- \r\n \t
- What was the Stamp Act Congress?<\/li>\r\n \t
- What was the Continental Congress?<\/li>\r\n \t
- What are the principles contained in the Declaration of Independence?<\/li>\r\n \t
- What were the Articles of Confederation?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
We can understand what the Constitution was designed to accomplish by looking at the political system it replaced: the Articles of Confederation, the United States\u2019 first written constitution, which embodied political ideals expressed by the Declaration of Independence.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\r\nFrom Thirteen Colonies to United States<\/h2>\r\n
By the mid-eighteenth century, Britain\u2019s thirteen colonies on North America\u2019s east coast stretched from Georgia to New Hampshire. Each colony had a governor appointed by the king and a legislature elected by landholding voters. These colonial assemblies, standing for the colonialists\u2019 right of self-government, clashed with the royal governors over issues of power and policies. Each colony, and the newspapers published therein, dealt with the colonial power in London and largely ignored other colonies.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\r\nThe Stamp Act Congress<\/h2>\r\n
British policy eventually pushed politics and news across colonial boundaries. In 1763, the British antagonized the colonialists in two important ways. A royal proclamation closed off the frontier to colonial expansion. Second, the British sought to recoup expenses borne defending the colonies. They instituted the first ever direct internal taxes in North America. The most famous, the Stamp Act, required the use of paper embossed with the royal seal to prove that taxes had been paid.<\/p>\r\n
Such taxes on commerce alienated powerful interests, including well-off traders in the North and prosperous planters in the South, who complained that the tax was enacted in England without the colonists\u2019 input. Their slogan, \u201cNo taxation without representation,\u201d shows a dual concern with political ideals and material self-interest that persisted through the adoption of the Constitution.<\/p>\r\n
Among the opponents of the Stamp Act were printers who produced newspapers and pamphlets.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_103\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"200\"]![\"Illustration](\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/607\/2015\/06\/21191916\/Medieval_printing_press.jpg\")
<\/a> Printing newspapers was a small, labor-intensive business. Printers were often identifiable around town, not only for being ink stained, but also because the physical strain of pulling their presses shut made one shoulder rise considerably higher than the other.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe arduous technology of typesetting and hand-printing individual pages did not permit sizable production.[footnote]See Stephen Botein, \u201c\u2018Meer Mechanics\u2019 and an Open Press: The Business and Political Strategies of Colonial American Printers,\u201d Perspectives in American History<\/em> 9 (1975): 127\u2013225; and \u201cPrinters and the American Revolution,\u201d in The Press and the American Revolution<\/em>, ed. Bernard Bailyn and John B. Hench (Worcester, MA: American Antiquarian Society, 1980), 11\u201357. Also, Charles E. Clark,The Public Prints: The Newspaper in Anglo-American Culture<\/em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), chap. 9; and \u201cThe Press the Founders Knew,\u201d in Freeing the Presses: The First Amendment in Action<\/em>, ed. Timothy E. Cook (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005).[\/footnote]\u00a0<\/span>Newspapers reached large audiences by being passed around\u2014\u201ccirculated\u201d\u2014or by being read aloud at taverns.[footnote]Thomas C. Leonard,News for All: America\u2019s Coming-of-Age with the Press<\/em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), chap. 1.[\/footnote]\u00a0Printers\u2019 precarious financial condition made them dependent on commissions from wealthy people and official subsidies from government, and thus they were eager to please people in power. Crusading journalism against government authorities was rare.[footnote]For amplification of this argument, Timothy E. Cook, Governing with the News: The News Media as a Political Institution<\/em> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), chap. 2.[\/footnote]<\/span> The Stamp Act, however, was opposed by powerful interests and placed financial burdens on printers, so it was easy for newspaper printers to oppose it vigorously with hostile stories.<\/p>\r\n
During the Stamp Act crisis, news began to focus on events throughout the thirteen colonies. Benjamin Franklin, postmaster of the British government for the colonies, developed a system of post roads linking the colonies. Printers now could send newspapers to each other free of charge in the mail, providing content for each other to copy. Colonial legislatures proposed a meeting of delegates from across the colonies to address their grievances. This gathering, the Stamp Act Congress, met for two weeks in 1765. Delegates sent a petition to the king that convinced British authorities to annul the taxes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\r\nLink: Declaration of Rights<\/h3>\r\n
See the text of the Stamp Act Congress\u2019s Declaration of Rights<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\nThe Continental Congress<\/h2>\r\n
In 1773, the British government awarded the East India Company a monopoly on importing and selling tea to the American colonies. This policy, too, hurt powerful interests: colonial traders and merchants. Rebellious Bostonians ransacked the East India Company\u2019s ships and pushed cartons of tea overboard. The British reacted harshly to this \u201cBoston Tea Party\u201d: they closed the port of Boston, deported rebels to England for trial, and restricted settlement in and trade to the west of the country.<\/p>\r\n
Once again, delegates from the various colonies met, this time in a gathering known as the Continental Congress, to address the difficulties with Britain. But this congress\u2019s petitions, unlike those of the Stamp Act Congress, were rebuffed. Repressive policies were kept in place. The Continental Congress launched a boycott of British products, initiated the Revolutionary War, and passed the Declaration of Independence.[footnote]See Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress<\/em> (New York: Knopf, 1979).[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\nThe Declaration of Independence<\/h2>\r\n
The Declaration of Independence<\/a><\/span>, issued on July 4, 1776, announced that the thirteen colonies were independent of Britain. It was designed to be read aloud in public and to be sent to international audiences. Its point-by-point charges against British rule give equal weight to how the king damaged America\u2019s economic interests and how he ignored principles of self-government.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_102\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"200\"]![\"Illustration](\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/607\/2015\/06\/21191913\/SMO_V12_D295_John_Dixon_reading_the_declaration_of_independence-730x1024.png\")
<\/a> The soaring phrases of the Declaration were crafted in part to be declaimed in public. Indeed, one of the copies owned by Jefferson himself\u2014not a confident public speaker\u2014shows where he marked the document to pause, perhaps for laudatory huzzahs and applause.[\/caption]\r\nThe Declaration is a deeply democratic document.[footnote]Staughton Lynd, The Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism<\/em> (New York: Vintage, 1969); Garry Wills, Inventing America: Jefferson\u2019s Declaration of Independence<\/em> (New York: Vintage, 1979); and Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence<\/em> (New York: Knopf, 1997).[\/footnote]\u00a0It is democratic in what it did<\/em>\u2014asserting the right of the people in American colonies to separate from Britain. And it is democratic in what it said<\/em>: \u201cWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal\u201d and have inviolable rights to \u201clife, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.\u201d The Declaration concludes that the people are free to \u201calter or abolish\u201d repressive forms of government. Indeed, it assumes that the people are the best judges of the quality of government and can act wisely on their own behalf.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\nLink:\u00a0The Declaration of Independence<\/h3>\r\n
For more information on the Declaration of Independence, visit the National Archives online<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\nThe Articles of Confederation<\/h2>\r\n
Drafted in 1777, the Articles of Confederation<\/a><\/span> were the first political constitution for the government of the United States. They codified the Continental Congress\u2019s practices and powers. The United States of America was a confederation<\/a><\/span> of states. Although the confederation was superior to the individual states, it had no powers without their consent.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\r\nLink:\u00a0The Articles of Confederation<\/h3>\r\n
Read\u00a0the text of the Articles of Confederation<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
Under the Articles, the Continental Congress took over the king\u2019s powers to make war and peace, send and receive ambassadors, enter into treaties and alliances, coin money, regulate Indian affairs, and run a post office. But the confederation could not raise taxes and relied on revenues from each of the states. There was no president to enforce the laws and no judiciary to hear disputes between and among the states.<\/p>\r\n
Each state delegation cast a single vote in the Continental Congress. Nine states were needed to enact legislation, so few laws were passed. States usually refused to fund policies that hampered their own interests.[footnote]Keith L. Dougherty, Collective Action under the Articles of Confederation<\/em> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), chaps. 4\u20135.[\/footnote]\u00a0Changes in the Articles required an all-but-impossible unanimous vote of all thirteen delegations. The weakness of the Articles was no accident. The fights with Britain created widespread distrust of central authority. By restricting the national government, Americans could rule themselves in towns and states. Like many political thinkers dating back to ancient Greece, they assumed that self-government worked best in small, face-to-face communities.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\r\nKey Takeaways<\/h2>\r\n
The first American political system, as expressed in the Articles of Confederation, reflected a distrust of a national government. Its powers were deliberately limited in order to allow Americans to govern themselves in their cities and states.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n
After reading this section, you should be able to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n
\n- \n
- What was the Stamp Act Congress?<\/li>\n
- What was the Continental Congress?<\/li>\n
- What are the principles contained in the Declaration of Independence?<\/li>\n
- What were the Articles of Confederation?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
We can understand what the Constitution was designed to accomplish by looking at the political system it replaced: the Articles of Confederation, the United States\u2019 first written constitution, which embodied political ideals expressed by the Declaration of Independence.<\/p>\n
\nFrom Thirteen Colonies to United States<\/h2>\n
By the mid-eighteenth century, Britain\u2019s thirteen colonies on North America\u2019s east coast stretched from Georgia to New Hampshire. Each colony had a governor appointed by the king and a legislature elected by landholding voters. These colonial assemblies, standing for the colonialists\u2019 right of self-government, clashed with the royal governors over issues of power and policies. Each colony, and the newspapers published therein, dealt with the colonial power in London and largely ignored other colonies.<\/p>\n
\nThe Stamp Act Congress<\/h2>\n
British policy eventually pushed politics and news across colonial boundaries. In 1763, the British antagonized the colonialists in two important ways. A royal proclamation closed off the frontier to colonial expansion. Second, the British sought to recoup expenses borne defending the colonies. They instituted the first ever direct internal taxes in North America. The most famous, the Stamp Act, required the use of paper embossed with the royal seal to prove that taxes had been paid.<\/p>\n
Such taxes on commerce alienated powerful interests, including well-off traders in the North and prosperous planters in the South, who complained that the tax was enacted in England without the colonists\u2019 input. Their slogan, \u201cNo taxation without representation,\u201d shows a dual concern with political ideals and material self-interest that persisted through the adoption of the Constitution.<\/p>\n
Among the opponents of the Stamp Act were printers who produced newspapers and pamphlets.<\/p>\n
\n<\/a><\/p>\nPrinting newspapers was a small, labor-intensive business. Printers were often identifiable around town, not only for being ink stained, but also because the physical strain of pulling their presses shut made one shoulder rise considerably higher than the other.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
The arduous technology of typesetting and hand-printing individual pages did not permit sizable production.[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>Newspapers reached large audiences by being passed around\u2014\u201ccirculated\u201d\u2014or by being read aloud at taverns.[2]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Printers\u2019 precarious financial condition made them dependent on commissions from wealthy people and official subsidies from government, and thus they were eager to please people in power. Crusading journalism against government authorities was rare.[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/span> The Stamp Act, however, was opposed by powerful interests and placed financial burdens on printers, so it was easy for newspaper printers to oppose it vigorously with hostile stories.<\/p>\n
During the Stamp Act crisis, news began to focus on events throughout the thirteen colonies. Benjamin Franklin, postmaster of the British government for the colonies, developed a system of post roads linking the colonies. Printers now could send newspapers to each other free of charge in the mail, providing content for each other to copy. Colonial legislatures proposed a meeting of delegates from across the colonies to address their grievances. This gathering, the Stamp Act Congress, met for two weeks in 1765. Delegates sent a petition to the king that convinced British authorities to annul the taxes.<\/p>\n
\nLink: Declaration of Rights<\/h3>\n
See the text of the Stamp Act Congress\u2019s Declaration of Rights<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nThe Continental Congress<\/h2>\n
In 1773, the British government awarded the East India Company a monopoly on importing and selling tea to the American colonies. This policy, too, hurt powerful interests: colonial traders and merchants. Rebellious Bostonians ransacked the East India Company\u2019s ships and pushed cartons of tea overboard. The British reacted harshly to this \u201cBoston Tea Party\u201d: they closed the port of Boston, deported rebels to England for trial, and restricted settlement in and trade to the west of the country.<\/p>\n
Once again, delegates from the various colonies met, this time in a gathering known as the Continental Congress, to address the difficulties with Britain. But this congress\u2019s petitions, unlike those of the Stamp Act Congress, were rebuffed. Repressive policies were kept in place. The Continental Congress launched a boycott of British products, initiated the Revolutionary War, and passed the Declaration of Independence.[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nThe Declaration of Independence<\/h2>\n
The Declaration of Independence<\/a><\/span>, issued on July 4, 1776, announced that the thirteen colonies were independent of Britain. It was designed to be read aloud in public and to be sent to international audiences. Its point-by-point charges against British rule give equal weight to how the king damaged America\u2019s economic interests and how he ignored principles of self-government.<\/p>\n
\n<\/a><\/p>\nThe soaring phrases of the Declaration were crafted in part to be declaimed in public. Indeed, one of the copies owned by Jefferson himself\u2014not a confident public speaker\u2014shows where he marked the document to pause, perhaps for laudatory huzzahs and applause.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
The Declaration is a deeply democratic document.[5]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0It is democratic in what it did<\/em>\u2014asserting the right of the people in American colonies to separate from Britain. And it is democratic in what it said<\/em>: \u201cWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal\u201d and have inviolable rights to \u201clife, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.\u201d The Declaration concludes that the people are free to \u201calter or abolish\u201d repressive forms of government. Indeed, it assumes that the people are the best judges of the quality of government and can act wisely on their own behalf.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\nLink:\u00a0The Declaration of Independence<\/h3>\n
For more information on the Declaration of Independence, visit the National Archives online<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nThe Articles of Confederation<\/h2>\n
Drafted in 1777, the Articles of Confederation<\/a><\/span> were the first political constitution for the government of the United States. They codified the Continental Congress\u2019s practices and powers. The United States of America was a confederation<\/a><\/span> of states. Although the confederation was superior to the individual states, it had no powers without their consent.<\/p>\n
\nLink:\u00a0The Articles of Confederation<\/h3>\n
Read\u00a0the text of the Articles of Confederation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Under the Articles, the Continental Congress took over the king\u2019s powers to make war and peace, send and receive ambassadors, enter into treaties and alliances, coin money, regulate Indian affairs, and run a post office. But the confederation could not raise taxes and relied on revenues from each of the states. There was no president to enforce the laws and no judiciary to hear disputes between and among the states.<\/p>\n
Each state delegation cast a single vote in the Continental Congress. Nine states were needed to enact legislation, so few laws were passed. States usually refused to fund policies that hampered their own interests.[6]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Changes in the Articles required an all-but-impossible unanimous vote of all thirteen delegations. The weakness of the Articles was no accident. The fights with Britain created widespread distrust of central authority. By restricting the national government, Americans could rule themselves in towns and states. Like many political thinkers dating back to ancient Greece, they assumed that self-government worked best in small, face-to-face communities.<\/p>\n
\nKey Takeaways<\/h2>\n
The first American political system, as expressed in the Articles of Confederation, reflected a distrust of a national government. Its powers were deliberately limited in order to allow Americans to govern themselves in their cities and states.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div>- 21st Century American Government and Politics. Authored by<\/strong>: Anonymous. Provided by<\/strong>: Lardbucket. Located at<\/strong>: http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/21st-century-american-government-and-politics\/s06-01-the-first-american-political-s.html<\/a>. License<\/strong>: CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul>Public domain content<\/div>
- John Dixon reading the Declaration of Independence. Located at<\/strong>: https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:SMO_V12_D295_John_Dixon_reading_the_declaration_of_independence.png<\/a>. License<\/strong>: Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li>
- Medieval or Renaissance Printing Press. Located at<\/strong>: https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Medieval_printing_press.jpg<\/a>. License<\/strong>: Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>
- See Stephen Botein, \u201c\u2018Meer Mechanics\u2019 and an Open Press: The Business and Political Strategies of Colonial American Printers,\u201d Perspectives in American History<\/em> 9 (1975): 127\u2013225; and \u201cPrinters and the American Revolution,\u201d in The Press and the American Revolution<\/em>, ed. Bernard Bailyn and John B. Hench (Worcester, MA: American Antiquarian Society, 1980), 11\u201357. Also, Charles E. Clark,The Public Prints: The Newspaper in Anglo-American Culture<\/em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), chap. 9; and \u201cThe Press the Founders Knew,\u201d in Freeing the Presses: The First Amendment in Action<\/em>, ed. Timothy E. Cook (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005). ↵<\/a><\/li>
- Thomas C. Leonard,News for All: America\u2019s Coming-of-Age with the Press<\/em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), chap. 1. ↵<\/a><\/li>
- For amplification of this argument, Timothy E. Cook, Governing with the News: The News Media as a Political Institution<\/em> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), chap. 2. ↵<\/a><\/li>
- See Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress<\/em> (New York: Knopf, 1979). ↵<\/a><\/li>
- Staughton Lynd, The Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism<\/em> (New York: Vintage, 1969); Garry Wills, Inventing America: Jefferson\u2019s Declaration of Independence<\/em> (New York: Vintage, 1979); and Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence<\/em> (New York: Knopf, 1997). ↵<\/a><\/li>
- Keith L. Dougherty, Collective Action under the Articles of Confederation<\/em> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), chaps. 4\u20135. ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":923,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\" 21st Century American Government and Politics\",\"author\":\"Anonymous\",\"organization\":\"Lardbucket\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/21st-century-american-government-and-politics\/s06-01-the-first-american-political-s.html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"John Dixon reading the Declaration of Independence\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:SMO_V12_D295_John_Dixon_reading_the_declaration_of_independence.png\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Medieval or Renaissance Printing Press\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Medieval_printing_press.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-41","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-amgovernment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/41","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-amgovernment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-amgovernment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-amgovernment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/923"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-amgovernment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/41\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1392,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-amgovernment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/41\/revisions\/1392"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-amgovernment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-amgovernment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/41\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-amgovernment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-amgovernment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=41"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-amgovernment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=41"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-amgovernment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=41"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
- Thomas C. Leonard,News for All: America\u2019s Coming-of-Age with the Press<\/em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), chap. 1. ↵<\/a><\/li>
- Medieval or Renaissance Printing Press. Located at<\/strong>: https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Medieval_printing_press.jpg<\/a>. License<\/strong>: Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>
- John Dixon reading the Declaration of Independence. Located at<\/strong>: https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:SMO_V12_D295_John_Dixon_reading_the_declaration_of_independence.png<\/a>. License<\/strong>: Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li>
- 21st Century American Government and Politics. Authored by<\/strong>: Anonymous. Provided by<\/strong>: Lardbucket. Located at<\/strong>: http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/21st-century-american-government-and-politics\/s06-01-the-first-american-political-s.html<\/a>. License<\/strong>: CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul>