{"id":956,"date":"2016-08-10T18:54:15","date_gmt":"2016-08-10T18:54:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/styleguide\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=956"},"modified":"2023-08-03T16:01:08","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T16:01:08","slug":"apa-in-text-citations","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/chapter\/apa-in-text-citations\/","title":{"raw":"APA In-Text Citations","rendered":"APA In-Text Citations"},"content":{"raw":"<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">An essential component of a research paper, in-text citations are a way of acknowledging the ideas of the author(s) of a particular work.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Each source that appears as an in-text citation should have a corresponding detailed entry in the References list at the end of the paper. Including the required elements in every citation allows other researchers to easily track the references used in a paper and locate those resources themselves. Such referencing is a crucial element of joining the scholarly conversation on a topic; not only are you acknowledging by name the other interlocutors in your conversation, but your readers also need the option to be able to go straight to those other voices and assess their content and contexts for themselves.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">There are three pieces of information that should be included in a citation after quoting another writer\u2019s work: the author\u2019s last name, the year of publication, and, where appropriate, the page number(s) of the quoted material, all of which are separated by commas. The page number should follow a lower-case letter <i>'p'<\/i> and a period.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\r\n \t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Basic structure: (Author, Year of Publication, p. 142)<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"ul2\">\r\n \t<li class=\"li2\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\">: (Kutner, 2003, p. 451) [1]<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">If the quoted material was taken from more than one page, use two lower-case letter '<i>p' <\/i>s.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\r\n \t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Basic structure: (Author, Year, of Publication, pp. 194-196)<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"ul2\">\r\n \t<li class=\"li3\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\">: (Kutner, 2003, pp. 451-452) [1]<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">How should multiple authors of a single source be cited in parentheses?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">If a work has two authors, separate their names with an ampersand (&amp;) in a parenthetical citation; e.g., (Ryan &amp; Gosling, 2023). Since the 7th edition was published in 2019, it has been conventional to shorten a citation with three or more authors to only include the first author\u2019s name and \u201cet al.,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">meaning \u201cand others.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">A 2012 article by Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, and Van Leeuwen would be cited as (Niccolai et al., 2012).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">When should the word <i>and<\/i> be used?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The word <em>and<\/em> should only be used in a sentence or paragraph; do not use it in a parenthetical in-text citation. The last and second to last author of a cited work are separated by the word <i>and<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\r\n \t<li class=\"li2\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example:<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> Ryan and Gosling (2023) observed that \u201csynesthesia appears quite stable over time, and synesthetes are typically surprised to discover that other people do not share their experiences\u201d (p. 81). [1]<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">When should the term <i>et al<\/i>. be used?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">When citing a single work with three or more authors, substitute all the authors\u2019 names after the lead author with the term <i>et al<\/i>.\u00a0 The term\u00a0<i>et al<\/i>. should not be italicized in your paper, and a period should be placed after the word <i>al<\/i> as it is an abbreviated term.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"ul3\" style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\r\n \t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">(Krauss et al., 2003, p. 91)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">As Krauss et al. (2003) observed, \u2026<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\r\n \t<li class=\"li2\" style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Avoid using <i>et al<\/i>.:<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\r\n \t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">To cite a work that only has two authors.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"ul2\">\r\n \t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Instead, always list the two authors\u2019 names in every citation, separated by either an ampersand or the word <em>and<\/em>, depending on the location in your parenthesis or your sentence.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">An essential component of a research paper, in-text citations are a way of acknowledging the ideas of the author(s) of a particular work.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Each source that appears as an in-text citation should have a corresponding detailed entry in the References list at the end of the paper. Including the required elements in every citation allows other researchers to easily track the references used in a paper and locate those resources themselves. Such referencing is a crucial element of joining the scholarly conversation on a topic; not only are you acknowledging by name the other interlocutors in your conversation, but your readers also need the option to be able to go straight to those other voices and assess their content and contexts for themselves.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">There are three pieces of information that should be included in a citation after quoting another writer\u2019s work: the author\u2019s last name, the year of publication, and, where appropriate, the page number(s) of the quoted material, all of which are separated by commas. The page number should follow a lower-case letter <i>&#8216;p&#8217;<\/i> and a period.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Basic structure: (Author, Year of Publication, p. 142)<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\">: (Kutner, 2003, p. 451) [1]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">If the quoted material was taken from more than one page, use two lower-case letter &#8216;<i>p&#8217; <\/i>s.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Basic structure: (Author, Year, of Publication, pp. 194-196)<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\">\n<li class=\"li3\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\">: (Kutner, 2003, pp. 451-452) [1]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">How should multiple authors of a single source be cited in parentheses?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">If a work has two authors, separate their names with an ampersand (&amp;) in a parenthetical citation; e.g., (Ryan &amp; Gosling, 2023). Since the 7th edition was published in 2019, it has been conventional to shorten a citation with three or more authors to only include the first author\u2019s name and \u201cet al.,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">meaning \u201cand others.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">A 2012 article by Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, and Van Leeuwen would be cited as (Niccolai et al., 2012).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">When should the word <i>and<\/i> be used?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The word <em>and<\/em> should only be used in a sentence or paragraph; do not use it in a parenthetical in-text citation. The last and second to last author of a cited work are separated by the word <i>and<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example:<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> Ryan and Gosling (2023) observed that \u201csynesthesia appears quite stable over time, and synesthetes are typically surprised to discover that other people do not share their experiences\u201d (p. 81). [1]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">When should the term <i>et al<\/i>. be used?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">When citing a single work with three or more authors, substitute all the authors\u2019 names after the lead author with the term <i>et al<\/i>.\u00a0 The term\u00a0<i>et al<\/i>. should not be italicized in your paper, and a period should be placed after the word <i>al<\/i> as it is an abbreviated term.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul3\" style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">(Krauss et al., 2003, p. 91)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">As Krauss et al. (2003) observed, \u2026<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\" style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Avoid using <i>et al<\/i>.:<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">To cite a work that only has two authors.<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Instead, always list the two authors\u2019 names in every citation, separated by either an ampersand or the word <em>and<\/em>, depending on the location in your parenthesis or your sentence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-956\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Gillian Paku. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: SUNY Geneseo. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Formatting In-text Citations (APA). <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Maryam Alnaggar. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Writing Commons. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/open-text\/writing-processes\/format\/apa-format\/673-formatting-in-text-reference-citations-apa\">http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/open-text\/writing-processes\/format\/apa-format\/673-formatting-in-text-reference-citations-apa<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives <\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Formatting In-text Citations (APA)\",\"author\":\"Maryam Alnaggar\",\"organization\":\"Writing Commons\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/open-text\/writing-processes\/format\/apa-format\/673-formatting-in-text-reference-citations-apa\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-nd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation\",\"author\":\"Gillian Paku\",\"organization\":\"SUNY Geneseo\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-956","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":548,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/956","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/956\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1909,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/956\/revisions\/1909"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/548"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/956\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=956"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=956"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=956"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=956"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}