{"id":2175,"date":"2018-01-11T21:32:39","date_gmt":"2018-01-11T21:32:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-openstax-calculus1\/chapter\/physical-applications\/"},"modified":"2018-02-20T16:00:54","modified_gmt":"2018-02-20T16:00:54","slug":"physical-applications","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-openstax-calculus1-1\/chapter\/physical-applications\/","title":{"raw":"6.5 Physical Applications","rendered":"6.5 Physical Applications"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Determine the mass of a one-dimensional object from its linear density function.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Determine the mass of a two-dimensional circular object from its radial density function.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Calculate the work done by a variable force acting along a line.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Calculate the work done in pumping a liquid from one height to another.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Find the hydrostatic force against a submerged vertical plate.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793433736\">In this section, we examine some physical applications of integration. Let\u2019s begin with a look at calculating mass from a density function. We then turn our attention to work, and close the section with a study of hydrostatic force.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794005165\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h1>Mass and Density<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793960617\">We can use integration to develop a formula for calculating mass based on a <strong>density function<\/strong>. First we consider a thin rod or wire. Orient the rod so it aligns with the [latex]x\\text{-axis,}[\/latex] with the left end of the rod at [latex]x=a[\/latex] and the right end of the rod at [latex]x=b[\/latex] (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_001\">(Figure)<\/a>). Note that although we depict the rod with some thickness in the figures, for mathematical purposes we assume the rod is thin enough to be treated as a one-dimensional object.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_001\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"342\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213154\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_001.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has the x and y axes. On the x-axis is a cylinder, beginning at x=a and ending at x=b.\" width=\"342\" height=\"197\" \/> Figure 1. We can calculate the mass of a thin rod oriented along the [latex]x\\text{-axis}[\/latex] by integrating its density function.[\/caption]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793940578\">If the rod has constant density [latex]\\rho ,[\/latex] given in terms of mass per unit length, then the mass of the rod is just the product of the density and the length of the rod: [latex](b-a)\\rho .[\/latex] If the density of the rod is not constant, however, the problem becomes a little more challenging. When the density of the rod varies from point to point, we use a linear density function, [latex]\\rho (x),[\/latex] to denote the density of the rod at any point, [latex]x.[\/latex] Let [latex]\\rho (x)[\/latex] be an integrable linear density function. Now, for [latex]i=0,1,2\\text{,\u2026},n[\/latex] let [latex]P=\\left\\{{x}_{i}\\right\\}[\/latex] be a regular partition of the interval [latex]\\left[a,b\\right],[\/latex] and for [latex]i=1,2\\text{,\u2026},n[\/latex] choose an arbitrary point [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}\\in \\left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\\right].[\/latex] <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_002\">(Figure)<\/a> shows a representative segment of the rod.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"342\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213156\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_002.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has the x and y axes. On the x-axis is a cylinder, beginning at x=a and ending at x=b. The cylinder has been divided into segments. One segment in the middle begins at xsub(i-1) and ends at xsubi.\" width=\"342\" height=\"197\" \/> Figure 2. A representative segment of the rod.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793720021\">The mass [latex]{m}_{i}[\/latex] of the segment of the rod from [latex]{x}_{i-1}[\/latex] to [latex]{x}_{i}[\/latex] is approximated by<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793627610\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{m}_{i}\\approx \\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})({x}_{i}-{x}_{i-1})=\\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\nAdding the masses of all the segments gives us an approximation for the mass of the entire rod:\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794223035\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]m=\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}{m}_{i}\\approx \\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}\\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793383129\">This is a Riemann sum. Taking the limit as [latex]n\\to \\infty ,[\/latex] we get an expression for the exact mass of the rod:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794331133\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]m=\\underset{n\\to \\infty }{\\text{lim}}\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}\\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho (x)dx.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793411175\">We state this result in the following theorem.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793953496\" class=\"textbox key-takeaways theorem\">\r\n<h3>Mass\u2013Density Formula of a One-Dimensional Object<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794334422\">Given a thin rod oriented along the [latex]x\\text{-axis}[\/latex] over the interval [latex]\\left[a,b\\right],[\/latex] let [latex]\\rho (x)[\/latex] denote a linear density function giving the density of the rod at a point [latex]x[\/latex] in the interval. Then the mass of the rod is given by<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794003941\" class=\"equation\">[latex]m={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho (x)dx.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793417236\">We apply this theorem in the next example.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793924292\" class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Calculating Mass from Linear Density<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794004815\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793338712\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793926969\">Consider a thin rod oriented on the [latex]x[\/latex]-axis over the interval [latex]\\left[\\pi \\text{\/}2,\\pi \\right].[\/latex] If the density of the rod is given by [latex]\\rho (x)= \\sin x,[\/latex] what is the mass of the rod?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793262742\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793262742\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793262742\">Applying <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fs-id1167794003941\">(Figure)<\/a> directly, we have<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793269319\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]m={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho (x)dx={\\int }_{\\pi \\text{\/}2}^{\\pi } \\sin xdx={\\text{\u2212} \\cos x|}_{\\pi \\text{\/}2}^{\\pi }=1.[\/latex][\/hidden-answer]<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793363249\" class=\"textbox exercises checkpoint\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794136385\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794227727\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793285043\">Consider a thin rod oriented on the [latex]x[\/latex]-axis over the interval [latex]\\left[1,3\\right].[\/latex] If the density of the rod is given by [latex]\\rho (x)=2{x}^{2}+3,[\/latex] what is the mass of the rod?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"solution\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794296202\">[latex]70\\text{\/}3[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793982345\" class=\"commentary\">\r\n<h4>Hint<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794026848\">Use the process from the previous example.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793940456\">We now extend this concept to find the mass of a two-dimensional disk of radius [latex]r.[\/latex] As with the rod we looked at in the one-dimensional case, here we assume the disk is thin enough that, for mathematical purposes, we can treat it as a two-dimensional object. We assume the density is given in terms of mass per unit area (called <span class=\"no-emphasis\"><em>area density<\/em><\/span>), and further assume the density varies only along the disk\u2019s radius (called <span class=\"no-emphasis\"><em>radial density<\/em><\/span>). We orient the disk in the [latex]xy\\text{-plane,}[\/latex] with the center at the origin. Then, the density of the disk can be treated as a function of [latex]x,[\/latex] denoted [latex]\\rho (x).[\/latex] We assume [latex]\\rho (x)[\/latex] is integrable. Because density is a function of [latex]x,[\/latex] we partition the interval from [latex]\\left[0,r\\right][\/latex] along the [latex]x\\text{-axis}.[\/latex] For [latex]i=0,1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] let [latex]P=\\left\\{{x}_{i}\\right\\}[\/latex] be a regular partition of the interval [latex]\\left[0,r\\right],[\/latex] and for [latex]i=1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] choose an arbitrary point [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}\\in \\left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\\right].[\/latex] Now, use the partition to break up the disk into thin (two-dimensional) washers. A disk and a representative washer are depicted in the following figure.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"613\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213159\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_003.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has two images. The first is labeled \u201ca\u201d and is a circle with radius r. The center of the circle is labeled 0. The circle also has the positive x-axis beginning at 0, extending through the circle. The second figure is labeled \u201cb\u201d. It has two concentric circles with center at 0 and the x-axis extending out from 0. The concentric circles form a washer. The width of the washer is from xsub(i-1) to xsubi and is labeled delta x.\" width=\"613\" height=\"324\" \/> Figure 3. (a) A thin disk in the xy-plane. (b) A representative washer.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793952882\">We now approximate the density and area of the washer to calculate an approximate mass, [latex]{m}_{i}.[\/latex] Note that the area of the washer is given by<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793787727\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\hfill {A}_{i}&amp; =\\pi {({x}_{i})}^{2}-\\pi {({x}_{i-1})}^{2}\\hfill \\\\ &amp; =\\pi \\left[{x}_{i}^{2}-{x}_{i-1}^{2}\\right]\\hfill \\\\ &amp; =\\pi ({x}_{i}+{x}_{i-1})({x}_{i}-{x}_{i-1})\\hfill \\\\ &amp; =\\pi ({x}_{i}+{x}_{i-1})\\text{\u0394}x.\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794031090\">You may recall that we had an expression similar to this when we were computing volumes by shells. As we did there, we use [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}\\approx ({x}_{i}+{x}_{i-1})\\text{\/}2[\/latex] to approximate the average radius of the washer. We obtain<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793266910\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{A}_{i}=\\pi ({x}_{i}+{x}_{i-1})\\text{\u0394}x\\approx 2\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793930438\">Using [latex]\\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})[\/latex] to approximate the density of the washer, we approximate the mass of the washer by<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793918720\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{m}_{i}\\approx 2\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\nAdding up the masses of the washers, we see the mass [latex]m[\/latex] of the entire disk is approximated by\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793384645\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]m=\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}{m}_{i}\\approx \\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}2\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794176147\">We again recognize this as a Riemann sum, and take the limit as [latex]n\\to \\infty .[\/latex] This gives us<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793930066\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]m=\\underset{n\\to \\infty }{\\text{lim}}\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}2\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x={\\int }_{0}^{r}2\\pi x\\rho (x)dx.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793950100\">We summarize these findings in the following theorem.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793950103\" class=\"textbox key-takeaways theorem\">\r\n<h3>Mass\u2013Density Formula of a Circular Object<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793625643\">Let [latex]\\rho (x)[\/latex] be an integrable function representing the radial density of a disk of radius [latex]r.[\/latex] Then the mass of the disk is given by<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793469833\" class=\"equation\">[latex]m={\\int }_{0}^{r}2\\pi x\\rho (x)dx.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793912188\" class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Calculating Mass from Radial Density<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793912190\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793924149\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793420813\">Let [latex]\\rho (x)=\\sqrt{x}[\/latex] represent the radial density of a disk. Calculate the mass of a disk of radius 4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793477594\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793477594\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793477594\">Applying the formula, we find<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793510552\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\hfill m&amp; ={\\int }_{0}^{r}2\\pi x\\rho (x)dx\\hfill \\\\ &amp; ={\\int }_{0}^{4}2\\pi x\\sqrt{x}dx=2\\pi {\\int }_{0}^{4}{x}^{3\\text{\/}2}dx\\hfill \\\\ &amp; =2\\pi {\\frac{2}{5}{x}^{5\\text{\/}2}|}_{0}^{4}=\\frac{4\\pi }{5}\\left[32\\right]=\\frac{128\\pi }{5}.\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex][\/hidden-answer]<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793563675\" class=\"textbox exercises checkpoint\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793563678\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793938844\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793938846\">Let [latex]\\rho (x)=3x+2[\/latex] represent the radial density of a disk. Calculate the mass of a disk of radius 2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793547373\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793547373\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793547373\">[latex]24\\pi [\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794060109\" class=\"commentary\">\r\n<h4>Hint<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793697804\">Use the process from the previous example.<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794126456\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h1>Work Done by a Force<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794140573\">We now consider work. In physics, <strong>work<\/strong> is related to force, which is often intuitively defined as a push or pull on an object. When a force moves an object, we say the force does work on the object. In other words, work can be thought of as the amount of energy it takes to move an object. According to physics, when we have a constant force, work can be expressed as the product of force and distance.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794042466\">In the English system, the unit of force is the pound and the unit of distance is the foot, so work is given in foot-pounds. In the metric system, kilograms and meters are used. One newton is the force needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 m\/sec<sup>2<\/sup>. Thus, the most common unit of work is the newton-meter. This same unit is also called the <span class=\"no-emphasis\"><em>joule<\/em><\/span>. Both are defined as kilograms times meters squared over seconds squared [latex](\\text{kg}\u00b7{\\text{m}}^{2}\\text{\/}{\\text{s}}^{2}).[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793514627\">When we have a constant force, things are pretty easy. It is rare, however, for a force to be constant. The work done to compress (or elongate) a spring, for example, varies depending on how far the spring has already been compressed (or stretched). We look at springs in more detail later in this section.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793982965\">Suppose we have a variable force [latex]F(x)[\/latex] that moves an object in a positive direction along the [latex]x[\/latex]-axis from point [latex]a[\/latex] to point [latex]b.[\/latex] To calculate the work done, we partition the interval [latex]\\left[a,b\\right][\/latex] and estimate the work done over each subinterval. So, for [latex]i=0,1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] let [latex]P=\\left\\{{x}_{i}\\right\\}[\/latex] be a regular partition of the interval [latex]\\left[a,b\\right],[\/latex] and for [latex]i=1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] choose an arbitrary point [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}\\in \\left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\\right].[\/latex] To calculate the work done to move an object from point [latex]{x}_{i-1}[\/latex] to point [latex]{x}_{i},[\/latex] we assume the force is roughly constant over the interval, and use [latex]F({x}_{i}^{*})[\/latex] to approximate the force. The work done over the interval [latex]\\left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\\right],[\/latex] then, is given by<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794065392\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{W}_{i}\\approx F({x}_{i}^{*})({x}_{i}-{x}_{i-1})=F({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793926193\">Therefore, the work done over the interval [latex]\\left[a,b\\right][\/latex] is approximately<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794003046\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]W=\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}{W}_{i}\\approx \\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}F({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793951829\">Taking the limit of this expression as [latex]n\\to \\infty [\/latex] gives us the exact value for work:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794212535\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]W=\\underset{n\\to \\infty }{\\text{lim}}\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}F({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x={\\int }_{a}^{b}F(x)dx.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793984329\">Thus, we can define work as follows.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794137488\" class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<div class=\"title\">\r\n<h3>Definition<\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794094283\">If a variable force [latex]F(x)[\/latex] moves an object in a positive direction along the [latex]x[\/latex]-axis from point [latex]a[\/latex] to point [latex]b[\/latex], then the work done on the object is<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793879581\" class=\"equation\">[latex]W={\\int }_{a}^{b}F(x)dx.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794122064\">Note that if <em>F<\/em> is constant, the integral evaluates to [latex]F\u00b7(b-a)=F\u00b7d,[\/latex] which is the formula we stated at the beginning of this section.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793249357\">Now let\u2019s look at the specific example of the work done to compress or elongate a spring. Consider a block attached to a horizontal spring. The block moves back and forth as the spring stretches and compresses. Although in the real world we would have to account for the force of friction between the block and the surface on which it is resting, we ignore friction here and assume the block is resting on a frictionless surface. When the spring is at its natural length (at rest), the system is said to be at equilibrium. In this state, the spring is neither elongated nor compressed, and in this equilibrium position the block does not move until some force is introduced. We orient the system such that [latex]x=0[\/latex] corresponds to the equilibrium position (see the following figure).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_004\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"439\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213202\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_004.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has three images. The first is the x-axis. On the left is a vertical block. Attached to the block is a spring that ends at the y-axis and has the label x=0. The image is labeled equilibrium. The second image is the same spring that ends before the y-axis. It has x&lt;0 and is labeled compressed. The third image is the same spring that is beyond the y-axis. It has x&gt;0 and is labeled stretched.\" width=\"439\" height=\"484\" \/> Figure 4. A block attached to a horizontal spring at equilibrium, compressed, and elongated.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793633520\">According to<strong> Hooke\u2019s law<\/strong>, the force required to compress or stretch a spring from an equilibrium position is given by [latex]F(x)=kx,[\/latex] for some constant [latex]k.[\/latex] The value of [latex]k[\/latex] depends on the physical characteristics of the spring. The constant [latex]k[\/latex] is called the <span class=\"no-emphasis\"><em>spring constant<\/em><\/span> and is always positive. We can use this information to calculate the work done to compress or elongate a spring, as shown in the following example.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793298896\" class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>The Work Required to Stretch or Compress a Spring<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794099463\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794099466\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793380075\">Suppose it takes a force of 10 N (in the negative direction) to compress a spring 0.2 m from the equilibrium position. How much work is done to stretch the spring 0.5 m from the equilibrium position?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167794060082\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167794060082\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794060082\">First find the spring constant, [latex]k.[\/latex] When [latex]x=-0.2,[\/latex] we know [latex]F(x)=-10,[\/latex] so<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793619889\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccc}\\hfill F(x)&amp; =\\hfill &amp; kx\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill -10&amp; =\\hfill &amp; k(-0.2)\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill k&amp; =\\hfill &amp; 50\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793432264\">and [latex]F(x)=50x.[\/latex] Then, to calculate work, we integrate the force function, obtaining<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794038347\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]W={\\int }_{a}^{b}F(x)dx={\\int }_{0}^{0.5}50xdx={25{x}^{2}|}_{0}^{0.5}=6.25.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\nThe work done to stretch the spring is 6.25 J.\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises checkpoint\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793929416\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793367820\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793367822\">Suppose it takes a force of 8 lb to stretch a spring 6 in. from the equilibrium position. How much work is done to stretch the spring 1 ft from the equilibrium position?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793281283\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793281283\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793281283\">8 ft-lb<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793281291\" class=\"commentary\">\r\n<h4>Hint<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793455232\">Use the process from the previous example. Be careful with units.<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793455240\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h1>Work Done in Pumping<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793455245\">Consider the work done to pump water (or some other liquid) out of a tank. Pumping problems are a little more complicated than spring problems because many of the calculations depend on the shape and size of the tank. In addition, instead of being concerned about the work done to move a single mass, we are looking at the work done to move a volume of water, and it takes more work to move the water from the bottom of the tank than it does to move the water from the top of the tank.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793502586\">We examine the process in the context of a cylindrical tank, then look at a couple of examples using tanks of different shapes. Assume a cylindrical tank of radius 4 m and height 10 m is filled to a depth of 8 m. How much work does it take to pump all the water over the top edge of the tank?<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793502601\">The first thing we need to do is define a frame of reference. We let [latex]x[\/latex] represent the vertical distance below the top of the tank. That is, we orient the [latex]x\\text{-axis}[\/latex] vertically, with the origin at the top of the tank and the downward direction being positive (see the following figure).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_005\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"481\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213205\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_005.jpg\" alt=\"This figure is a right circular cylinder that is vertical. It represents a tank of water. The radius of the cylinder is 4 m, the height of the cylinder is 10 m. The height of the water inside the cylinder is 8 m. There is also a horizontal line on top of the tank representing the x=0. A line is drawn vertical beside the cylinder with a downward arrow labeled x.\" width=\"481\" height=\"379\" \/> Figure 5. How much work is needed to empty a tank partially filled with water?[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793479906\">Using this coordinate system, the water extends from [latex]x=2[\/latex] to [latex]x=10.[\/latex] Therefore, we partition the interval [latex]\\left[2,10\\right][\/latex] and look at the work required to lift each individual \u201clayer\u201d of water. So, for [latex]i=0,1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] let [latex]P=\\left\\{{x}_{i}\\right\\}[\/latex] be a regular partition of the interval [latex]\\left[2,10\\right],[\/latex] and for [latex]i=1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] choose an arbitrary point [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}\\in \\left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\\right].[\/latex] <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_006\">(Figure)<\/a> shows a representative layer.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_006\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"471\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213208\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_006.jpg\" alt=\"This figure is a right circular cylinder representing a tank of water. Inside of the cylinder is a layer of water with thickness delta x. The thickness begins at xsub(i-1) and ends at xsubi.\" width=\"471\" height=\"251\" \/> Figure 6. A representative layer of water.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793720072\">In pumping problems, the force required to lift the water to the top of the tank is the force required to overcome gravity, so it is equal to the weight of the water. Given that the weight-density of water is 9800 N\/m<sup>3<\/sup>, or 62.4 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup>, calculating the volume of each layer gives us the weight. In this case, we have<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793506225\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]V=\\pi {(4)}^{2}\\text{\u0394}x=16\\pi \\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793277647\">Then, the force needed to lift each layer is<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793277650\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]F=9800\u00b716\\pi \\text{\u0394}x=156,800\\pi \\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793937471\">Note that this step becomes a little more difficult if we have a noncylindrical tank. We look at a noncylindrical tank in the next example.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793937476\">We also need to know the distance the water must be lifted. Based on our choice of coordinate systems, we can use [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}[\/latex] as an approximation of the distance the layer must be lifted. Then the work to lift the [latex]i\\text{th}[\/latex] layer of water [latex]{W}_{i}[\/latex] is approximately<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794165423\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{W}_{i}\\approx 156,800\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793886516\">Adding the work for each layer, we see the approximate work to empty the tank is given by<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793473606\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]W=\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}{W}_{i}\\approx \\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}156,800\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793725962\">This is a Riemann sum, so taking the limit as [latex]n\\to \\infty ,[\/latex] we get<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793355091\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\hfill W&amp; =\\underset{n\\to \\infty }{\\text{lim}}\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}156,800\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\\text{\u0394}x\\hfill \\\\ &amp; =156,800\\pi {\\int }_{2}^{10}xdx\\hfill \\\\ &amp; =156,800\\pi {\\left[\\frac{{x}^{2}}{2}\\right]|}_{2}^{10}=7,526,400\\pi \\approx 23,644,883.\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793546878\">The work required to empty the tank is approximately 23,650,000 J.<\/p>\r\nFor pumping problems, the calculations vary depending on the shape of the tank or container. The following problem-solving strategy lays out a step-by-step process for solving pumping problems.\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793546887\" class=\"textbox key-takeaways problem-solving\">\r\n<h3>Problem-Solving Strategy: Solving Pumping Problems<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"fs-id1167794051212\">\r\n \t<li>Sketch a picture of the tank and select an appropriate frame of reference.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Calculate the volume of a representative layer of water.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Multiply the volume by the weight-density of water to get the force.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Calculate the distance the layer of water must be lifted.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Multiply the force and distance to get an estimate of the work needed to lift the layer of water.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Sum the work required to lift all the layers. This expression is an estimate of the work required to pump out the desired amount of water, and it is in the form of a Riemann sum.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Take the limit as [latex]n\\to \\infty [\/latex] and evaluate the resulting integral to get the exact work required to pump out the desired amount of water.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793505372\">We now apply this problem-solving strategy in an example with a noncylindrical tank.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793505375\" class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>A Pumping Problem with a Noncylindrical Tank<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793505377\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793505379\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793395564\">Assume a tank in the shape of an inverted cone, with height 12 ft and base radius 4 ft. The tank is full to start with, and water is pumped over the upper edge of the tank until the height of the water remaining in the tank is 4 ft. How much work is required to pump out that amount of water?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793395586\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793395586\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793395586\">The tank is depicted in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_007\">(Figure)<\/a>. As we did in the example with the cylindrical tank, we orient the [latex]x\\text{-axis}[\/latex] vertically, with the origin at the top of the tank and the downward direction being positive (step 1).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"283\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213212\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_007.jpg\" alt=\"This figure is an upside-down cone. The cone has an axis through the center. The top of the cone on the axis is labeled x=0.\" width=\"283\" height=\"486\" \/> Figure 7. A water tank in the shape of an inverted cone.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793385041\">The tank starts out full and ends with 4 ft of water left, so, based on our chosen frame of reference, we need to partition the interval [latex]\\left[0,8\\right].[\/latex] Then, for [latex]i=0,1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] let [latex]P=\\left\\{{x}_{i}\\right\\}[\/latex] be a regular partition of the interval [latex]\\left[0,8\\right],[\/latex] and for [latex]i=1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] choose an arbitrary point [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}\\in \\left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\\right].[\/latex] We can approximate the volume of a layer by using a disk, then use similar triangles to find the radius of the disk (see the following figure).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"746\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213214\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_008.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has two images. The first has the x-axis. Below the axis, on a slant is a line segment extending up to the x-axis. Beside the line segment is a horizontal right circular cylinder. The second image has a triangle. The right triangle mirrors the first image with the hypotenuse the line segment in the first image. The top of the triangle is 4 units. the length of the vertical side is 12 units. The vertical side is also divided into two parts; the first is xsubi, the second is 12-xsubi. It is divided at the level where the first image has the cylinder.\" width=\"746\" height=\"561\" \/> Figure 8. Using similar triangles to express the radius of a disk of water.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793221543\">From properties of similar triangles, we have<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793221547\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccc}\\hfill \\frac{{r}_{i}}{12-{x}_{i}^{*}}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\frac{4}{12}=\\frac{1}{3}\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill 3{r}_{i}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; 12-{x}_{i}^{*}\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {r}_{i}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\frac{12-{x}_{i}^{*}}{3}\\hfill \\\\ &amp; =\\hfill &amp; 4-\\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3}.\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793419284\">Then the volume of the disk is<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793419287\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{V}_{i}=\\pi {(4-\\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3})}^{2}\\text{\u0394}x\\text{(step 2).}[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793287424\">The weight-density of water is 62.4 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup>, so the force needed to lift each layer is approximately<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{F}_{i}\\approx 62.4\\pi {(4-\\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3})}^{2}\\text{\u0394}x\\text{(step 3).}[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793628639\">Based on the diagram, the distance the water must be lifted is approximately [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}[\/latex] feet (step 4), so the approximate work needed to lift the layer is<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793929624\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{W}_{i}\\approx 62.4\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}{(4-\\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3})}^{2}\\text{\u0394}x\\text{(step 5).}[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793250306\">Summing the work required to lift all the layers, we get an approximate value of the total work:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793570048\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]W=\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}{W}_{i}\\approx \\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}62.4\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}{(4-\\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3})}^{2}\\text{\u0394}x\\text{(step 6).}[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793400817\">Taking the limit as [latex]n\\to \\infty ,[\/latex] we obtain<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793400833\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\hfill W&amp; =\\underset{n\\to \\infty }{\\text{lim}}\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}62.4\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}{(4-\\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3})}^{2}\\text{\u0394}x\\hfill \\\\ &amp; ={\\int }_{0}^{8}62.4\\pi x{(4-\\frac{x}{3})}^{2}dx\\hfill \\\\ &amp; =62.4\\pi {\\int }_{0}^{8}x(16-\\frac{8x}{3}+\\frac{{x}^{2}}{9})dx=62.4\\pi {\\int }_{0}^{8}(16x-\\frac{8{x}^{2}}{3}+\\frac{{x}^{3}}{9})dx\\hfill \\\\ &amp; =62.4\\pi {\\left[8{x}^{2}-\\frac{8{x}^{3}}{9}+\\frac{{x}^{4}}{36}\\right]|}_{0}^{8}=10,649.6\\pi \\approx 33,456.7.\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793454764\">It takes approximately 33,450 ft-lb of work to empty the tank to the desired level.<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793553739\" class=\"textbox exercises checkpoint\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793553742\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793553744\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793553746\">A tank is in the shape of an inverted cone, with height 10 ft and base radius 6 ft. The tank is filled to a depth of 8 ft to start with, and water is pumped over the upper edge of the tank until 3 ft of water remain in the tank. How much work is required to pump out that amount of water?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793553760\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793553760\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793553760\">Approximately 43,255.2 ft-lb<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793281516\" class=\"commentary\">\r\n<h4>Hint<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793281522\">Use the process from the previous example.<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793281530\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h1>Hydrostatic Force and Pressure<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793281535\">In this last section, we look at the force and pressure exerted on an object submerged in a liquid. In the English system, force is measured in pounds. In the metric system, it is measured in newtons. Pressure is force per unit area, so in the English system we have pounds per square foot (or, perhaps more commonly, pounds per square inch, denoted psi). In the metric system we have newtons per square meter, also called <span class=\"no-emphasis\"><em>pascals<\/em><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793630279\">Let\u2019s begin with the simple case of a plate of area [latex]A[\/latex] submerged horizontally in water at a depth [latex]s[\/latex] (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_009\">(Figure)<\/a>). Then, the force exerted on the plate is simply the weight of the water above it, which is given by [latex]F=\\rho As,[\/latex] where [latex]\\rho [\/latex] is the weight density of water (weight per unit volume). To find the <strong>hydrostatic pressure<\/strong>\u2014that is, the pressure exerted by water on a submerged object\u2014we divide the force by the area. So the pressure is [latex]p=F\\text{\/}A=\\rho s.[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_009\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"487\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213218\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_009.jpg\" alt=\"This image has a circular plate submerged in water. The plate is labeled A and the depth of the water is labeled s.\" width=\"487\" height=\"324\" \/> Figure 9. A plate submerged horizontally in water.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793553642\">By <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Pascal\u2019s principle<\/span>, the pressure at a given depth is the same in all directions, so it does not matter if the plate is submerged horizontally or vertically. So, as long as we know the depth, we know the pressure. We can apply Pascal\u2019s principle to find the force exerted on surfaces, such as dams, that are oriented vertically. We cannot apply the formula [latex]F=\\rho As[\/latex] directly, because the depth varies from point to point on a vertically oriented surface. So, as we have done many times before, we form a partition, a Riemann sum, and, ultimately, a definite integral to calculate the force.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793553670\">Suppose a thin plate is submerged in water. We choose our frame of reference such that the [latex]x[\/latex]-axis is oriented vertically, with the downward direction being positive, and point [latex]x=0[\/latex] corresponding to a logical reference point. Let [latex]s(x)[\/latex] denote the depth at point [latex]x[\/latex]. Note we often let [latex]x=0[\/latex] correspond to the surface of the water. In this case, depth at any point is simply given by [latex]s(x)=x.[\/latex] However, in some cases we may want to select a different reference point for [latex]x=0,[\/latex] so we proceed with the development in the more general case. Last, let [latex]w(x)[\/latex] denote the width of the plate at the point [latex]x.[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794127192\">Assume the top edge of the plate is at point [latex]x=a[\/latex] and the bottom edge of the plate is at point [latex]x=b.[\/latex] Then, for [latex]i=0,1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] let [latex]P=\\left\\{{x}_{i}\\right\\}[\/latex] be a regular partition of the interval [latex]\\left[a,b\\right],[\/latex] and for [latex]i=1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] choose an arbitrary point [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}\\in \\left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\\right].[\/latex] The partition divides the plate into several thin, rectangular strips (see the following figure).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_010\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"571\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213221\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_010.jpg\" alt=\"This image is the overhead view of a submerged circular plate. The x-axis is to the side of the plate. The plate\u2019s diameter goes from x=a to x=b. There is a strip in the middle of the plate with thickness of delta x. On the axis this thickness begins at x=xsub(i-1) and ends at x=xsubi. The length of the strip in the plate is labeled w(csubi).\" width=\"571\" height=\"350\" \/> Figure 10. A thin plate submerged vertically in water.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793420981\">Let\u2019s now estimate the force on a representative strip. If the strip is thin enough, we can treat it as if it is at a constant depth, [latex]s({x}_{i}^{*}).[\/latex] We then have<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793952122\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{F}_{i}=\\rho As=\\rho \\left[w({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x\\right]s({x}_{i}^{*}).[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793584536\">Adding the forces, we get an estimate for the force on the plate:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793584539\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]F\\approx \\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}{F}_{i}=\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}\\rho \\left[w({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x\\right]s({x}_{i}^{*}).[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794057934\">This is a Riemann sum, so taking the limit gives us the exact force. We obtain<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794057937\" class=\"equation\">[latex]F=\\underset{n\\to \\infty }{\\text{lim}}\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}\\rho \\left[w({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x\\right]s({x}_{i}^{*})={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho w(x)s(x)dx.[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794291708\">Evaluating this integral gives us the force on the plate. We summarize this in the following problem-solving strategy.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794291713\" class=\"textbox key-takeaways problem-solving\">\r\n<h3>Problem-Solving Strategy: Finding Hydrostatic Force<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"fs-id1167794291719\">\r\n \t<li>Sketch a picture and select an appropriate frame of reference. (Note that if we select a frame of reference other than the one used earlier, we may have to adjust <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fs-id1167794057937\">(Figure)<\/a> accordingly.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Determine the depth and width functions, [latex]s(x)[\/latex] and [latex]w(x).[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Determine the weight-density of whatever liquid with which you are working. The weight-density of water is 62.4 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup>, or 9800 N\/m<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use the equation to calculate the total force.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793504251\" class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Finding Hydrostatic Force<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793504253\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793504255\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793504261\">A water trough 15 ft long has ends shaped like inverted isosceles triangles, with base 8 ft and height 3 ft. Find the force on one end of the trough if the trough is full of water.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793385052\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793385052\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793385052\"><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_011\">(Figure)<\/a> shows the trough and a more detailed view of one end.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_011\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"578\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213225\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_011.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has two images. The first is a water trough with rectangular sides. The length of the trough is 15 feet, the depth is 3 feet, and the width is 8 feet. The second image is a cross section of the trough. It is a triangle. The top has length of 8 feet and the sides have length 5 feet. The altitude is labeled with 3 feet.\" width=\"578\" height=\"634\" \/> Figure 11. (a) A water trough with a triangular cross-section. (b) Dimensions of one end of the water trough.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793385076\">Select a frame of reference with the [latex]x\\text{-axis}[\/latex] oriented vertically and the downward direction being positive. Select the top of the trough as the point corresponding to [latex]x=0[\/latex] (step 1). The depth function, then, is [latex]s(x)=x.[\/latex] Using similar triangles, we see that [latex]w(x)=8-(8\\text{\/}3)x[\/latex] (step 2). Now, the weight density of water is 62.4 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup> (step 3), so applying <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fs-id1167794057937\">(Figure)<\/a>, we obtain<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794054206\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\hfill F&amp; ={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho w(x)s(x)dx\\hfill \\\\ &amp; ={\\int }_{0}^{3}62.4(8-\\frac{8}{3}x)xdx=62.4{\\int }_{0}^{3}(8x-\\frac{8}{3}{x}^{2})dx\\hfill \\\\ &amp; =62.4{\\left[4{x}^{2}-\\frac{8}{9}{x}^{3}\\right]|}_{0}^{3}=748.8.\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793445714\">The water exerts a force of 748.8 lb on the end of the trough (step 4).<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793445721\" class=\"textbox exercises checkpoint\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793445724\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793421183\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793421185\">A water trough 12 m long has ends shaped like inverted isosceles triangles, with base 6 m and height 4 m. Find the force on one end of the trough if the trough is full of water.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"solution\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793421193\">156,800 N<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793421202\" class=\"commentary\">\r\n<h4>Hint<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793421208\">Follow the problem-solving strategy and the process from the previous example.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793421214\" class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3><a id=\"figure\"><\/a>Chapter Opener: Finding Hydrostatic Force<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793421216\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793421219\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793421224\">We now return our attention to the <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Hoover Dam<\/span>, mentioned at the beginning of this chapter. The actual dam is arched, rather than flat, but we are going to make some simplifying assumptions to help us with the calculations. Assume the face of the Hoover Dam is shaped like an isosceles trapezoid with lower base 750 ft, upper base 1250 ft, and height 750 ft (see the following figure).<\/p>\r\n<span id=\"fs-id1167793562324\"><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213228\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_012.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has two images. The first is a picture of a dam. The second image beside the dam is a trapezoidal figure representing the dimensions of the dam. The top is 1250 feet, the bottom is 750 feet. The height is 750 feet.\" \/><\/span>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793562335\">When the reservoir is full, Lake Mead\u2019s maximum depth is about 530 ft, and the surface of the lake is about 10 ft below the top of the dam (see the following figure).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"457\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213232\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_013.jpg\" alt=\"This figure is a trapezoid with the longer side on top. There is a smaller trapezoid inside the first with height labeled 530 feet. It is also 10 feet below the top of the larger trapezoid.\" width=\"457\" height=\"224\" \/> Figure 12. A simplified model of the Hoover Dam with assumed dimensions.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ol id=\"fs-id1167793562359\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha\">\r\n \t<li>Find the force on the face of the dam when the reservoir is full.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The southwest United States has been experiencing a drought, and the surface of Lake Mead is about 125 ft below where it would be if the reservoir were full. What is the force on the face of the dam under these circumstances?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793384812\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793384812\"]\r\n<ol id=\"fs-id1167793384812\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha\">\r\n \t<li>We begin by establishing a frame of reference. As usual, we choose to orient the [latex]x\\text{-axis}[\/latex] vertically, with the downward direction being positive. This time, however, we are going to let [latex]x=0[\/latex] represent the top of the dam, rather than the surface of the water. When the reservoir is full, the surface of the water is 10 ft below the top of the dam, so [latex]s(x)=x-10[\/latex] (see the following figure).\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"482\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213234\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_014.jpg\" alt=\"This figure is a trapezoid with the longer side on top. There is a smaller trapezoid inside the first with height labeled s(x)=x-10. It represents the depth of the water. It is also 10 feet below the top of the larger trapezoid. The top of the larger trapezoid is at x=0.\" width=\"482\" height=\"184\" \/> Figure 13. We first choose a frame of reference.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption-text\"><\/div>\r\nTo find the width function, we again turn to similar triangles as shown in the figure below.\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"434\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213237\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_015.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has two images. The first is a trapezoid with larger side on the top. The length of the top is divided into 3 measures. The first measure is 250 feet, the second is 750 feet, and the third is 250 feet. The height of the trapezoid is 750 feet. The length of the bottom is 750 feet. Inside of the trapezoid the width is labeled w(x). Inside if one of the triangular sides is the width r. The second image is the same trapezoid. It has the height labeled as 750 feet. Inside the trapezoid it has the height divided into two segments. The first is labeled x, and the second is labeled 750-x. On the side of the trapezoid a triangle has been formed by a vertical line from the bottom side to the top. Inside of the triangle is a horizontal line segment labeled r.\" width=\"434\" height=\"661\" \/> Figure 14. We use similar triangles to determine a function for the width of the dam. (a) Assumed dimensions of the dam; (b) highlighting the similar triangles.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nFrom the figure, we see that [latex]w(x)=750+2r.[\/latex] Using properties of similar triangles, we get [latex]r=250-(1\\text{\/}3)x.[\/latex] Thus,\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793543486\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]w(x)=1250-\\frac{2}{3}x\\text{(step 2).}[\/latex]<\/div>\r\nUsing a weight-density of 62.4 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup> (step 3) and applying <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fs-id1167794057937\">(Figure)<\/a>, we get\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793355151\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\hfill F&amp; ={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho w(x)s(x)dx\\hfill \\\\ &amp; ={\\int }_{10}^{540}62.4(1250-\\frac{2}{3}x)(x-10)dx=62.4{\\int }_{10}^{540}-\\frac{2}{3}\\left[{x}^{2}-1885x+18750\\right]dx\\hfill \\\\ &amp; =-62.4(\\frac{2}{3}){\\left[\\frac{{x}^{3}}{3}-\\frac{1885{x}^{2}}{2}+18750x\\right]|}_{10}^{540}\\approx 8,832,245,000\\text{lb}=4,416,122.5\\text{t}\\text{.}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794222384\">Note the change from pounds to tons [latex](2000[\/latex] lb = 1 ton) (step 4). This changes our depth function, [latex]s(x),[\/latex] and our limits of integration. We have [latex]s(x)=x-135.[\/latex] The lower limit of integration is 135. The upper limit remains 540. Evaluating the integral, we get<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794095323\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\hfill F&amp; ={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho w(x)s(x)dx\\hfill \\\\ &amp; ={\\int }_{135}^{540}62.4(1250-\\frac{2}{3}x)(x-135)dx\\hfill \\\\ &amp; =-62.4(\\frac{2}{3}){\\int }_{135}^{540}(x-1875)(x-135)dx=-62.4(\\frac{2}{3}){\\int }_{135}^{540}({x}^{2}-2010x+253125)dx\\hfill \\\\ &amp; =-62.4(\\frac{2}{3}){\\left[\\frac{{x}^{3}}{3}-1005{x}^{2}+253125x\\right]|}_{135}^{540}\\approx 5,015,230,000\\text{lb}=2,507,615\\text{t}\\text{.}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex][\/hidden-answer]<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794138214\" class=\"textbox exercises checkpoint\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794138217\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794138219\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794138221\">When the reservoir is at its average level, the surface of the water is about 50 ft below where it would be if the reservoir were full. What is the force on the face of the dam under these circumstances?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167794138229\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167794138229\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794138229\">Approximately 7,164,520,000 lb or 3,582,260 t<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794138234\" class=\"commentary\">\r\n<h4>Hint<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794138240\">Change the depth function, [latex]s(x),[\/latex] and the limits of integration.<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit media-2\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167791543256\">To learn more about Hoover Dam, see this <a href=\"http:\/\/www.openstaxcollege.org\/l\/20_HooverDam\">article<\/a> published by the History Channel.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167791543265\" class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Concepts<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167791543272\">\r\n \t<li>Several physical applications of the definite integral are common in engineering and physics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Definite integrals can be used to determine the mass of an object if its density function is known.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Work can also be calculated from integrating a force function, or when counteracting the force of gravity, as in a pumping problem.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Definite integrals can also be used to calculate the force exerted on an object submerged in a liquid.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167791543292\" class=\"key-equations\">\r\n<h1>Key Equations<\/h1>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167791543298\">\r\n \t<li><strong>Mass of a one-dimensional object<\/strong>\r\n[latex]m={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho (x)dx[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Mass of a circular object<\/strong>\r\n[latex]m={\\int }_{0}^{r}2\\pi x\\rho (x)dx[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Work done on an object<\/strong>\r\n[latex]W={\\int }_{a}^{b}F(x)dx[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hydrostatic force on a plate<\/strong>\r\n[latex]F={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho w(x)s(x)dx[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793718508\" class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793718511\">For the following exercises, find the work done.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793718514\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793718516\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793718519\">Find the work done when a constant force [latex]F=12[\/latex] lb moves a chair from [latex]x=0.9[\/latex] to [latex]x=1.1[\/latex] ft.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793718563\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793718566\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793718568\">How much work is done when a person lifts a 50 lb box of comics onto a truck that is 3 ft off the ground?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793590314\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793590314\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793590314\">150 ft-lb<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793590323\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793590325\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793590327\">What is the work done lifting a 20 kg child from the floor to a height of 2 m? (Note that 1 kg equates to 9.8 N)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793590363\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793590365\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793590367\">Find the work done when you push a box along the floor 2 m, when you apply a constant force of [latex]F=100\\text{N}.[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793705293\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793705293\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793705293\">[latex]200\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793705306\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793705308\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793705310\">Compute the work done for a force [latex]F=12\\text{\/}{x}^{2}[\/latex] N from [latex]x=1[\/latex] to [latex]x=2[\/latex] m.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793274848\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793274850\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793274852\">What is the work done moving a particle from [latex]x=0[\/latex] to [latex]x=1[\/latex] m if the force acting on it is [latex]F=3{x}^{2}[\/latex] N?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793274893\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793274893\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793274893\">1 J<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793274901\">For the following exercises, find the mass of the one-dimensional object.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793274905\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793274907\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793274909\">A wire that is 2 ft long (starting at [latex]x=0)[\/latex] and has a density function of [latex]\\rho (x)={x}^{2}+2x[\/latex] lb\/ft<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793280392\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793280395\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793280397\">A car antenna that is 3 ft long (starting at [latex]x=0)[\/latex] and has a density function of [latex]\\rho (x)=3x+2[\/latex] lb\/ft<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793724747\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793724747\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793724747\">[latex]\\frac{39}{2}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793724760\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793724762\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793724764\">A metal rod that is 8 in. long (starting at [latex]x=0)[\/latex] and has a density function of [latex]\\rho (x)={e}^{1\\text{\/}2x}[\/latex] lb\/in.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793630100\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793630102\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793630104\">A pencil that is 4 in. long (starting at [latex]x=2)[\/latex] and has a density function of [latex]\\rho (x)=5\\text{\/}x[\/latex] oz\/in.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793630148\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793630148\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793630148\">[latex]\\text{ln}(243)[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794223650\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794223652\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794223654\">A ruler that is 12 in. long (starting at [latex]x=5)[\/latex] and has a density function of [latex]\\rho (x)=\\text{ln}(x)+(1\\text{\/}2){x}^{2}[\/latex] oz\/in.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793691533\">For the following exercises, find the mass of the two-dimensional object that is centered at the origin.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793691537\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793691540\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793691542\">An oversized hockey puck of radius 2 in. with density function [latex]\\rho (x)={x}^{3}-2x+5[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"solution\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793691582\">[latex]\\frac{332\\pi }{15}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793524568\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793524570\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793524572\">A frisbee of radius 6 in. with density function [latex]\\rho (x)={e}^{\\text{\u2212}x}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793524640\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793524642\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793524644\">A plate of radius 10 in. with density function [latex]\\rho (x)=1+ \\cos (\\pi x)[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793941017\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793941017\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793941017\">[latex]100\\pi [\/latex]<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793941028\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793941030\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793941032\">A jar lid of radius 3 in. with density function [latex]\\rho (x)=\\text{ln}(x+1)[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793244589\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793244591\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793244593\">A disk of radius 5 cm with density function [latex]\\rho (x)=\\sqrt{3x}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793244624\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793244624\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793244624\">[latex]20\\pi \\sqrt{15}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793244639\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793254981\">A 12-in. spring is stretched to 15 in. by a force of 75 lb. What is the spring constant?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793255017\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793255020\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793255022\">A spring has a natural length of 10 cm. It takes 2 J to stretch the spring to 15 cm. How much work would it take to stretch the spring from 15 cm to 20 cm?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793255054\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793255054\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793255054\">6 J<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793255062\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793255064\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793255066\">A 1-m spring requires 10 J to stretch the spring to 1.1 m. How much work would it take to stretch the spring from 1 m to 1.2 m?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793545921\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793545923\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793545925\">A spring requires 5 J to stretch the spring from 8 cm to 12 cm, and an additional 4 J to stretch the spring from 12 cm to 14 cm. What is the natural length of the spring?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793545960\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793545960\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793545960\">5 cm<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793545970\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793545972\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793545974\">A shock absorber is compressed 1 in. by a weight of 1 t. What is the spring constant?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793630513\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793630515\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793630517\">A force of [latex]F=20x-{x}^{3}[\/latex] N stretches a nonlinear spring by [latex]x[\/latex] meters. What work is required to stretch the spring from [latex]x=0[\/latex] to [latex]x=2[\/latex] m?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793630566\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793630566\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793630566\">36 J<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793630576\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793630578\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793630580\">Find the work done by winding up a hanging cable of length 100 ft and weight-density 5 lb\/ft.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793496018\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793496020\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793496022\">For the cable in the preceding exercise, how much work is done to lift the cable 50 ft?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793496034\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793496034\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793496034\">18,750 ft-lb<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793496050\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n\r\nFor the cable in the preceding exercise, how much additional work is done by hanging a 200 lb weight at the end of the cable?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793496078\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793496080\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793496082\"><strong>[T]<\/strong> A pyramid of height 500 ft has a square base 800 ft by 800 ft. Find the area [latex]A[\/latex] at height [latex]h.[\/latex] If the rock used to build the pyramid weighs approximately [latex]w=100{\\text{lb\/ft}}^{3},[\/latex] how much work did it take to lift all the rock?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793387254\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793387254\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793387254\">[latex]\\frac{32}{3}\u00d7{10}^{9}\\text{ft-lb}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793387279\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793387281\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793387284\"><strong>[T]<\/strong> For the pyramid in the preceding exercise, assume there were 1000 workers each working 10 hours a day, 5 days a week, 50 weeks a year. If the workers, on average, lifted 10 100 lb rocks 2 ft\/hr, how long did it take to build the pyramid?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794011556\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794011561\"><strong>[T]<\/strong> The force of gravity on a mass [latex]m[\/latex] is [latex]F=\\text{\u2212}((GMm)\\text{\/}{x}^{2})[\/latex] newtons. For a rocket of mass [latex]m=1000\\text{kg},[\/latex] compute the work to lift the rocket from [latex]x=6400[\/latex] to [latex]x=6500[\/latex] km. (<em>Note<\/em>: [latex]G=6\u00d7{10}^{-17}{\\text{N m}}^{2}\\text{\/}{\\text{kg}}^{2}[\/latex] and [latex]M=6\u00d7{10}^{24}\\text{kg}\\text{.})[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793551051\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793551051\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793551051\">[latex]8.65\u00d7{10}^{5}\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793524759\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n\r\n<strong>[T]<\/strong> For the rocket in the preceding exercise, find the work to lift the rocket from [latex]x=6400[\/latex] to [latex]x=\\infty .[\/latex]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793524815\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793524817\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793524819\"><strong>[T]<\/strong> A rectangular dam is 40 ft high and 60 ft wide. Compute the total force [latex]F[\/latex] on the dam when<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"fs-id1167793524840\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha\">\r\n \t<li>the surface of the water is at the top of the dam and<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the surface of the water is halfway down the dam.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793957832\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793957832\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793957832\">a. 3,000,000 lb, b. 749,000 lb<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793957860\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793957862\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793957865\"><strong>[T]<\/strong> Find the work required to pump all the water out of a cylinder that has a circular base of radius 5 ft and height 200 ft. Use the fact that the density of water is 62 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793957904\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793957906\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793957908\"><strong>[T]<\/strong> Find the work required to pump all the water out of the cylinder in the preceding exercise if the cylinder is only half full.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793957919\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793957919\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793957919\">[latex]23.25\\pi [\/latex] million ft-lb<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794042966\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794042968\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794042970\"><strong>[T]<\/strong> How much work is required to pump out a swimming pool if the area of the base is 800 ft<sup>2<\/sup>, the water is 4 ft deep, and the top is 1 ft above the water level? Assume that the density of water is 62 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794043019\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794043022\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794043024\">A cylinder of depth [latex]H[\/latex] and cross-sectional area [latex]A[\/latex] stands full of water at density [latex]\\rho .[\/latex] Compute the work to pump all the water to the top.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167794043046\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167794043046\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794043046\">[latex]\\frac{A\\rho {H}^{2}}{2}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793975911\" class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793975914\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793975916\">For the cylinder in the preceding exercise, compute the work to pump all the water to the top if the cylinder is only half full.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793975948\" class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793975950\">A cone-shaped tank has a cross-sectional area that increases with its depth: [latex]A=(\\pi {r}^{2}{h}^{2})\\text{\/}{H}^{3}.[\/latex] Show that the work to empty it is half the work for a cylinder with the same height and base.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[reveal-answer q=\"fs-id1167793975996\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-id1167793975996\"]\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793975996\">Answers may vary<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-id1167793976005\" class=\"definition\">\r\n \t<dt>density function<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-id1167793609788\">a density function describes how mass is distributed throughout an object; it can be a linear density, expressed in terms of mass per unit length; an area density, expressed in terms of mass per unit area; or a volume density, expressed in terms of mass per unit volume; weight-density is also used to describe weight (rather than mass) per unit volume<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-id1167793609795\" class=\"definition\">\r\n \t<dt>Hooke\u2019s law<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-id1167793609800\">this law states that the force required to compress (or elongate) a spring is proportional to the distance the spring has been compressed (or stretched) from equilibrium; in other words, [latex]F=kx,[\/latex] where [latex]k[\/latex] is a constant<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-id1167793609825\" class=\"definition\">\r\n \t<dt>hydrostatic pressure<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-id1167793609830\">the pressure exerted by water on a submerged object<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-id1167793609834\" class=\"definition\">\r\n \t<dt>work<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-id1167793609840\">the amount of energy it takes to move an object; in physics, when a force is constant, work is expressed as the product of force and distance<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Determine the mass of a one-dimensional object from its linear density function.<\/li>\n<li>Determine the mass of a two-dimensional circular object from its radial density function.<\/li>\n<li>Calculate the work done by a variable force acting along a line.<\/li>\n<li>Calculate the work done in pumping a liquid from one height to another.<\/li>\n<li>Find the hydrostatic force against a submerged vertical plate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793433736\">In this section, we examine some physical applications of integration. Let\u2019s begin with a look at calculating mass from a density function. We then turn our attention to work, and close the section with a study of hydrostatic force.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794005165\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h1>Mass and Density<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793960617\">We can use integration to develop a formula for calculating mass based on a <strong>density function<\/strong>. First we consider a thin rod or wire. Orient the rod so it aligns with the [latex]x\\text{-axis,}[\/latex] with the left end of the rod at [latex]x=a[\/latex] and the right end of the rod at [latex]x=b[\/latex] (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_001\">(Figure)<\/a>). Note that although we depict the rod with some thickness in the figures, for mathematical purposes we assume the rod is thin enough to be treated as a one-dimensional object.<\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_001\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 352px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213154\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_001.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has the x and y axes. On the x-axis is a cylinder, beginning at x=a and ending at x=b.\" width=\"342\" height=\"197\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. We can calculate the mass of a thin rod oriented along the [latex]x\\text{-axis}[\/latex] by integrating its density function.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793940578\">If the rod has constant density [latex]\\rho ,[\/latex] given in terms of mass per unit length, then the mass of the rod is just the product of the density and the length of the rod: [latex](b-a)\\rho .[\/latex] If the density of the rod is not constant, however, the problem becomes a little more challenging. When the density of the rod varies from point to point, we use a linear density function, [latex]\\rho (x),[\/latex] to denote the density of the rod at any point, [latex]x.[\/latex] Let [latex]\\rho (x)[\/latex] be an integrable linear density function. Now, for [latex]i=0,1,2\\text{,\u2026},n[\/latex] let [latex]P=\\left\\{{x}_{i}\\right\\}[\/latex] be a regular partition of the interval [latex]\\left[a,b\\right],[\/latex] and for [latex]i=1,2\\text{,\u2026},n[\/latex] choose an arbitrary point [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}\\in \\left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\\right].[\/latex] <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_002\">(Figure)<\/a> shows a representative segment of the rod.<\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 352px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213156\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_002.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has the x and y axes. On the x-axis is a cylinder, beginning at x=a and ending at x=b. The cylinder has been divided into segments. One segment in the middle begins at xsub(i-1) and ends at xsubi.\" width=\"342\" height=\"197\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. A representative segment of the rod.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793720021\">The mass [latex]{m}_{i}[\/latex] of the segment of the rod from [latex]{x}_{i-1}[\/latex] to [latex]{x}_{i}[\/latex] is approximated by<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793627610\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{m}_{i}\\approx \\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})({x}_{i}-{x}_{i-1})=\\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p>Adding the masses of all the segments gives us an approximation for the mass of the entire rod:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794223035\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]m=\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}{m}_{i}\\approx \\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}\\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793383129\">This is a Riemann sum. Taking the limit as [latex]n\\to \\infty ,[\/latex] we get an expression for the exact mass of the rod:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794331133\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]m=\\underset{n\\to \\infty }{\\text{lim}}\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}\\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho (x)dx.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793411175\">We state this result in the following theorem.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793953496\" class=\"textbox key-takeaways theorem\">\n<h3>Mass\u2013Density Formula of a One-Dimensional Object<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794334422\">Given a thin rod oriented along the [latex]x\\text{-axis}[\/latex] over the interval [latex]\\left[a,b\\right],[\/latex] let [latex]\\rho (x)[\/latex] denote a linear density function giving the density of the rod at a point [latex]x[\/latex] in the interval. Then the mass of the rod is given by<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794003941\" class=\"equation\">[latex]m={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho (x)dx.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793417236\">We apply this theorem in the next example.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793924292\" class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Calculating Mass from Linear Density<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794004815\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793338712\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793926969\">Consider a thin rod oriented on the [latex]x[\/latex]-axis over the interval [latex]\\left[\\pi \\text{\/}2,\\pi \\right].[\/latex] If the density of the rod is given by [latex]\\rho (x)= \\sin x,[\/latex] what is the mass of the rod?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793262742\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793262742\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793262742\">Applying <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fs-id1167794003941\">(Figure)<\/a> directly, we have<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793269319\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]m={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho (x)dx={\\int }_{\\pi \\text{\/}2}^{\\pi } \\sin xdx={\\text{\u2212} \\cos x|}_{\\pi \\text{\/}2}^{\\pi }=1.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793363249\" class=\"textbox exercises checkpoint\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794136385\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794227727\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793285043\">Consider a thin rod oriented on the [latex]x[\/latex]-axis over the interval [latex]\\left[1,3\\right].[\/latex] If the density of the rod is given by [latex]\\rho (x)=2{x}^{2}+3,[\/latex] what is the mass of the rod?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794296202\">[latex]70\\text{\/}3[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793982345\" class=\"commentary\">\n<h4>Hint<\/h4>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794026848\">Use the process from the previous example.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793940456\">We now extend this concept to find the mass of a two-dimensional disk of radius [latex]r.[\/latex] As with the rod we looked at in the one-dimensional case, here we assume the disk is thin enough that, for mathematical purposes, we can treat it as a two-dimensional object. We assume the density is given in terms of mass per unit area (called <span class=\"no-emphasis\"><em>area density<\/em><\/span>), and further assume the density varies only along the disk\u2019s radius (called <span class=\"no-emphasis\"><em>radial density<\/em><\/span>). We orient the disk in the [latex]xy\\text{-plane,}[\/latex] with the center at the origin. Then, the density of the disk can be treated as a function of [latex]x,[\/latex] denoted [latex]\\rho (x).[\/latex] We assume [latex]\\rho (x)[\/latex] is integrable. Because density is a function of [latex]x,[\/latex] we partition the interval from [latex]\\left[0,r\\right][\/latex] along the [latex]x\\text{-axis}.[\/latex] For [latex]i=0,1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] let [latex]P=\\left\\{{x}_{i}\\right\\}[\/latex] be a regular partition of the interval [latex]\\left[0,r\\right],[\/latex] and for [latex]i=1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] choose an arbitrary point [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}\\in \\left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\\right].[\/latex] Now, use the partition to break up the disk into thin (two-dimensional) washers. A disk and a representative washer are depicted in the following figure.<\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 623px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213159\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_003.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has two images. The first is labeled \u201ca\u201d and is a circle with radius r. The center of the circle is labeled 0. The circle also has the positive x-axis beginning at 0, extending through the circle. The second figure is labeled \u201cb\u201d. It has two concentric circles with center at 0 and the x-axis extending out from 0. The concentric circles form a washer. The width of the washer is from xsub(i-1) to xsubi and is labeled delta x.\" width=\"613\" height=\"324\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3. (a) A thin disk in the xy-plane. (b) A representative washer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793952882\">We now approximate the density and area of the washer to calculate an approximate mass, [latex]{m}_{i}.[\/latex] Note that the area of the washer is given by<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793787727\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\hfill {A}_{i}& =\\pi {({x}_{i})}^{2}-\\pi {({x}_{i-1})}^{2}\\hfill \\\\ & =\\pi \\left[{x}_{i}^{2}-{x}_{i-1}^{2}\\right]\\hfill \\\\ & =\\pi ({x}_{i}+{x}_{i-1})({x}_{i}-{x}_{i-1})\\hfill \\\\ & =\\pi ({x}_{i}+{x}_{i-1})\\text{\u0394}x.\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794031090\">You may recall that we had an expression similar to this when we were computing volumes by shells. As we did there, we use [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}\\approx ({x}_{i}+{x}_{i-1})\\text{\/}2[\/latex] to approximate the average radius of the washer. We obtain<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793266910\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{A}_{i}=\\pi ({x}_{i}+{x}_{i-1})\\text{\u0394}x\\approx 2\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793930438\">Using [latex]\\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})[\/latex] to approximate the density of the washer, we approximate the mass of the washer by<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793918720\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{m}_{i}\\approx 2\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p>Adding up the masses of the washers, we see the mass [latex]m[\/latex] of the entire disk is approximated by<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793384645\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]m=\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}{m}_{i}\\approx \\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}2\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794176147\">We again recognize this as a Riemann sum, and take the limit as [latex]n\\to \\infty .[\/latex] This gives us<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793930066\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]m=\\underset{n\\to \\infty }{\\text{lim}}\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}2\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\\rho ({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x={\\int }_{0}^{r}2\\pi x\\rho (x)dx.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793950100\">We summarize these findings in the following theorem.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793950103\" class=\"textbox key-takeaways theorem\">\n<h3>Mass\u2013Density Formula of a Circular Object<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793625643\">Let [latex]\\rho (x)[\/latex] be an integrable function representing the radial density of a disk of radius [latex]r.[\/latex] Then the mass of the disk is given by<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793469833\" class=\"equation\">[latex]m={\\int }_{0}^{r}2\\pi x\\rho (x)dx.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793912188\" class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Calculating Mass from Radial Density<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793912190\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793924149\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793420813\">Let [latex]\\rho (x)=\\sqrt{x}[\/latex] represent the radial density of a disk. Calculate the mass of a disk of radius 4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793477594\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793477594\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793477594\">Applying the formula, we find<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793510552\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\hfill m& ={\\int }_{0}^{r}2\\pi x\\rho (x)dx\\hfill \\\\ & ={\\int }_{0}^{4}2\\pi x\\sqrt{x}dx=2\\pi {\\int }_{0}^{4}{x}^{3\\text{\/}2}dx\\hfill \\\\ & =2\\pi {\\frac{2}{5}{x}^{5\\text{\/}2}|}_{0}^{4}=\\frac{4\\pi }{5}\\left[32\\right]=\\frac{128\\pi }{5}.\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793563675\" class=\"textbox exercises checkpoint\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793563678\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793938844\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793938846\">Let [latex]\\rho (x)=3x+2[\/latex] represent the radial density of a disk. Calculate the mass of a disk of radius 2.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793547373\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793547373\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793547373\">[latex]24\\pi[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794060109\" class=\"commentary\">\n<h4>Hint<\/h4>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793697804\">Use the process from the previous example.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794126456\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h1>Work Done by a Force<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794140573\">We now consider work. In physics, <strong>work<\/strong> is related to force, which is often intuitively defined as a push or pull on an object. When a force moves an object, we say the force does work on the object. In other words, work can be thought of as the amount of energy it takes to move an object. According to physics, when we have a constant force, work can be expressed as the product of force and distance.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794042466\">In the English system, the unit of force is the pound and the unit of distance is the foot, so work is given in foot-pounds. In the metric system, kilograms and meters are used. One newton is the force needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 m\/sec<sup>2<\/sup>. Thus, the most common unit of work is the newton-meter. This same unit is also called the <span class=\"no-emphasis\"><em>joule<\/em><\/span>. Both are defined as kilograms times meters squared over seconds squared [latex](\\text{kg}\u00b7{\\text{m}}^{2}\\text{\/}{\\text{s}}^{2}).[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793514627\">When we have a constant force, things are pretty easy. It is rare, however, for a force to be constant. The work done to compress (or elongate) a spring, for example, varies depending on how far the spring has already been compressed (or stretched). We look at springs in more detail later in this section.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793982965\">Suppose we have a variable force [latex]F(x)[\/latex] that moves an object in a positive direction along the [latex]x[\/latex]-axis from point [latex]a[\/latex] to point [latex]b.[\/latex] To calculate the work done, we partition the interval [latex]\\left[a,b\\right][\/latex] and estimate the work done over each subinterval. So, for [latex]i=0,1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] let [latex]P=\\left\\{{x}_{i}\\right\\}[\/latex] be a regular partition of the interval [latex]\\left[a,b\\right],[\/latex] and for [latex]i=1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] choose an arbitrary point [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}\\in \\left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\\right].[\/latex] To calculate the work done to move an object from point [latex]{x}_{i-1}[\/latex] to point [latex]{x}_{i},[\/latex] we assume the force is roughly constant over the interval, and use [latex]F({x}_{i}^{*})[\/latex] to approximate the force. The work done over the interval [latex]\\left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\\right],[\/latex] then, is given by<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794065392\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{W}_{i}\\approx F({x}_{i}^{*})({x}_{i}-{x}_{i-1})=F({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793926193\">Therefore, the work done over the interval [latex]\\left[a,b\\right][\/latex] is approximately<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794003046\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]W=\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}{W}_{i}\\approx \\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}F({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793951829\">Taking the limit of this expression as [latex]n\\to \\infty[\/latex] gives us the exact value for work:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794212535\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]W=\\underset{n\\to \\infty }{\\text{lim}}\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}F({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x={\\int }_{a}^{b}F(x)dx.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793984329\">Thus, we can define work as follows.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794137488\" class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<div class=\"title\">\n<h3>Definition<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794094283\">If a variable force [latex]F(x)[\/latex] moves an object in a positive direction along the [latex]x[\/latex]-axis from point [latex]a[\/latex] to point [latex]b[\/latex], then the work done on the object is<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793879581\" class=\"equation\">[latex]W={\\int }_{a}^{b}F(x)dx.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794122064\">Note that if <em>F<\/em> is constant, the integral evaluates to [latex]F\u00b7(b-a)=F\u00b7d,[\/latex] which is the formula we stated at the beginning of this section.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793249357\">Now let\u2019s look at the specific example of the work done to compress or elongate a spring. Consider a block attached to a horizontal spring. The block moves back and forth as the spring stretches and compresses. Although in the real world we would have to account for the force of friction between the block and the surface on which it is resting, we ignore friction here and assume the block is resting on a frictionless surface. When the spring is at its natural length (at rest), the system is said to be at equilibrium. In this state, the spring is neither elongated nor compressed, and in this equilibrium position the block does not move until some force is introduced. We orient the system such that [latex]x=0[\/latex] corresponds to the equilibrium position (see the following figure).<\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_004\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 449px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213202\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_004.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has three images. The first is the x-axis. On the left is a vertical block. Attached to the block is a spring that ends at the y-axis and has the label x=0. The image is labeled equilibrium. The second image is the same spring that ends before the y-axis. It has x&lt;0 and is labeled compressed. The third image is the same spring that is beyond the y-axis. It has x&gt;0 and is labeled stretched.\" width=\"439\" height=\"484\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4. A block attached to a horizontal spring at equilibrium, compressed, and elongated.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793633520\">According to<strong> Hooke\u2019s law<\/strong>, the force required to compress or stretch a spring from an equilibrium position is given by [latex]F(x)=kx,[\/latex] for some constant [latex]k.[\/latex] The value of [latex]k[\/latex] depends on the physical characteristics of the spring. The constant [latex]k[\/latex] is called the <span class=\"no-emphasis\"><em>spring constant<\/em><\/span> and is always positive. We can use this information to calculate the work done to compress or elongate a spring, as shown in the following example.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793298896\" class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>The Work Required to Stretch or Compress a Spring<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794099463\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794099466\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793380075\">Suppose it takes a force of 10 N (in the negative direction) to compress a spring 0.2 m from the equilibrium position. How much work is done to stretch the spring 0.5 m from the equilibrium position?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167794060082\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167794060082\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794060082\">First find the spring constant, [latex]k.[\/latex] When [latex]x=-0.2,[\/latex] we know [latex]F(x)=-10,[\/latex] so<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793619889\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccc}\\hfill F(x)& =\\hfill & kx\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill -10& =\\hfill & k(-0.2)\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill k& =\\hfill & 50\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793432264\">and [latex]F(x)=50x.[\/latex] Then, to calculate work, we integrate the force function, obtaining<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794038347\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]W={\\int }_{a}^{b}F(x)dx={\\int }_{0}^{0.5}50xdx={25{x}^{2}|}_{0}^{0.5}=6.25.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p>The work done to stretch the spring is 6.25 J.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises checkpoint\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793929416\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793367820\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793367822\">Suppose it takes a force of 8 lb to stretch a spring 6 in. from the equilibrium position. How much work is done to stretch the spring 1 ft from the equilibrium position?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793281283\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793281283\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793281283\">8 ft-lb<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793281291\" class=\"commentary\">\n<h4>Hint<\/h4>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793455232\">Use the process from the previous example. Be careful with units.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793455240\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h1>Work Done in Pumping<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793455245\">Consider the work done to pump water (or some other liquid) out of a tank. Pumping problems are a little more complicated than spring problems because many of the calculations depend on the shape and size of the tank. In addition, instead of being concerned about the work done to move a single mass, we are looking at the work done to move a volume of water, and it takes more work to move the water from the bottom of the tank than it does to move the water from the top of the tank.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793502586\">We examine the process in the context of a cylindrical tank, then look at a couple of examples using tanks of different shapes. Assume a cylindrical tank of radius 4 m and height 10 m is filled to a depth of 8 m. How much work does it take to pump all the water over the top edge of the tank?<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793502601\">The first thing we need to do is define a frame of reference. We let [latex]x[\/latex] represent the vertical distance below the top of the tank. That is, we orient the [latex]x\\text{-axis}[\/latex] vertically, with the origin at the top of the tank and the downward direction being positive (see the following figure).<\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_005\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 491px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213205\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_005.jpg\" alt=\"This figure is a right circular cylinder that is vertical. It represents a tank of water. The radius of the cylinder is 4 m, the height of the cylinder is 10 m. The height of the water inside the cylinder is 8 m. There is also a horizontal line on top of the tank representing the x=0. A line is drawn vertical beside the cylinder with a downward arrow labeled x.\" width=\"481\" height=\"379\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5. How much work is needed to empty a tank partially filled with water?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793479906\">Using this coordinate system, the water extends from [latex]x=2[\/latex] to [latex]x=10.[\/latex] Therefore, we partition the interval [latex]\\left[2,10\\right][\/latex] and look at the work required to lift each individual \u201clayer\u201d of water. So, for [latex]i=0,1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] let [latex]P=\\left\\{{x}_{i}\\right\\}[\/latex] be a regular partition of the interval [latex]\\left[2,10\\right],[\/latex] and for [latex]i=1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] choose an arbitrary point [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}\\in \\left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\\right].[\/latex] <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_006\">(Figure)<\/a> shows a representative layer.<\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_006\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 481px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213208\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_006.jpg\" alt=\"This figure is a right circular cylinder representing a tank of water. Inside of the cylinder is a layer of water with thickness delta x. The thickness begins at xsub(i-1) and ends at xsubi.\" width=\"471\" height=\"251\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6. A representative layer of water.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793720072\">In pumping problems, the force required to lift the water to the top of the tank is the force required to overcome gravity, so it is equal to the weight of the water. Given that the weight-density of water is 9800 N\/m<sup>3<\/sup>, or 62.4 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup>, calculating the volume of each layer gives us the weight. In this case, we have<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793506225\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]V=\\pi {(4)}^{2}\\text{\u0394}x=16\\pi \\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793277647\">Then, the force needed to lift each layer is<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793277650\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]F=9800\u00b716\\pi \\text{\u0394}x=156,800\\pi \\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793937471\">Note that this step becomes a little more difficult if we have a noncylindrical tank. We look at a noncylindrical tank in the next example.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793937476\">We also need to know the distance the water must be lifted. Based on our choice of coordinate systems, we can use [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}[\/latex] as an approximation of the distance the layer must be lifted. Then the work to lift the [latex]i\\text{th}[\/latex] layer of water [latex]{W}_{i}[\/latex] is approximately<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794165423\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{W}_{i}\\approx 156,800\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793886516\">Adding the work for each layer, we see the approximate work to empty the tank is given by<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793473606\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]W=\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}{W}_{i}\\approx \\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}156,800\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\\text{\u0394}x.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793725962\">This is a Riemann sum, so taking the limit as [latex]n\\to \\infty ,[\/latex] we get<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793355091\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\hfill W& =\\underset{n\\to \\infty }{\\text{lim}}\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}156,800\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\\text{\u0394}x\\hfill \\\\ & =156,800\\pi {\\int }_{2}^{10}xdx\\hfill \\\\ & =156,800\\pi {\\left[\\frac{{x}^{2}}{2}\\right]|}_{2}^{10}=7,526,400\\pi \\approx 23,644,883.\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793546878\">The work required to empty the tank is approximately 23,650,000 J.<\/p>\n<p>For pumping problems, the calculations vary depending on the shape of the tank or container. The following problem-solving strategy lays out a step-by-step process for solving pumping problems.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793546887\" class=\"textbox key-takeaways problem-solving\">\n<h3>Problem-Solving Strategy: Solving Pumping Problems<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"fs-id1167794051212\">\n<li>Sketch a picture of the tank and select an appropriate frame of reference.<\/li>\n<li>Calculate the volume of a representative layer of water.<\/li>\n<li>Multiply the volume by the weight-density of water to get the force.<\/li>\n<li>Calculate the distance the layer of water must be lifted.<\/li>\n<li>Multiply the force and distance to get an estimate of the work needed to lift the layer of water.<\/li>\n<li>Sum the work required to lift all the layers. This expression is an estimate of the work required to pump out the desired amount of water, and it is in the form of a Riemann sum.<\/li>\n<li>Take the limit as [latex]n\\to \\infty[\/latex] and evaluate the resulting integral to get the exact work required to pump out the desired amount of water.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793505372\">We now apply this problem-solving strategy in an example with a noncylindrical tank.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793505375\" class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>A Pumping Problem with a Noncylindrical Tank<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793505377\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793505379\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793395564\">Assume a tank in the shape of an inverted cone, with height 12 ft and base radius 4 ft. The tank is full to start with, and water is pumped over the upper edge of the tank until the height of the water remaining in the tank is 4 ft. How much work is required to pump out that amount of water?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793395586\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793395586\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793395586\">The tank is depicted in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_007\">(Figure)<\/a>. As we did in the example with the cylindrical tank, we orient the [latex]x\\text{-axis}[\/latex] vertically, with the origin at the top of the tank and the downward direction being positive (step 1).<\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 293px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213212\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_007.jpg\" alt=\"This figure is an upside-down cone. The cone has an axis through the center. The top of the cone on the axis is labeled x=0.\" width=\"283\" height=\"486\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7. A water tank in the shape of an inverted cone.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793385041\">The tank starts out full and ends with 4 ft of water left, so, based on our chosen frame of reference, we need to partition the interval [latex]\\left[0,8\\right].[\/latex] Then, for [latex]i=0,1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] let [latex]P=\\left\\{{x}_{i}\\right\\}[\/latex] be a regular partition of the interval [latex]\\left[0,8\\right],[\/latex] and for [latex]i=1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] choose an arbitrary point [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}\\in \\left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\\right].[\/latex] We can approximate the volume of a layer by using a disk, then use similar triangles to find the radius of the disk (see the following figure).<\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 756px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213214\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_008.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has two images. The first has the x-axis. Below the axis, on a slant is a line segment extending up to the x-axis. Beside the line segment is a horizontal right circular cylinder. The second image has a triangle. The right triangle mirrors the first image with the hypotenuse the line segment in the first image. The top of the triangle is 4 units. the length of the vertical side is 12 units. The vertical side is also divided into two parts; the first is xsubi, the second is 12-xsubi. It is divided at the level where the first image has the cylinder.\" width=\"746\" height=\"561\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8. Using similar triangles to express the radius of a disk of water.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793221543\">From properties of similar triangles, we have<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793221547\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccc}\\hfill \\frac{{r}_{i}}{12-{x}_{i}^{*}}& =\\hfill & \\frac{4}{12}=\\frac{1}{3}\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill 3{r}_{i}& =\\hfill & 12-{x}_{i}^{*}\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {r}_{i}& =\\hfill & \\frac{12-{x}_{i}^{*}}{3}\\hfill \\\\ & =\\hfill & 4-\\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3}.\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793419284\">Then the volume of the disk is<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793419287\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{V}_{i}=\\pi {(4-\\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3})}^{2}\\text{\u0394}x\\text{(step 2).}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793287424\">The weight-density of water is 62.4 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup>, so the force needed to lift each layer is approximately<\/p>\n<div class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{F}_{i}\\approx 62.4\\pi {(4-\\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3})}^{2}\\text{\u0394}x\\text{(step 3).}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793628639\">Based on the diagram, the distance the water must be lifted is approximately [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}[\/latex] feet (step 4), so the approximate work needed to lift the layer is<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793929624\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{W}_{i}\\approx 62.4\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}{(4-\\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3})}^{2}\\text{\u0394}x\\text{(step 5).}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793250306\">Summing the work required to lift all the layers, we get an approximate value of the total work:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793570048\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]W=\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}{W}_{i}\\approx \\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}62.4\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}{(4-\\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3})}^{2}\\text{\u0394}x\\text{(step 6).}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793400817\">Taking the limit as [latex]n\\to \\infty ,[\/latex] we obtain<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793400833\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\hfill W& =\\underset{n\\to \\infty }{\\text{lim}}\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}62.4\\pi {x}_{i}^{*}{(4-\\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3})}^{2}\\text{\u0394}x\\hfill \\\\ & ={\\int }_{0}^{8}62.4\\pi x{(4-\\frac{x}{3})}^{2}dx\\hfill \\\\ & =62.4\\pi {\\int }_{0}^{8}x(16-\\frac{8x}{3}+\\frac{{x}^{2}}{9})dx=62.4\\pi {\\int }_{0}^{8}(16x-\\frac{8{x}^{2}}{3}+\\frac{{x}^{3}}{9})dx\\hfill \\\\ & =62.4\\pi {\\left[8{x}^{2}-\\frac{8{x}^{3}}{9}+\\frac{{x}^{4}}{36}\\right]|}_{0}^{8}=10,649.6\\pi \\approx 33,456.7.\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793454764\">It takes approximately 33,450 ft-lb of work to empty the tank to the desired level.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793553739\" class=\"textbox exercises checkpoint\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793553742\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793553744\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793553746\">A tank is in the shape of an inverted cone, with height 10 ft and base radius 6 ft. The tank is filled to a depth of 8 ft to start with, and water is pumped over the upper edge of the tank until 3 ft of water remain in the tank. How much work is required to pump out that amount of water?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793553760\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793553760\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793553760\">Approximately 43,255.2 ft-lb<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793281516\" class=\"commentary\">\n<h4>Hint<\/h4>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793281522\">Use the process from the previous example.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793281530\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h1>Hydrostatic Force and Pressure<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793281535\">In this last section, we look at the force and pressure exerted on an object submerged in a liquid. In the English system, force is measured in pounds. In the metric system, it is measured in newtons. Pressure is force per unit area, so in the English system we have pounds per square foot (or, perhaps more commonly, pounds per square inch, denoted psi). In the metric system we have newtons per square meter, also called <span class=\"no-emphasis\"><em>pascals<\/em><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793630279\">Let\u2019s begin with the simple case of a plate of area [latex]A[\/latex] submerged horizontally in water at a depth [latex]s[\/latex] (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_009\">(Figure)<\/a>). Then, the force exerted on the plate is simply the weight of the water above it, which is given by [latex]F=\\rho As,[\/latex] where [latex]\\rho[\/latex] is the weight density of water (weight per unit volume). To find the <strong>hydrostatic pressure<\/strong>\u2014that is, the pressure exerted by water on a submerged object\u2014we divide the force by the area. So the pressure is [latex]p=F\\text{\/}A=\\rho s.[\/latex]<\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_009\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 497px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213218\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_009.jpg\" alt=\"This image has a circular plate submerged in water. The plate is labeled A and the depth of the water is labeled s.\" width=\"487\" height=\"324\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 9. A plate submerged horizontally in water.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793553642\">By <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Pascal\u2019s principle<\/span>, the pressure at a given depth is the same in all directions, so it does not matter if the plate is submerged horizontally or vertically. So, as long as we know the depth, we know the pressure. We can apply Pascal\u2019s principle to find the force exerted on surfaces, such as dams, that are oriented vertically. We cannot apply the formula [latex]F=\\rho As[\/latex] directly, because the depth varies from point to point on a vertically oriented surface. So, as we have done many times before, we form a partition, a Riemann sum, and, ultimately, a definite integral to calculate the force.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793553670\">Suppose a thin plate is submerged in water. We choose our frame of reference such that the [latex]x[\/latex]-axis is oriented vertically, with the downward direction being positive, and point [latex]x=0[\/latex] corresponding to a logical reference point. Let [latex]s(x)[\/latex] denote the depth at point [latex]x[\/latex]. Note we often let [latex]x=0[\/latex] correspond to the surface of the water. In this case, depth at any point is simply given by [latex]s(x)=x.[\/latex] However, in some cases we may want to select a different reference point for [latex]x=0,[\/latex] so we proceed with the development in the more general case. Last, let [latex]w(x)[\/latex] denote the width of the plate at the point [latex]x.[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794127192\">Assume the top edge of the plate is at point [latex]x=a[\/latex] and the bottom edge of the plate is at point [latex]x=b.[\/latex] Then, for [latex]i=0,1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] let [latex]P=\\left\\{{x}_{i}\\right\\}[\/latex] be a regular partition of the interval [latex]\\left[a,b\\right],[\/latex] and for [latex]i=1,2\\text{,\u2026},n,[\/latex] choose an arbitrary point [latex]{x}_{i}^{*}\\in \\left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\\right].[\/latex] The partition divides the plate into several thin, rectangular strips (see the following figure).<\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_010\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 581px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213221\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_010.jpg\" alt=\"This image is the overhead view of a submerged circular plate. The x-axis is to the side of the plate. The plate\u2019s diameter goes from x=a to x=b. There is a strip in the middle of the plate with thickness of delta x. On the axis this thickness begins at x=xsub(i-1) and ends at x=xsubi. The length of the strip in the plate is labeled w(csubi).\" width=\"571\" height=\"350\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10. A thin plate submerged vertically in water.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793420981\">Let\u2019s now estimate the force on a representative strip. If the strip is thin enough, we can treat it as if it is at a constant depth, [latex]s({x}_{i}^{*}).[\/latex] We then have<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793952122\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]{F}_{i}=\\rho As=\\rho \\left[w({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x\\right]s({x}_{i}^{*}).[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793584536\">Adding the forces, we get an estimate for the force on the plate:<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793584539\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]F\\approx \\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}{F}_{i}=\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}\\rho \\left[w({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x\\right]s({x}_{i}^{*}).[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794057934\">This is a Riemann sum, so taking the limit gives us the exact force. We obtain<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794057937\" class=\"equation\">[latex]F=\\underset{n\\to \\infty }{\\text{lim}}\\underset{i=1}{\\overset{n}{\\text{\u2211}}}\\rho \\left[w({x}_{i}^{*})\\text{\u0394}x\\right]s({x}_{i}^{*})={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho w(x)s(x)dx.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794291708\">Evaluating this integral gives us the force on the plate. We summarize this in the following problem-solving strategy.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794291713\" class=\"textbox key-takeaways problem-solving\">\n<h3>Problem-Solving Strategy: Finding Hydrostatic Force<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"fs-id1167794291719\">\n<li>Sketch a picture and select an appropriate frame of reference. (Note that if we select a frame of reference other than the one used earlier, we may have to adjust <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fs-id1167794057937\">(Figure)<\/a> accordingly.)<\/li>\n<li>Determine the depth and width functions, [latex]s(x)[\/latex] and [latex]w(x).[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>Determine the weight-density of whatever liquid with which you are working. The weight-density of water is 62.4 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup>, or 9800 N\/m<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>Use the equation to calculate the total force.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793504251\" class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Finding Hydrostatic Force<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793504253\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793504255\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793504261\">A water trough 15 ft long has ends shaped like inverted isosceles triangles, with base 8 ft and height 3 ft. Find the force on one end of the trough if the trough is full of water.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793385052\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793385052\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793385052\"><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_011\">(Figure)<\/a> shows the trough and a more detailed view of one end.<\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_011\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 588px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213225\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_011.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has two images. The first is a water trough with rectangular sides. The length of the trough is 15 feet, the depth is 3 feet, and the width is 8 feet. The second image is a cross section of the trough. It is a triangle. The top has length of 8 feet and the sides have length 5 feet. The altitude is labeled with 3 feet.\" width=\"578\" height=\"634\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 11. (a) A water trough with a triangular cross-section. (b) Dimensions of one end of the water trough.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793385076\">Select a frame of reference with the [latex]x\\text{-axis}[\/latex] oriented vertically and the downward direction being positive. Select the top of the trough as the point corresponding to [latex]x=0[\/latex] (step 1). The depth function, then, is [latex]s(x)=x.[\/latex] Using similar triangles, we see that [latex]w(x)=8-(8\\text{\/}3)x[\/latex] (step 2). Now, the weight density of water is 62.4 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup> (step 3), so applying <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fs-id1167794057937\">(Figure)<\/a>, we obtain<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794054206\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\hfill F& ={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho w(x)s(x)dx\\hfill \\\\ & ={\\int }_{0}^{3}62.4(8-\\frac{8}{3}x)xdx=62.4{\\int }_{0}^{3}(8x-\\frac{8}{3}{x}^{2})dx\\hfill \\\\ & =62.4{\\left[4{x}^{2}-\\frac{8}{9}{x}^{3}\\right]|}_{0}^{3}=748.8.\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793445714\">The water exerts a force of 748.8 lb on the end of the trough (step 4).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793445721\" class=\"textbox exercises checkpoint\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793445724\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793421183\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793421185\">A water trough 12 m long has ends shaped like inverted isosceles triangles, with base 6 m and height 4 m. Find the force on one end of the trough if the trough is full of water.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793421193\">156,800 N<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793421202\" class=\"commentary\">\n<h4>Hint<\/h4>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793421208\">Follow the problem-solving strategy and the process from the previous example.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793421214\" class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3><a id=\"figure\"><\/a>Chapter Opener: Finding Hydrostatic Force<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793421216\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793421219\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793421224\">We now return our attention to the <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Hoover Dam<\/span>, mentioned at the beginning of this chapter. The actual dam is arched, rather than flat, but we are going to make some simplifying assumptions to help us with the calculations. Assume the face of the Hoover Dam is shaped like an isosceles trapezoid with lower base 750 ft, upper base 1250 ft, and height 750 ft (see the following figure).<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"fs-id1167793562324\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213228\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_012.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has two images. The first is a picture of a dam. The second image beside the dam is a trapezoidal figure representing the dimensions of the dam. The top is 1250 feet, the bottom is 750 feet. The height is 750 feet.\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793562335\">When the reservoir is full, Lake Mead\u2019s maximum depth is about 530 ft, and the surface of the lake is about 10 ft below the top of the dam (see the following figure).<\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 467px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213232\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_013.jpg\" alt=\"This figure is a trapezoid with the longer side on top. There is a smaller trapezoid inside the first with height labeled 530 feet. It is also 10 feet below the top of the larger trapezoid.\" width=\"457\" height=\"224\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 12. A simplified model of the Hoover Dam with assumed dimensions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ol id=\"fs-id1167793562359\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha\">\n<li>Find the force on the face of the dam when the reservoir is full.<\/li>\n<li>The southwest United States has been experiencing a drought, and the surface of Lake Mead is about 125 ft below where it would be if the reservoir were full. What is the force on the face of the dam under these circumstances?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793384812\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793384812\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol id=\"fs-id1167793384812\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha\">\n<li>We begin by establishing a frame of reference. As usual, we choose to orient the [latex]x\\text{-axis}[\/latex] vertically, with the downward direction being positive. This time, however, we are going to let [latex]x=0[\/latex] represent the top of the dam, rather than the surface of the water. When the reservoir is full, the surface of the water is 10 ft below the top of the dam, so [latex]s(x)=x-10[\/latex] (see the following figure).\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 492px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213234\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_014.jpg\" alt=\"This figure is a trapezoid with the longer side on top. There is a smaller trapezoid inside the first with height labeled s(x)=x-10. It represents the depth of the water. It is also 10 feet below the top of the larger trapezoid. The top of the larger trapezoid is at x=0.\" width=\"482\" height=\"184\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 13. We first choose a frame of reference.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-caption-text\"><\/div>\n<p>To find the width function, we again turn to similar triangles as shown in the figure below.<\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 444px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213237\/CNX_Calc_Figure_06_05_015.jpg\" alt=\"This figure has two images. The first is a trapezoid with larger side on the top. The length of the top is divided into 3 measures. The first measure is 250 feet, the second is 750 feet, and the third is 250 feet. The height of the trapezoid is 750 feet. The length of the bottom is 750 feet. Inside of the trapezoid the width is labeled w(x). Inside if one of the triangular sides is the width r. The second image is the same trapezoid. It has the height labeled as 750 feet. Inside the trapezoid it has the height divided into two segments. The first is labeled x, and the second is labeled 750-x. On the side of the trapezoid a triangle has been formed by a vertical line from the bottom side to the top. Inside of the triangle is a horizontal line segment labeled r.\" width=\"434\" height=\"661\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14. We use similar triangles to determine a function for the width of the dam. (a) Assumed dimensions of the dam; (b) highlighting the similar triangles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>From the figure, we see that [latex]w(x)=750+2r.[\/latex] Using properties of similar triangles, we get [latex]r=250-(1\\text{\/}3)x.[\/latex] Thus,<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793543486\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]w(x)=1250-\\frac{2}{3}x\\text{(step 2).}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p>Using a weight-density of 62.4 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup> (step 3) and applying <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fs-id1167794057937\">(Figure)<\/a>, we get<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793355151\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\hfill F& ={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho w(x)s(x)dx\\hfill \\\\ & ={\\int }_{10}^{540}62.4(1250-\\frac{2}{3}x)(x-10)dx=62.4{\\int }_{10}^{540}-\\frac{2}{3}\\left[{x}^{2}-1885x+18750\\right]dx\\hfill \\\\ & =-62.4(\\frac{2}{3}){\\left[\\frac{{x}^{3}}{3}-\\frac{1885{x}^{2}}{2}+18750x\\right]|}_{10}^{540}\\approx 8,832,245,000\\text{lb}=4,416,122.5\\text{t}\\text{.}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794222384\">Note the change from pounds to tons [latex](2000[\/latex] lb = 1 ton) (step 4). This changes our depth function, [latex]s(x),[\/latex] and our limits of integration. We have [latex]s(x)=x-135.[\/latex] The lower limit of integration is 135. The upper limit remains 540. Evaluating the integral, we get<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794095323\" class=\"equation unnumbered\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\hfill F& ={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho w(x)s(x)dx\\hfill \\\\ & ={\\int }_{135}^{540}62.4(1250-\\frac{2}{3}x)(x-135)dx\\hfill \\\\ & =-62.4(\\frac{2}{3}){\\int }_{135}^{540}(x-1875)(x-135)dx=-62.4(\\frac{2}{3}){\\int }_{135}^{540}({x}^{2}-2010x+253125)dx\\hfill \\\\ & =-62.4(\\frac{2}{3}){\\left[\\frac{{x}^{3}}{3}-1005{x}^{2}+253125x\\right]|}_{135}^{540}\\approx 5,015,230,000\\text{lb}=2,507,615\\text{t}\\text{.}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794138214\" class=\"textbox exercises checkpoint\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794138217\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794138219\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794138221\">When the reservoir is at its average level, the surface of the water is about 50 ft below where it would be if the reservoir were full. What is the force on the face of the dam under these circumstances?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167794138229\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167794138229\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794138229\">Approximately 7,164,520,000 lb or 3,582,260 t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794138234\" class=\"commentary\">\n<h4>Hint<\/h4>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794138240\">Change the depth function, [latex]s(x),[\/latex] and the limits of integration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit media-2\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167791543256\">To learn more about Hoover Dam, see this <a href=\"http:\/\/www.openstaxcollege.org\/l\/20_HooverDam\">article<\/a> published by the History Channel.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167791543265\" class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167791543272\">\n<li>Several physical applications of the definite integral are common in engineering and physics.<\/li>\n<li>Definite integrals can be used to determine the mass of an object if its density function is known.<\/li>\n<li>Work can also be calculated from integrating a force function, or when counteracting the force of gravity, as in a pumping problem.<\/li>\n<li>Definite integrals can also be used to calculate the force exerted on an object submerged in a liquid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167791543292\" class=\"key-equations\">\n<h1>Key Equations<\/h1>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167791543298\">\n<li><strong>Mass of a one-dimensional object<\/strong><br \/>\n[latex]m={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho (x)dx[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mass of a circular object<\/strong><br \/>\n[latex]m={\\int }_{0}^{r}2\\pi x\\rho (x)dx[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li><strong>Work done on an object<\/strong><br \/>\n[latex]W={\\int }_{a}^{b}F(x)dx[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hydrostatic force on a plate<\/strong><br \/>\n[latex]F={\\int }_{a}^{b}\\rho w(x)s(x)dx[\/latex]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793718508\" class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793718511\">For the following exercises, find the work done.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793718514\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793718516\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793718519\">Find the work done when a constant force [latex]F=12[\/latex] lb moves a chair from [latex]x=0.9[\/latex] to [latex]x=1.1[\/latex] ft.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793718563\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793718566\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793718568\">How much work is done when a person lifts a 50 lb box of comics onto a truck that is 3 ft off the ground?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793590314\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793590314\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793590314\">150 ft-lb<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793590323\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793590325\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793590327\">What is the work done lifting a 20 kg child from the floor to a height of 2 m? (Note that 1 kg equates to 9.8 N)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793590363\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793590365\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793590367\">Find the work done when you push a box along the floor 2 m, when you apply a constant force of [latex]F=100\\text{N}.[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793705293\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793705293\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793705293\">[latex]200\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793705306\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793705308\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793705310\">Compute the work done for a force [latex]F=12\\text{\/}{x}^{2}[\/latex] N from [latex]x=1[\/latex] to [latex]x=2[\/latex] m.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793274848\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793274850\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793274852\">What is the work done moving a particle from [latex]x=0[\/latex] to [latex]x=1[\/latex] m if the force acting on it is [latex]F=3{x}^{2}[\/latex] N?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793274893\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793274893\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793274893\">1 J<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793274901\">For the following exercises, find the mass of the one-dimensional object.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793274905\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793274907\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793274909\">A wire that is 2 ft long (starting at [latex]x=0)[\/latex] and has a density function of [latex]\\rho (x)={x}^{2}+2x[\/latex] lb\/ft<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793280392\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793280395\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793280397\">A car antenna that is 3 ft long (starting at [latex]x=0)[\/latex] and has a density function of [latex]\\rho (x)=3x+2[\/latex] lb\/ft<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793724747\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793724747\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793724747\">[latex]\\frac{39}{2}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793724760\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793724762\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793724764\">A metal rod that is 8 in. long (starting at [latex]x=0)[\/latex] and has a density function of [latex]\\rho (x)={e}^{1\\text{\/}2x}[\/latex] lb\/in.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793630100\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793630102\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793630104\">A pencil that is 4 in. long (starting at [latex]x=2)[\/latex] and has a density function of [latex]\\rho (x)=5\\text{\/}x[\/latex] oz\/in.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793630148\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793630148\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793630148\">[latex]\\text{ln}(243)[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794223650\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794223652\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794223654\">A ruler that is 12 in. long (starting at [latex]x=5)[\/latex] and has a density function of [latex]\\rho (x)=\\text{ln}(x)+(1\\text{\/}2){x}^{2}[\/latex] oz\/in.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793691533\">For the following exercises, find the mass of the two-dimensional object that is centered at the origin.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793691537\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793691540\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793691542\">An oversized hockey puck of radius 2 in. with density function [latex]\\rho (x)={x}^{3}-2x+5[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793691582\">[latex]\\frac{332\\pi }{15}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793524568\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793524570\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793524572\">A frisbee of radius 6 in. with density function [latex]\\rho (x)={e}^{\\text{\u2212}x}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793524640\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793524642\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793524644\">A plate of radius 10 in. with density function [latex]\\rho (x)=1+ \\cos (\\pi x)[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793941017\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793941017\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793941017\">[latex]100\\pi[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793941028\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793941030\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793941032\">A jar lid of radius 3 in. with density function [latex]\\rho (x)=\\text{ln}(x+1)[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793244589\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793244591\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793244593\">A disk of radius 5 cm with density function [latex]\\rho (x)=\\sqrt{3x}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793244624\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793244624\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793244624\">[latex]20\\pi \\sqrt{15}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793244639\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793254981\">A 12-in. spring is stretched to 15 in. by a force of 75 lb. What is the spring constant?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793255017\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793255020\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793255022\">A spring has a natural length of 10 cm. It takes 2 J to stretch the spring to 15 cm. How much work would it take to stretch the spring from 15 cm to 20 cm?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793255054\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793255054\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793255054\">6 J<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793255062\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793255064\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793255066\">A 1-m spring requires 10 J to stretch the spring to 1.1 m. How much work would it take to stretch the spring from 1 m to 1.2 m?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793545921\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793545923\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793545925\">A spring requires 5 J to stretch the spring from 8 cm to 12 cm, and an additional 4 J to stretch the spring from 12 cm to 14 cm. What is the natural length of the spring?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793545960\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793545960\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793545960\">5 cm<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793545970\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793545972\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793545974\">A shock absorber is compressed 1 in. by a weight of 1 t. What is the spring constant?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793630513\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793630515\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793630517\">A force of [latex]F=20x-{x}^{3}[\/latex] N stretches a nonlinear spring by [latex]x[\/latex] meters. What work is required to stretch the spring from [latex]x=0[\/latex] to [latex]x=2[\/latex] m?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793630566\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793630566\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793630566\">36 J<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793630576\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793630578\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793630580\">Find the work done by winding up a hanging cable of length 100 ft and weight-density 5 lb\/ft.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793496018\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793496020\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793496022\">For the cable in the preceding exercise, how much work is done to lift the cable 50 ft?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793496034\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793496034\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793496034\">18,750 ft-lb<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793496050\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p>For the cable in the preceding exercise, how much additional work is done by hanging a 200 lb weight at the end of the cable?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793496078\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793496080\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793496082\"><strong>[T]<\/strong> A pyramid of height 500 ft has a square base 800 ft by 800 ft. Find the area [latex]A[\/latex] at height [latex]h.[\/latex] If the rock used to build the pyramid weighs approximately [latex]w=100{\\text{lb\/ft}}^{3},[\/latex] how much work did it take to lift all the rock?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793387254\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793387254\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793387254\">[latex]\\frac{32}{3}\u00d7{10}^{9}\\text{ft-lb}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793387279\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793387281\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793387284\"><strong>[T]<\/strong> For the pyramid in the preceding exercise, assume there were 1000 workers each working 10 hours a day, 5 days a week, 50 weeks a year. If the workers, on average, lifted 10 100 lb rocks 2 ft\/hr, how long did it take to build the pyramid?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794011556\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794011561\"><strong>[T]<\/strong> The force of gravity on a mass [latex]m[\/latex] is [latex]F=\\text{\u2212}((GMm)\\text{\/}{x}^{2})[\/latex] newtons. For a rocket of mass [latex]m=1000\\text{kg},[\/latex] compute the work to lift the rocket from [latex]x=6400[\/latex] to [latex]x=6500[\/latex] km. (<em>Note<\/em>: [latex]G=6\u00d7{10}^{-17}{\\text{N m}}^{2}\\text{\/}{\\text{kg}}^{2}[\/latex] and [latex]M=6\u00d7{10}^{24}\\text{kg}\\text{.})[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793551051\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793551051\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793551051\">[latex]8.65\u00d7{10}^{5}\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793524759\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p><strong>[T]<\/strong> For the rocket in the preceding exercise, find the work to lift the rocket from [latex]x=6400[\/latex] to [latex]x=\\infty .[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793524815\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793524817\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793524819\"><strong>[T]<\/strong> A rectangular dam is 40 ft high and 60 ft wide. Compute the total force [latex]F[\/latex] on the dam when<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fs-id1167793524840\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha\">\n<li>the surface of the water is at the top of the dam and<\/li>\n<li>the surface of the water is halfway down the dam.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793957832\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793957832\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793957832\">a. 3,000,000 lb, b. 749,000 lb<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793957860\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793957862\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793957865\"><strong>[T]<\/strong> Find the work required to pump all the water out of a cylinder that has a circular base of radius 5 ft and height 200 ft. Use the fact that the density of water is 62 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793957904\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793957906\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793957908\"><strong>[T]<\/strong> Find the work required to pump all the water out of the cylinder in the preceding exercise if the cylinder is only half full.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793957919\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793957919\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793957919\">[latex]23.25\\pi[\/latex] million ft-lb<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794042966\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794042968\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794042970\"><strong>[T]<\/strong> How much work is required to pump out a swimming pool if the area of the base is 800 ft<sup>2<\/sup>, the water is 4 ft deep, and the top is 1 ft above the water level? Assume that the density of water is 62 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794043019\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167794043022\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794043024\">A cylinder of depth [latex]H[\/latex] and cross-sectional area [latex]A[\/latex] stands full of water at density [latex]\\rho .[\/latex] Compute the work to pump all the water to the top.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167794043046\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167794043046\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167794043046\">[latex]\\frac{A\\rho {H}^{2}}{2}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793975911\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793975914\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793975916\">For the cylinder in the preceding exercise, compute the work to pump all the water to the top if the cylinder is only half full.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1167793975948\" class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793975950\">A cone-shaped tank has a cross-sectional area that increases with its depth: [latex]A=(\\pi {r}^{2}{h}^{2})\\text{\/}{H}^{3}.[\/latex] Show that the work to empty it is half the work for a cylinder with the same height and base.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-id1167793975996\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-id1167793975996\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167793975996\">Answers may vary<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<dl id=\"fs-id1167793976005\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>density function<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1167793609788\">a density function describes how mass is distributed throughout an object; it can be a linear density, expressed in terms of mass per unit length; an area density, expressed in terms of mass per unit area; or a volume density, expressed in terms of mass per unit volume; weight-density is also used to describe weight (rather than mass) per unit volume<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-id1167793609795\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>Hooke\u2019s law<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1167793609800\">this law states that the force required to compress (or elongate) a spring is proportional to the distance the spring has been compressed (or stretched) from equilibrium; in other words, [latex]F=kx,[\/latex] where [latex]k[\/latex] is a constant<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-id1167793609825\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>hydrostatic pressure<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1167793609830\">the pressure exerted by water on a submerged object<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-id1167793609834\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>work<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1167793609840\">the amount of energy it takes to move an object; in physics, when a force is constant, work is expressed as the product of force and distance<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":311,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2175","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2032,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-openstax-calculus1-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2175","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-openstax-calculus1-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-openstax-calculus1-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-openstax-calculus1-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/311"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-openstax-calculus1-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2175\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2571,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-openstax-calculus1-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2175\/revisions\/2571"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-openstax-calculus1-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2032"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-openstax-calculus1-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2175\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-openstax-calculus1-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2175"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-openstax-calculus1-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2175"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-openstax-calculus1-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2175"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-openstax-calculus1-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}