{"id":1675,"date":"2018-06-20T15:48:34","date_gmt":"2018-06-20T15:48:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/chapter\/chicago-turabian-citations-and-references-notes-and-bibliography-nb-system\/"},"modified":"2023-08-03T16:34:13","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T16:34:13","slug":"chicago-turabian-citations-and-references-notes-and-bibliography-nb-system","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/chapter\/chicago-turabian-citations-and-references-notes-and-bibliography-nb-system\/","title":{"raw":"Chicago\/Turabian: Citations and References Notes and Bibliography (NB) System","rendered":"Chicago\/Turabian: Citations and References Notes and Bibliography (NB) System"},"content":{"raw":"
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Chicago\/Turabian (NB): The Bibliography Section<\/h2>\r\nIn Chicago NB style, the sources you cite in your paper are listed at the end in the bibliography.\r\n
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Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • In Chicago\/Turabian style, there are two approaches to formatting your citations: the Author Date system or the Notes and Bibliography (NB) system.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • If you are using NB, you will need a bibliography at the end of your paper, in which all the sources you cite throughout the text of your paper are listed together.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • The bibliography has its own special formatting rules, including hanging indentation.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • In each\u00a0citation\u00a0style, formatting differs slightly based on source type; for example, you would format \u00a0a citation differently if your source was an online book vs. a physical textbook.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • There are different citation styles for types of sources, including books, online resources, journals, and many others.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn Chicago\/Turabian papers using the Notes and Bibliography (NB) citation system, all the sources you cite throughout the text of your paper are listed together\u00a0and in\u00a0full in the bibliography, which comes after the main text of your paper. (If you are using the Author Date citation system, this will be called the References section.)\r\n

    Formatting the Bibliography<\/h3>\r\nThe top of the bibliography page, as the rest of your paper, should still include the page number in the right header. On the first line, the title of the page\u2014\u201cBibliography\u201d\u2014should appear centered and not italicized or bolded. After the page title, leave two blank lines before your first citation.\r\n\r\nUnlike the rest of your paper, this page should not be double-spaced: leave a blank line between each citation, but the citations themselves should not be double-spaced. Your citations should be in alphabetical order by the first word in each citation (usually the author's last name).\r\n\r\nEach citation should be formatted with what is called a hanging indent. This means the first line of each reference should be flush with the left margin (i.e., not indented), but the rest of that reference should be indented one inch from the left margin. Any word-processing program will let you format this automatically so you don\u2019t have to do it by hand. (In Microsoft Word, for example, you simply highlight your citations, click on the small arrow right next to the word \"Paragraph\" on the home tab, and in the popup box choose \"hanging indent\" under the \"Special\" section. Click OK, and you're done.)\r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n\r\n\"image\"\r\n

    Bibliography<\/strong>: This is an example of a correctly formatted bibliography in Chicago\/Turabian NB style.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    Constructing a Citation<\/h3>\r\nThe first step in building each individual citation is to determine the type of resource you are citing, since in each citation style formatting differs slightly based on source type. Some common types are a book, a chapter from a book, a journal article, an online book or article, an online video, a blog post, and personal communication such as an email or an interview you conducted. (You'll notice that \"website\" is not a category by itself. If the information you found is online, you want to determine if you're looking at an online book, an online article, or some other type of document.) The most important information to have for citing a source will always be the author names, the title, and the publisher information and year of publication.\r\n\r\nAs an example, let's look in detail at the process of citing three particular sources in Chicago style: Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness<\/em> (i.e., a book by one author), Project Gutenberg's online text of the same book (i.e., an online book), and an online journal article about the book.\r\n

    Print Sources<\/h3>\r\n

    Author Name<\/h3>\r\nYou always want to start with the author information. You should present the author information in the following order and format: the author's last name (capitalized), a comma, the author's first name (capitalized), the author's middle initial (if given), and then a period:\r\n
      \r\n \t
    • Conrad, Joseph.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

      Title of Source<\/h3>\r\nNext, you should include the title of the source in title case. For a book or other standalone source, the title is italicized; otherwise it should be enclosed in quotation marks.\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • Heart of Darkness.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

        City of Publication<\/h3>\r\nNext, you want to provide the location of the publisher's office. The location is generally a city, such as \"London\" or \"New York, NY.\"\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • London:<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

          Publisher Name<\/h3>\r\nNext, provide the publisher's name, followed by a comma:\r\n
            \r\n \t
          • Everyman's Library,<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

            Date of Publication<\/h3>\r\nAfter the publisher information, you provide the year in which the source was published, followed by a period.\r\n
              \r\n \t
            • 1993.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAll together, then, the citation looks like this:\r\n
                \r\n \t
              • Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness<\/em>. London: Everyman's Library, 1993.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                Online Sources<\/h3>\r\nNow let's take a look at the citation for the online version of the same book, available online through the publisher Project Gutenberg (gutenberg.org). Treat the online version of a print book exactly the same as a print book, but with an indication of where you found it online.\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                • Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness<\/em>. Project Gutenberg<\/em>, 2006. https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/219\/219-h\/219-h.htm.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                  Journal Articles and Multiple Authors<\/h3>\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  • NooriBerzenji, Latef S., and Marwan Abdi. \"The Image of the Africans in Heart of Darkness<\/em> and Things Fall Apart<\/em>.\" Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary <\/em> Research<\/em> in Business <\/em>5, no. 4 (2013): 710\u2013726.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nMuch of this citation will look familiar to you now that you know the basics. Again, we start with the author information. If the source has multiple authors, the citation rules are a little different. The first author will be listed with their surname first (Conrad, Joseph) but subsequent authors will be listed with their first names first (Joseph Conrad). Use the word \"and\" (not an ampersand,&\") before the last author.\u00a0Here we have only two authors, but if we had five, the \"and\" would come before the fifth author's last name, after the comma following the fourth author's name.\r\n\r\nThe date of publication and title are formatted the same. Note that even though Chicago style says that the article title should not be italicized, the book titles within<\/em> the article title are still italicized.\r\n\r\nThe new information here begins with citing the journal this article is from. Include the title of the journal in italicized title case (all major words capitalized, as in the title of a book):\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    • Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThen include the journal volume:\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      • 5<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIf an issue number is provided in addition to the volume number, as it is here, add a comma after the volume number, the abbreviation \"no.\", and the issue number:\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        • 5, no. 4<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNext, list the year of the article's publication in parentheses, followed by a colon:\r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          • (2013):<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFinally, list the page numbers of the article, followed by a period [note that the dash between the first and second numbers is an en-dash (\u2013), NOT a hyphen (-) or em-dash (\u2014)]:\r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            • 710\u2013726.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                              Multiple Publications by the Same Author<\/h3>\r\nIf you are referencing multiple publications by (or group of authors) that were published in the same year, there is a special rule for denoting this. You should first order those articles alphabetically by source title in the bibliography. But then, replace the author's name in all entries except the first one with an em-dash (\u2014).\r\n
                                \r\n \t
                              • Achenbach, Thomas. \"Bibliography of Published Studies Using the ASEBA.\" Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment,<\/em> 2012. http:\/\/www.aseba.org\/asebabib.html.<\/li>\r\n \t
                              • \u2014. \"School-Age (Ages 6\u201318) Assessments.\" Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment<\/em>, 2012. http:\/\/www.aseba.org\/schoolage.html.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
                                \r\n

                                Chicago\/Turabian (NB): How to Reference Different Types of Sources<\/h2>\r\nIn Chicago\/Turabian NB style, there are different formats for citations in your bibliography depending on the type of source you are citing.\r\n
                                \r\n

                                Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n
                                  \r\n \t
                                • If you are using the Notes and Bibliography (NB) method of Chicago\/Turabian style, you will need a bibliography at the end of your paper.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                • In your bibliography, you will have to create a\u00a0 citation \u00a0for every\u00a0 source \u00a0you used in your paper; these citations will be formatted differently depending on the type of source.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                • There are different citation\u00a0styles\u00a0for books, depending on how many\u00a0 authors \u00a0they have.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                • There are different citation styles for articles, depending on where you found them.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nNow that you know the different components of a book citation in Chicago\/Turabian Notes and Bibliography (NB) style and how the citation should be formatted, you will be able to understand the citation formats for other source types. Here are some example citations for the most common types of resources you will use.\r\n

                                  Book by One Author<\/h3>\r\nDoyle, Arthur. The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes.<\/em>\u00a0Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc., 2010.\r\n

                                  Book by Multiple Authors<\/h3>\r\n

                                  Two or More Authors<\/h3>\r\n(Write out all author names.)\r\n\r\nDubner, Stephen, and Steven Levitt. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. <\/em>New York: Harper Perennial, 2005.\r\n\r\nBrown, Theodore, H. Eugene Lemay, Bruce Bursten, Catherine Murphy, Patrick Woodward, and Matthew Stoltzfus. Chemistry: The Central Science. <\/em>London: Prentice Hall, 2015.\r\n

                                  Book with Author and Editor<\/h3>\r\nLovecraft, Howard Phillips. Tales.<\/em>\u00a0Edited by Peter Straub. New York: Library of America, 2005.\r\n

                                  Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination<\/h3>\r\nRottweiler, Frank, and Jacques Beauchemin. \"Detroit and Sarnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction.\" Canadian\/American Studies Journal <\/em>54 (2012): 66\u2013146.\r\n

                                  Article in a Journal Paginated Separately<\/h3>\r\nRottweiler, Frank, and Jacques Beauchemin. \"Detroit and Sarnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction.\" Canadian\/American Studies Journal <\/em>54, no. 2 (2012): 66\u2013146.\r\n

                                  Article in an Internet-Only Journal<\/h3>\r\nMarlowe, Philip, and Sarah Spade. \"Detective Work and the Benefits of Colour Versus Black and White.\" Journal of Pointless <\/em> Research<\/em> 11, <\/em>no. 2 (2001): 123\u2013124. Accessed October 31, 2015. http:\/\/www.jpr.com\/stable\/detectiveworkcolour.htm.\r\n

                                  Page on a Web Site<\/h3>\r\nPavlenko, Aneta. \"Bilingual Minds, Bilingual Bodies.\" Psychology Today.<\/em>\u00a0Last modified October 7, 2015. https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/blog\/life-bilingual\/201510\/bilingual-minds-bilingual-bodies.\r\n

                                  Page on a Web Site, No Author Identified, No Date<\/h3>\r\n\"Bilingual Minds, Bilingual Bodies.\" Psychology Today.<\/em>\u00a0Accessed October 29, 2015. https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/blog\/life-bilingual\/201510\/bilingual-minds-bilingual-bodies.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
                                  \r\n

                                  Chicago\/Turabian (NB): Footnotes and Endnotes<\/h2>\r\nIn Chicago\/Turabian Notes and Bibliography style, use footnotes or endnotes for citing sources in text.\r\n
                                  \r\n

                                  Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n

                                  Key Points<\/h4>\r\n
                                    \r\n \t
                                  • A footnote is when you follow a quotation, a paraphrased idea, or a piece of information that otherwise needed to be cited with a superscript number.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  • An endnote is exactly like a footnote, except the note on what source was used is at the end of the paper rather than the bottom of the page.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  • There are two steps to creating a footnote. First, you need to place a number in the text to tell the reader what note to look for; then, you need to create the note itself.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

                                    Footnotes and Endnotes<\/h3>\r\nIn your paper, when you quote\u00a0directly from a source in their words, or when you paraphrase\u00a0someone else\u2019s idea, you need to tell the reader what that source is so the author gets credit for their words and ideas. One method for doing this is creating a footnote.\r\n\r\nA footnote is when you follow a quotation, a paraphrased idea, or a piece of information that otherwise needed to be cited with a superscript number (like this.)1 <\/sup>Then, at the bottom of the page, you give a brief indication of where you retrieved that information. Fuller information about that source is then contained in the paper's bibliography. Think of the footnote as telling the reader where to go in your bibliography to find the source, and the bibliography entry as telling the reader where to go in the real world to find the source.\r\n\r\nAn endnote is exactly like a footnote, except that endnotes appear all together at the end of the paper, while each footnote appears on the bottom of the same page as its superscripted number.\r\n

                                    Creating a Footnote<\/h3>\r\nThere are two steps to creating a footnote. First, you need to place a number in the text to tell the reader what note to look for; then, you need to create the note itself. As an example, let's say we are writing a paper about meerkat populations and we write the following sentences:\r\n\r\nAs of 2009, the meerkat population has increased by 20% in Eastern Botswana. \"It's thrilling,\" says renowned biologist Elizabeth Khama, \"The animals are truly making a comeback.\"\r\n\r\nWe need to create footnotes to cite our sources.\r\n

                                    Numbering<\/h3>\r\nThe first step to creating a footnote is place a number next to the statement that needs to be sourced. To do this, place the number at the end of the sentence it refers to, after all punctuation.\r\n\r\nAs of 2009, the meerkat population has increased by 20% in Eastern Botswana.1 <\/sup>\"It's thrilling,\" says renowned biologist Elizabeth Khama,\u00a0\"The animals are truly making a comeback.\"2\r\n\r\nYour first footnote of the paper should be numbered 1, your second should be 2, and so on until the end of the paper. If you are writing an exceptionally long paper, such as a doctoral thesis, numbers should restart at the beginning of every chapter.\r\n

                                    Creating the Notes<\/h3>\r\nNext, you need to create the note that the number refers to. Every number needs a note. In the note, you will have the author's name, the title of the work, the publication information, and the page number:\r\n
                                      \r\n \t
                                    1. Andrew Byrd, \"The Resurgence of the Meerkat,\" Southern African Ecology<\/em>\u00a032, no. 2 (2009): 221.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nYou only need to create a note that contains all of this information once per paper. If you cite this source again, immediately or later in the paper, you would simply write the author, title, and page number, separated by commas. (Note that editions of the Chicago Style Guide prior to the 17th recommended using \"ibid\" to indicate a repeated source; the 17th encourages this shortened footnote citation:\r\n\r\n6. Byrd, \"The Resurgence of the Meerkat,\" 256.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
                                      \r\n

                                      How to Reference Different Types of Sources in Footnotes<\/h2>\r\nDifferent source types require different citation information when being cited in footnotes.\r\n
                                      \r\n

                                      Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n

                                      Key Points<\/h4>\r\n
                                        \r\n \t
                                      • Footnotes are like \"mini- citations \" at the bottom of the page, which direct your reader to a bibliography entry.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      • Different types of source require different citation information.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                        Key Terms<\/h4>\r\n
                                          \r\n \t
                                        • Notes and Bibliography<\/strong>: A subset of the Chicago\/Turabian citation style, which uses footnotes to cite sources in the text.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nFootnotes are the preferred citation method for the Chicago\/Turabian Notes and Bibliography citation style. When using footnotes, you create what is essentially a \"mini-citation\" at the bottom of the page. These footnotes guide the reader to the corresponding entry in your bibliography.\r\n\r\nDifferent types of source require different citation information, but they always follow the form of: author, title, publication information, and then either page number or website URL (all separated by commas).\u00a0And remember, this information will also be contained, in a slightly different form, in your bibliography.\r\n

                                          Book by a Single Author<\/h3>\r\n1. Steven Pinker, How the Mind Works<\/em> (New York: Norton, 1997), 223.\r\n

                                          Book by Two to Four Authors<\/h3>\r\n2. Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt, Freakonomics<\/em> (New York: William Morrow, 2005), 101.\r\n

                                          Book by Five or More Authors<\/h3>\r\n3. Theodore Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science <\/em>(Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2005), 642.\r\n

                                          Journal Article<\/h3>\r\n4. Andrew Byrd, \"The Resurgence of the Meerkat,\" Southern African Ecology<\/em>\u00a032, no. 1 (2009): 221.\r\n

                                          Electronic Journal Article<\/h3>\r\n5. Andrew Byrd, \"The Meerkats Have\u00a0All Gone Away,\" African Ecology Online<\/em> 18, no. 2 (2006): 169, accessed October 31, 2015, http:\/\/www.afrecoonline.org\/byrd1.htm.\r\n

                                          Website with Author and Publication Date<\/h3>\r\n6. Cara Nelson, \"The Top Three Movies of All Time,\" Best Movies<\/em>, last modified June 26, 1993, http:\/\/www.bestmovies.com\/nelsoncara1.htm.\r\n

                                          Website with Unknown Author and Publication Date<\/h3>\r\n7. \"Some Cool Movies,\" Best Movies<\/em>, accessed October 14, 2015, http:\/\/www.bestmovies.com\/anonymous.htm.\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
                                          \n

                                          Chicago\/Turabian (NB): The Bibliography Section<\/h2>\n

                                          In Chicago NB style, the sources you cite in your paper are listed at the end in the bibliography.<\/p>\n

                                          \n

                                          Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n