{"id":551,"date":"2016-04-04T22:31:06","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T22:31:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/geophysical\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=551"},"modified":"2017-04-19T22:05:26","modified_gmt":"2017-04-19T22:05:26","slug":"influences-on-weathering","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geophysical\/chapter\/influences-on-weathering\/","title":{"raw":"Influences on Weathering","rendered":"Influences on Weathering"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Rock and Mineral Type<\/h2>\r\nWeathering rates depend on several factors. These include the composition of the rock and the minerals it contains as well as the climate of a region. Different rock types weather at different rates. Certain types of rock are very resistant to weathering. Igneous rocks, especially intrusive igneous rocks such as granite, weather slowly because it is hard for water to penetrate them. Other types of rock, such as limestone, are easily weathered because they dissolve in weak acids.Rocks that resist weathering remain at the surface and form ridges or hills. Devil\u2019s Tower in Wyoming is an igneous rock from beneath a volcano. As the surrounding less resistant rocks were worn away, the resistant center of the volcano remained behind.Different minerals also weather at different rates. Some minerals in a rock might completely dissolve in water, but the more resistant minerals remain. In this case, the rock\u2019s surface becomes pitted and rough. When a less resistant mineral dissolves, more resistant mineral grains are released from the rock.\r\n<h2>Climate<\/h2>\r\nA region\u2019s climate strongly influences weathering. Climate is determined by the temperature of a region plus the amount of precipitation it receives. Climate is weather averaged over a long period of time. Chemical weathering increases as:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Temperature increases<\/em>: Chemical reactions proceed more rapidly at higher temperatures. For each 10 degrees C increase in average temperature, the rate of chemical reactions doubles.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Precipitation increases<\/em>: More water allows more chemical reactions. Since water participates in both mechanical and chemical weathering, more water strongly increases weathering.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSo how do different climates influence weathering? A cold, dry climate will produce the lowest rate of weathering. A warm, wet climate will produce the highest rate of weathering. The warmer a climate is, the more types of vegetation it will have and the greater the rate of biological weathering. This happens because plants and bacteria grow and multiply faster in warmer temperatures.","rendered":"<h2>Rock and Mineral Type<\/h2>\n<p>Weathering rates depend on several factors. These include the composition of the rock and the minerals it contains as well as the climate of a region. Different rock types weather at different rates. Certain types of rock are very resistant to weathering. Igneous rocks, especially intrusive igneous rocks such as granite, weather slowly because it is hard for water to penetrate them. Other types of rock, such as limestone, are easily weathered because they dissolve in weak acids.Rocks that resist weathering remain at the surface and form ridges or hills. Devil\u2019s Tower in Wyoming is an igneous rock from beneath a volcano. As the surrounding less resistant rocks were worn away, the resistant center of the volcano remained behind.Different minerals also weather at different rates. Some minerals in a rock might completely dissolve in water, but the more resistant minerals remain. In this case, the rock\u2019s surface becomes pitted and rough. When a less resistant mineral dissolves, more resistant mineral grains are released from the rock.<\/p>\n<h2>Climate<\/h2>\n<p>A region\u2019s climate strongly influences weathering. Climate is determined by the temperature of a region plus the amount of precipitation it receives. Climate is weather averaged over a long period of time. Chemical weathering increases as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Temperature increases<\/em>: Chemical reactions proceed more rapidly at higher temperatures. For each 10 degrees C increase in average temperature, the rate of chemical reactions doubles.<\/li>\n<li><em>Precipitation increases<\/em>: More water allows more chemical reactions. Since water participates in both mechanical and chemical weathering, more water strongly increases weathering.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So how do different climates influence weathering? A cold, dry climate will produce the lowest rate of weathering. A warm, wet climate will produce the highest rate of weathering. The warmer a climate is, the more types of vegetation it will have and the greater the rate of biological weathering. This happens because plants and bacteria grow and multiply faster in warmer temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-551\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Dynamic Earth: Introduction to Physical Geography. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: R. Adam Dastrup. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.opengeography.org\/physical-geography.html\">http:\/\/www.opengeography.org\/physical-geography.html<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Open Geography Education. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":78,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Dynamic Earth: Introduction to Physical Geography\",\"author\":\"R. Adam Dastrup\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.opengeography.org\/physical-geography.html\",\"project\":\"Open Geography Education\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-551","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":540,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geophysical\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/551","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geophysical\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geophysical\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geophysical\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/78"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geophysical\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/551\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":552,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geophysical\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/551\/revisions\/552"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geophysical\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/540"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geophysical\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/551\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geophysical\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=551"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geophysical\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=551"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geophysical\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=551"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-geophysical\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=551"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}