{"id":166,"date":"2017-07-20T16:30:10","date_gmt":"2017-07-20T16:30:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/chapter\/introductions-and-conclusions\/"},"modified":"2017-07-20T16:30:10","modified_gmt":"2017-07-20T16:30:10","slug":"introductions-and-conclusions","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/chapter\/introductions-and-conclusions\/","title":{"raw":"Introductions and Conclusions","rendered":"Introductions and Conclusions"},"content":{"raw":"

A key piece of advice many writers either do not ever get or don\u2019t believe is that it\u2019s not necessary to write introductions first or to write conclusions last. <\/b>Just because the introduction appears first and the conclusion appears last doesn\u2019t mean they have to be written that way. Here\u2019s a really tired metaphor to help explain: just because you walk into a building through the door doesn\u2019t mean the door was built first. The foundation went in first, even though you rarely if ever see\u00a0that part. And lots of imperfections in the foundation and the walls were covered up before you even moved in, so you can\u2019t see those either unless you look closely. <\/span><\/p>\n\n

Introductions <\/span><\/h2>\n

Even though a nearly infinite number of topics and arrangements is possible in English prose, introductions generally follow one of several patterns. If you\u2019re writing a children\u2019s story, you\u2019d probably start with \u201conce upon a time\u201d or something similar. If you\u2019re writing a research article in biomechanical engineering, you\u2019d probably start with a statement about how previous research has examined the problem of loading soldiers with daypacks on various surfaces, including sand, concrete, and railroad ballast. These examples are poles apart, but their introductions share very similar purposes: they orient their imagined readers to the topic, time, and place. <\/span><\/p>\n

In working toward the overall goal of orienting readers, introductions may <\/span><\/p>\n\n

  • Provide background about a topic. <\/span>\n<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Locate readers in a specific time and\/or place. <\/span>\n<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Start with a compelling quotation or statistic\u2014something concrete. <\/span>\n<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Include an ethical\u00a0appeal, with which you\u00a0(explicitly or implicitly) show\u00a0<\/span>that you've done your\u00a0homework and are\u00a0credible. <\/span>\n<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Articulate a main claim\/thesis. <\/span>\n<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Lay out the stakes for the piece of writing\u2014that is, why the reader should <\/span>\n<\/span>bother reading on. <\/span>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe following video addresses how to do several of these things, starting with the very first sentence of your introduction.\n\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/Rkefst9D6n0\n

    Conclusions <\/span><\/h2>\n

    Conclusions usually <\/span><\/p>\n\n

    • Summarize the argument (especially in longer pieces of writing) <\/span>\n<\/span><\/li>\n \t
    • \u201cBookend\u201d a story that started in the introduction <\/span>\n<\/span><\/li>\n \t
    • Include an emotional appeal, with which you (explicitly or implicitly) <\/span>connect the \u201clogic\u201d of the argument to a more passionate\u00a0reason intended to <\/span>sway the reader <\/span>\n<\/span><\/li>\n \t
    • Issue a call to action <\/span>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nIdeally, a conclusion will work in tandem with an introduction, having some kind of \"call back\" element to remind your reader of the powerful opening you provided. Additional advice for conclusions is found in the following video.\n\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/2L7aeO9fBzE","rendered":"

      A key piece of advice many writers either do not ever get or don\u2019t believe is that it\u2019s not necessary to write introductions first or to write conclusions last. <\/b>Just because the introduction appears first and the conclusion appears last doesn\u2019t mean they have to be written that way. Here\u2019s a really tired metaphor to help explain: just because you walk into a building through the door doesn\u2019t mean the door was built first. The foundation went in first, even though you rarely if ever see\u00a0that part. And lots of imperfections in the foundation and the walls were covered up before you even moved in, so you can\u2019t see those either unless you look closely. <\/span><\/p>\n

      Introductions <\/span><\/h2>\n

      Even though a nearly infinite number of topics and arrangements is possible in English prose, introductions generally follow one of several patterns. If you\u2019re writing a children\u2019s story, you\u2019d probably start with \u201conce upon a time\u201d or something similar. If you\u2019re writing a research article in biomechanical engineering, you\u2019d probably start with a statement about how previous research has examined the problem of loading soldiers with daypacks on various surfaces, including sand, concrete, and railroad ballast. These examples are poles apart, but their introductions share very similar purposes: they orient their imagined readers to the topic, time, and place. <\/span><\/p>\n

      In working toward the overall goal of orienting readers, introductions may <\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Provide background about a topic. <\/span>
        \n<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Locate readers in a specific time and\/or place. <\/span>
        \n<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Start with a compelling quotation or statistic\u2014something concrete. <\/span>
        \n<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Include an ethical\u00a0appeal, with which you\u00a0(explicitly or implicitly) show\u00a0<\/span>that you’ve done your\u00a0homework and are\u00a0credible. <\/span>
        \n<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Articulate a main claim\/thesis. <\/span>
        \n<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Lay out the stakes for the piece of writing\u2014that is, why the reader should <\/span>
        \n<\/span>bother reading on. <\/span>
        \n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        The following video addresses how to do several of these things, starting with the very first sentence of your introduction.<\/p>\n