{"id":234,"date":"2017-07-20T16:31:38","date_gmt":"2017-07-20T16:31:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/chapter\/apa-in-text-citations\/"},"modified":"2017-07-20T16:31:38","modified_gmt":"2017-07-20T16:31:38","slug":"apa-in-text-citations","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/chapter\/apa-in-text-citations\/","title":{"raw":"APA In-Text Citations","rendered":"APA In-Text Citations"},"content":{"raw":"<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">An essential component of a research paper, in-text citations are a way of acknowledging the ideas of the author(s) of a particular work.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Each source that appears as an in-text citation should have a corresponding detailed entry in the References list at the end of the paper. Including the required elements in every citation allows other researchers to easily track the references used in a paper and locate those resources themselves.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">There are three pieces of information that should be included in a citation after quoting another writer\u2019s work: the author\u2019s last name, the year of publication, and the page number(s) of the quoted material, all of which are separated by commas. The page number should follow a lower-case letter <i>'p'<\/i> and a period.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"ul1\"><li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Basic structure: (Author, Year of Publication, p. 142)<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\"><li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\">: (Kutner, 2003, p. 451) [1]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul><p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">If the quoted material was taken from more than one page, use two lower-case letter '<i>p' <\/i>s.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"ul1\"><li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Basic structure: (Author, Year, of Publication, pp. 194-196)<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\"><li class=\"li3\"><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\">: (Kutner, 2003, pp. 451-452) [1]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul><h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">How should multiple authors of a single source be cited?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">There are a few guidelines to follow when citing multiple authors for a single source. Separate the names of the source\u2019s authors by using commas. Depending on the location and instance of the citation, an ampersand(&amp;), the word <i>and<\/i>, or the term <i>et al<\/i>. may also need to be used.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">When should an ampersand be used?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Ampersands (&amp;) should only be used in parenthetical in-text citations. An ampersand separates the last and second to last author of a cited work.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"ul1\"><li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example:<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> Research has demonstrated that \u201csynesthesia appears quite stable over time, and synesthetes are typically surprised to discover that other people do not share their experiences\u201d (Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, &amp; Van Leeuwen, 2012, p. 81). [1]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">When should the word <i>and<\/i> be used?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The word and should only be used in a sentence or paragraph; do not use it in a parenthetical in-text citation. The last and second to last author of a cited work are separated by the word <i>and<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"ul1\"><li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example:<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, and Van Leeuwen (2012) observed that \u201csynesthesia appears quite stable over time, and synesthetes are typically surprised to discover that other people do not share their experiences\u201d (p. 81). [1]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">When should the term <i>et al<\/i>. be used?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">When citing a single work with many authors, you may need to substitute some of the authors\u2019 names with the term <i>et al<\/i>.\u00a0 The term<i>et al<\/i>. should not be italicized in your paper, and a period should be placed after the word <i>al<\/i> as it is an abbreviated term. Follow these guidelines regarding the usage of <i>et al<\/i>.:<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Use <i>et al<\/i>.:<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul class=\"ul1\"><li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">The first time and every time you cite a source with at least six authors.<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\"><li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example:<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> The in-text citation of <i>Zoonoses: Infectious diseases transmissible from animals to humans<\/i>, a book authored by Krauss, Weber, Appel, Enders, Isenberg, Schiefer, Slenczka, von Graevenitz, and Zahner, would appear as follows: [2]<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul3\"><li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">(Krauss et al., 2003, p. 91)<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">As Krauss et al. (2003) observed, \u2026<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul><ul class=\"ul1\"><li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Every following time (after the first instance) that you cite a source with at least three authors.<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\"><li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example:\u00a0<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Citing the article \u201cModality and variability of synesthetic experience\u201d by Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, &amp; Van Leeuwen would appear as follows: [1]<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul3\"><li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">The first instance: (Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, &amp; Van Leeuwen, 2012, p. 81)<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Every following instance: (Niccolai et al., 2012)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul><h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Avoid using <i>et al<\/i>.:<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul class=\"ul1\"><li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">The first time you cite a source with up to five authors.<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\"><li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Instead, list all of the authors at their first mentioning.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n \t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">To cite a work that only has two authors.<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\"><li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Instead, always list the two authors\u2019 names in every citation (separated by either an ampersand or the word and, depending on the location)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">An essential component of a research paper, in-text citations are a way of acknowledging the ideas of the author(s) of a particular work.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Each source that appears as an in-text citation should have a corresponding detailed entry in the References list at the end of the paper. Including the required elements in every citation allows other researchers to easily track the references used in a paper and locate those resources themselves.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">There are three pieces of information that should be included in a citation after quoting another writer\u2019s work: the author\u2019s last name, the year of publication, and the page number(s) of the quoted material, all of which are separated by commas. The page number should follow a lower-case letter <i>&#8216;p&#8217;<\/i> and a period.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Basic structure: (Author, Year of Publication, p. 142)<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\">: (Kutner, 2003, p. 451) [1]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">If the quoted material was taken from more than one page, use two lower-case letter &#8216;<i>p&#8217; <\/i>s.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Basic structure: (Author, Year, of Publication, pp. 194-196)<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\">\n<li class=\"li3\"><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\">: (Kutner, 2003, pp. 451-452) [1]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">How should multiple authors of a single source be cited?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">There are a few guidelines to follow when citing multiple authors for a single source. Separate the names of the source\u2019s authors by using commas. Depending on the location and instance of the citation, an ampersand(&amp;), the word <i>and<\/i>, or the term <i>et al<\/i>. may also need to be used.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">When should an ampersand be used?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Ampersands (&amp;) should only be used in parenthetical in-text citations. An ampersand separates the last and second to last author of a cited work.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example:<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> Research has demonstrated that \u201csynesthesia appears quite stable over time, and synesthetes are typically surprised to discover that other people do not share their experiences\u201d (Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, &amp; Van Leeuwen, 2012, p. 81). [1]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">When should the word <i>and<\/i> be used?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The word and should only be used in a sentence or paragraph; do not use it in a parenthetical in-text citation. The last and second to last author of a cited work are separated by the word <i>and<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example:<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, and Van Leeuwen (2012) observed that \u201csynesthesia appears quite stable over time, and synesthetes are typically surprised to discover that other people do not share their experiences\u201d (p. 81). [1]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">When should the term <i>et al<\/i>. be used?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">When citing a single work with many authors, you may need to substitute some of the authors\u2019 names with the term <i>et al<\/i>.\u00a0 The term<i>et al<\/i>. should not be italicized in your paper, and a period should be placed after the word <i>al<\/i> as it is an abbreviated term. Follow these guidelines regarding the usage of <i>et al<\/i>.:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Use <i>et al<\/i>.:<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">The first time and every time you cite a source with at least six authors.<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example:<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> The in-text citation of <i>Zoonoses: Infectious diseases transmissible from animals to humans<\/i>, a book authored by Krauss, Weber, Appel, Enders, Isenberg, Schiefer, Slenczka, von Graevenitz, and Zahner, would appear as follows: [2]<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul3\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">(Krauss et al., 2003, p. 91)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">As Krauss et al. (2003) observed, \u2026<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Every following time (after the first instance) that you cite a source with at least three authors.<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s3\"><b>Example:\u00a0<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Citing the article \u201cModality and variability of synesthetic experience\u201d by Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, &amp; Van Leeuwen would appear as follows: [1]<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul3\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">The first instance: (Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, &amp; Van Leeuwen, 2012, p. 81)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Every following instance: (Niccolai et al., 2012)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Avoid using <i>et al<\/i>.:<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">The first time you cite a source with up to five authors.<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Instead, list all of the authors at their first mentioning.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">To cite a work that only has two authors.<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Instead, always list the two authors\u2019 names in every citation (separated by either an ampersand or the word and, depending on the location)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-234\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Formatting In-text Citations (APA). <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Maryam Alnaggar. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Writing Commons. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/open-text\/writing-processes\/format\/apa-format\/673-formatting-in-text-reference-citations-apa\">http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/open-text\/writing-processes\/format\/apa-format\/673-formatting-in-text-reference-citations-apa<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives <\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Formatting In-text Citations (APA)\",\"author\":\"Maryam Alnaggar\",\"organization\":\"Writing Commons\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/open-text\/writing-processes\/format\/apa-format\/673-formatting-in-text-reference-citations-apa\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-nd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-234","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":226,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/234","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/234\/revisions"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/226"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/234\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=234"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=234"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=234"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geneseo-styleguide2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=234"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}