>as if, as, though<\/td>\n<td>Everyone in the conference room stopped talking at once, as though they had been stunned into silence.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Place<\/td>\n<td>where, wherever<\/td>\n<td>Rita is in San Jose where she has several important client meetings.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Reason<\/td>\n<td>because, since, so that, in order that<\/td>\n<td>Because the air conditioning was turned up so high, everyone in the office wore sweaters.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Time<\/td>\n<td>after, before, while, once, when<\/td>\n<td>After the meeting had finished, we all went to lunch.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Take a look at the excerpt from Joshua\u2019s essay and identify some areas in which he might use subordination.<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large im_block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_11\/23367ff7f0c317c41d5e2fd4c0949d2b.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_23367ff7f0c317c41d5e2fd4c0949d2b.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>Now look at Joshua\u2019s revised essay and compare your answers. You will probably notice that there are many different ways to subordinate sentences.<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large im_block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_11\/76b5d0a6a075c470c19299d4e368311e.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_76b5d0a6a075c470c19299d4e368311e.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_s01_n01\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercise 2<\/h3>\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">Combine each sentence pair into a single sentence using a subordinating conjunction and then copy the combined sentence onto your own sheet of paper.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_s01_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Jake is going to Mexico. There are beautiful beaches in Mexico.<\/li>\n<li>A snowstorm disrupted traffic all over the east coast. There will be long delivery delays this week.<\/li>\n<li>My neighbor had his television volume turned up too high. I banged on his door and asked him to keep the noise down.<\/li>\n<li>Jessica prepared the potato salad and the saut\u00e9ed vegetables. Ashley marinated the chicken.<\/li>\n<li>Romeo poisons himself. Juliet awakes to find Romeo dead and stabs herself with a dagger.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercise 3<\/h3>\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_s01_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\n<p>Copy the paragraph from Joshua\u2019s essay onto your own sheet of paper. Then edit using the techniques you have learned in this section. Join the underlined sentences using coordination or subordination. Check your revised sentences for punctuation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_11\/2781fe28f4a325a05a381a9ab8138f0c.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_2781fe28f4a325a05a381a9ab8138f0c.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch07_s02_s02_s01_n03\" class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block\"><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<section id=\"glossary\">\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<div data-type=\"definition\">\n<ul>\n<li>Coordination and subordination join two sentences with related ideas.<\/li>\n<li>Coordination joins sentences with related and equal ideas, whereas subordination joins sentences with related but unequal ideas.<\/li>\n<li>Sentences can be coordinated using either a coordinating conjunction and a comma or a conjunctive adverb and a semicolon.<\/li>\n<li>Subordinate sentences are characterized by the use of a subordinate conjunction.<\/li>\n<li>In a subordinate sentence, a comma is used to separate the main clause from the dependent clause if the dependent clause is placed at the beginning of the sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-67\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Successful Writing. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/successful-writing\/\">http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/successful-writing\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":5,"menu_order":49,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Successful Writing\",\"author\":\"Anonymous\",\"organization\":\"Anonymous\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/successful-writing\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-67","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":243,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/67","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/67\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":401,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/67\/revisions\/401"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/243"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/67\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=67"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=67"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=67"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}