{"id":837,"date":"2015-03-07T23:05:13","date_gmt":"2015-03-07T23:05:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/businesscommunication\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=837"},"modified":"2015-03-09T16:17:40","modified_gmt":"2015-03-09T16:17:40","slug":"emphasis-strategies","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-businesscommunication\/chapter\/emphasis-strategies\/","title":{"raw":"Emphasis Strategies","rendered":"Emphasis Strategies"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Describe and define four strategies that can give emphasis to your message.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Demonstrate the effective use of visuals in an oral or written presentation.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Demonstrate the effective use of signposts, internal summaries and foreshadowing, and repetition in an oral or written presentation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2><\/h2>\r\nOne key to communication is capturing and holding the audience\u2019s attention. No one likes to be bored, and no communicator likes to send boring messages. To keep your communications dynamic and interesting, it often helps to use specific strategies for emphasis. Let\u2019s examine some of these strategies and how to use them to strengthen your message.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2>Visual Communication<\/h2>\r\nAdding the visual dimension to a document or speech can be an excellent way to hold your audience\u2019s interest and make your meaning clear. But be careful not to get carried away. Perhaps the most important rule to remember in using visuals is this: the visuals are to support your document or presentation, not to take the place of it. A picture may be worth a thousand words, but it is the words that really count. Make sure that your communication is researched, organized, and presented well enough to stand on its own. Whatever visuals you choose should be clearly associated with your verbal content, repeating, reinforcing, or extending the scope of your message.\r\n\r\n<a class=\"im_xref\" href=\"#mclean-ch02_s05_s01_t01\">Table 2.1 \"Strategic Use of Visuals\"<\/a> lists some common types of visuals and gives examples of their strategic uses.\r\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_t01\" class=\"im_table im_block\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Table 2.1<\/span> Strategic Use of Visuals\r\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Type<\/th>\r\n<th>Purpose<\/th>\r\n<th>Example(s)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Photograph, Video Clip, or Video Still<\/td>\r\n<td>Show an actual person, event, or work of art.<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_f01\" class=\"im_figure im_small\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 2.3<\/span>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/buscomm\/images\/First_Iwo_Jima_Flag_Raising.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/299\/2015\/03\/20165710\/iwo_jima_small.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/a>\r\n\r\nHistoric photo of U.S. troops raising the flag on Iwo Jima.\r\n\r\nSource:\u00a0<a class=\"link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:First_Iwo_Jima_Flag_Raising.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">US Marine Corps<\/a>, Public Domain\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Video Trailer, Video Still<\/td>\r\n<td>Show the visual relationships among two or more things; a shape, a contrast in size, a process or how something works.<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_f02\" class=\"im_figure im_small\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 2.4<\/span>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/buscomm\/images\/diagram.png\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/299\/2015\/03\/20165711\/diagram.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\nDiagram of a process or series of relationships.\r\n\r\nSource:\u00a0<a class=\"link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikipedia_article-creation-2.svg\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a>, Public Domain\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Bar Chart<\/td>\r\n<td>Show the amount of one or more variables at different time intervals.<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_f03\" class=\"im_figure im_small\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 2.5<\/span>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/buscomm\/images\/bargraph.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/299\/2015\/03\/20165713\/bargraph.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/a>\r\n\r\nDifferent colored bars show the monthly dollar amount of sales closed by each of six sales associates for six months\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Pie Chart<\/td>\r\n<td>Show the percentages of the whole occupied by various segments.<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_f04\" class=\"im_figure im_small\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 2.6<\/span>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/buscomm\/images\/piechart.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/299\/2015\/03\/20165714\/piechart.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/a>\r\n\r\n\u201cPie slices\u201d illustrate the market share held by competing products or companies\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Line Graph<\/td>\r\n<td>Show the change in one or more variables progressively across time.<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_f05\" class=\"im_figure im_small\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 2.7<\/span>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/buscomm\/images\/linechart.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/299\/2015\/03\/20165716\/linechart.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/a>\r\n\r\nGraph stock prices each day\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Actual Object<\/td>\r\n<td>Show the audience an item crucial to the discussion.<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_f06\" class=\"im_figure im_small\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 2.8<\/span>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/buscomm\/images\/dustmask.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/299\/2015\/03\/20165717\/dustmask.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/a>\r\n\r\nIn a presentation on emergency preparedness, hold up a dust mask. In a presentation on auto safety, hold up a seatbelt\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/publicphoto.org\/industries\/dust-mask\/attachment\/dust-mask-cone_33296\/\" target=\"_blank\">Source<\/a>, public domain\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Body Motion<\/td>\r\n<td>Use your body as a visual to demonstrate an event.<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_f07\" class=\"im_figure im_small\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 2.9<\/span>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/buscomm\/images\/exercisedemo.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/299\/2015\/03\/20165719\/exercisedemo.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/a>\r\n\r\nDemonstrate, yourself or using volunteer, how to perform an exercise.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_040328-N-1082Z-005_Lt._Jacqueline_Pollock,_of_Central_City,_Pa.,_guides_Master-at-Arms_1st_Class_Heath_Forney_through_a_back_exercise_demonstration_during_a_Back_Safety_Fair_on_the_mess_decks_aboard_USS_George_Washingto.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Source<\/a>: US Navy, public domain\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"im_copyright\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2>Signposts<\/h2>\r\n<span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Signposts (or indicators)<\/span><\/span>, are key words that alert the audience to a change in topic, a tangential explanation, an example, or a conclusion. Readers and listeners can sometimes be lulled into \u201closing their place\u201d\u2014forgetting what point is being made or how far along in the discussion the writer or speaker has gotten. You can help your audience avoid this by signaling to them when a change is coming.\r\n\r\nCommon signposts include \u201con the one hand,\u201d \u201con the other hand,\u201d \u201cthe solution to this problem is,\u201d \u201cthe reason for this is,\u201d \u201cfor example,\u201d \u201cto illustrate,\u201d and \u201cin conclusion\u201d or \u201cin summary.\u201d\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2>Internal Summaries and Foreshadowing<\/h2>\r\nLike signposts, internal summaries and foreshadowing help the audience to keep track of where they are in the message. These strategies work by reviewing what has been covered and by highlighting what is coming next.\r\n\r\nAs a simple example, suppose you are writing or presenting information on how to assemble a home emergency preparedness kit. If you begin by stating that there are four main items needed for the kit, you are foreshadowing your message and helping your audience to watch or listen for four items. As you cover each of the items, you can say, \u201cThe first item,\u201d \u201cThe second item,\u201d \u201cNow we\u2019ve got X and Y in our kit; what else do we need? Our third item is,\u201d and so forth. These internal summaries help your audience keep track of progress as your message continues. (The four items, by the way, are water, nonperishable food, first aid supplies, and a dust mask.)<span id=\"fwk-mclean-fn02_018\" class=\"im_footnote\">Federal Emergency Management Administration. (2009). Get a kit. Retrieved from <a class=\"im_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ready.gov\/america\/getakit\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.ready.gov\/america\/getakit<\/a><\/span>\r\n\r\nWith this strategy, you reinforce relationships between points, examples, and ideas in your message. This can be an effective strategy to encourage selective retention of your content.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2>Repetition<\/h2>\r\nSaying the same word over and over may not seem like an effective strategy, but when used artfully, repetition can be an effective way to drive home your meaning and help your audience retain it in their memory. Many of history\u2019s greatest speakers have used repetition in speeches that have stood the test of time. For example, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill gave a speech in 1940 that is remembered as his \u201cWe Shall Fight\u201d speech; in it he repeats the phrase \u201cwe shall fight\u201d no fewer than six times. Similarly, in his famous \u201cI Have a Dream\u201d speech, Martin Luther King Jr. repeated the phrases \u201cI have a dream\u201d and \u201clet freedom ring\u201d with unforgettable effect.\r\n\r\nAnother form of repetition is indirect repetition: finding alternative ways of saying the same point or idea. Suppose your main point was, \u201cglobal warming is raising ocean levels.\u201d You might go on to offer several examples, citing the level in each of the major oceans and seas while showing them on a map. You might use photographs or video to illustrate the fact that beaches and entire islands are going underwater. Indirect repetition can underscore and support your points, helping them stand out in the memory of your audience.\r\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s04_n01\" class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3>KEY TAKEAWAY<\/h3>\r\n<section>\r\n<div data-type=\"note\">Emphasize your message by using visuals, signposts, internal summaries and foreshadowing, and repetition.<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>EXERCISES<\/h3>\r\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">\r\n<ol id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s04_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n\t<li>Find a news article online or in a newspaper or magazine that uses several visuals. What do the visuals illustrate? Would the article be equally effective without them? Why or why not? Share your findings with your class.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Find an article or listen to a presentation that uses signposts. Identify the signposts and explain how they help the audience follow the article or presentation. Share your findings with your class.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Find the legend on a map. Pick one symbol and describe its use. Share and compare with the class.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe and define four strategies that can give emphasis to your message.<\/li>\n<li>Demonstrate the effective use of visuals in an oral or written presentation.<\/li>\n<li>Demonstrate the effective use of signposts, internal summaries and foreshadowing, and repetition in an oral or written presentation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p>One key to communication is capturing and holding the audience\u2019s attention. No one likes to be bored, and no communicator likes to send boring messages. To keep your communications dynamic and interesting, it often helps to use specific strategies for emphasis. Let\u2019s examine some of these strategies and how to use them to strengthen your message.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<h2>Visual Communication<\/h2>\n<p>Adding the visual dimension to a document or speech can be an excellent way to hold your audience\u2019s interest and make your meaning clear. But be careful not to get carried away. Perhaps the most important rule to remember in using visuals is this: the visuals are to support your document or presentation, not to take the place of it. A picture may be worth a thousand words, but it is the words that really count. Make sure that your communication is researched, organized, and presented well enough to stand on its own. Whatever visuals you choose should be clearly associated with your verbal content, repeating, reinforcing, or extending the scope of your message.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"im_xref\" href=\"#mclean-ch02_s05_s01_t01\">Table 2.1 &#8220;Strategic Use of Visuals&#8221;<\/a> lists some common types of visuals and gives examples of their strategic uses.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_t01\" class=\"im_table im_block\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Table 2.1<\/span> Strategic Use of Visuals<\/p>\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Type<\/th>\n<th>Purpose<\/th>\n<th>Example(s)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Photograph, Video Clip, or Video Still<\/td>\n<td>Show an actual person, event, or work of art.<\/td>\n<td>\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_f01\" class=\"im_figure im_small\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 2.3<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/buscomm\/images\/First_Iwo_Jima_Flag_Raising.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/299\/2015\/03\/20165710\/iwo_jima_small.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Historic photo of U.S. troops raising the flag on Iwo Jima.<\/p>\n<p>Source:\u00a0<a class=\"link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:First_Iwo_Jima_Flag_Raising.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">US Marine Corps<\/a>, Public Domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Video Trailer, Video Still<\/td>\n<td>Show the visual relationships among two or more things; a shape, a contrast in size, a process or how something works.<\/td>\n<td>\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_f02\" class=\"im_figure im_small\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 2.4<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/buscomm\/images\/diagram.png\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/299\/2015\/03\/20165711\/diagram.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Diagram of a process or series of relationships.<\/p>\n<p>Source:\u00a0<a class=\"link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikipedia_article-creation-2.svg\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a>, Public Domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bar Chart<\/td>\n<td>Show the amount of one or more variables at different time intervals.<\/td>\n<td>\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_f03\" class=\"im_figure im_small\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 2.5<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/buscomm\/images\/bargraph.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/299\/2015\/03\/20165713\/bargraph.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Different colored bars show the monthly dollar amount of sales closed by each of six sales associates for six months<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pie Chart<\/td>\n<td>Show the percentages of the whole occupied by various segments.<\/td>\n<td>\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_f04\" class=\"im_figure im_small\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 2.6<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/buscomm\/images\/piechart.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/299\/2015\/03\/20165714\/piechart.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u201cPie slices\u201d illustrate the market share held by competing products or companies<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Line Graph<\/td>\n<td>Show the change in one or more variables progressively across time.<\/td>\n<td>\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_f05\" class=\"im_figure im_small\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 2.7<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/buscomm\/images\/linechart.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/299\/2015\/03\/20165716\/linechart.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Graph stock prices each day<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Actual Object<\/td>\n<td>Show the audience an item crucial to the discussion.<\/td>\n<td>\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_f06\" class=\"im_figure im_small\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 2.8<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/buscomm\/images\/dustmask.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/299\/2015\/03\/20165717\/dustmask.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>In a presentation on emergency preparedness, hold up a dust mask. In a presentation on auto safety, hold up a seatbelt<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/publicphoto.org\/industries\/dust-mask\/attachment\/dust-mask-cone_33296\/\" target=\"_blank\">Source<\/a>, public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Body Motion<\/td>\n<td>Use your body as a visual to demonstrate an event.<\/td>\n<td>\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s01_f07\" class=\"im_figure im_small\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 2.9<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/buscomm\/images\/exercisedemo.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/299\/2015\/03\/20165719\/exercisedemo.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Demonstrate, yourself or using volunteer, how to perform an exercise.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_040328-N-1082Z-005_Lt._Jacqueline_Pollock,_of_Central_City,_Pa.,_guides_Master-at-Arms_1st_Class_Heath_Forney_through_a_back_exercise_demonstration_during_a_Back_Safety_Fair_on_the_mess_decks_aboard_USS_George_Washingto.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Source<\/a>: US Navy, public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"im_copyright\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<h2>Signposts<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Signposts (or indicators)<\/span><\/span>, are key words that alert the audience to a change in topic, a tangential explanation, an example, or a conclusion. Readers and listeners can sometimes be lulled into \u201closing their place\u201d\u2014forgetting what point is being made or how far along in the discussion the writer or speaker has gotten. You can help your audience avoid this by signaling to them when a change is coming.<\/p>\n<p>Common signposts include \u201con the one hand,\u201d \u201con the other hand,\u201d \u201cthe solution to this problem is,\u201d \u201cthe reason for this is,\u201d \u201cfor example,\u201d \u201cto illustrate,\u201d and \u201cin conclusion\u201d or \u201cin summary.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<h2>Internal Summaries and Foreshadowing<\/h2>\n<p>Like signposts, internal summaries and foreshadowing help the audience to keep track of where they are in the message. These strategies work by reviewing what has been covered and by highlighting what is coming next.<\/p>\n<p>As a simple example, suppose you are writing or presenting information on how to assemble a home emergency preparedness kit. If you begin by stating that there are four main items needed for the kit, you are foreshadowing your message and helping your audience to watch or listen for four items. As you cover each of the items, you can say, \u201cThe first item,\u201d \u201cThe second item,\u201d \u201cNow we\u2019ve got X and Y in our kit; what else do we need? Our third item is,\u201d and so forth. These internal summaries help your audience keep track of progress as your message continues. (The four items, by the way, are water, nonperishable food, first aid supplies, and a dust mask.)<span id=\"fwk-mclean-fn02_018\" class=\"im_footnote\">Federal Emergency Management Administration. (2009). Get a kit. Retrieved from <a class=\"im_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ready.gov\/america\/getakit\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.ready.gov\/america\/getakit<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>With this strategy, you reinforce relationships between points, examples, and ideas in your message. This can be an effective strategy to encourage selective retention of your content.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<h2>Repetition<\/h2>\n<p>Saying the same word over and over may not seem like an effective strategy, but when used artfully, repetition can be an effective way to drive home your meaning and help your audience retain it in their memory. Many of history\u2019s greatest speakers have used repetition in speeches that have stood the test of time. For example, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill gave a speech in 1940 that is remembered as his \u201cWe Shall Fight\u201d speech; in it he repeats the phrase \u201cwe shall fight\u201d no fewer than six times. Similarly, in his famous \u201cI Have a Dream\u201d speech, Martin Luther King Jr. repeated the phrases \u201cI have a dream\u201d and \u201clet freedom ring\u201d with unforgettable effect.<\/p>\n<p>Another form of repetition is indirect repetition: finding alternative ways of saying the same point or idea. Suppose your main point was, \u201cglobal warming is raising ocean levels.\u201d You might go on to offer several examples, citing the level in each of the major oceans and seas while showing them on a map. You might use photographs or video to illustrate the fact that beaches and entire islands are going underwater. Indirect repetition can underscore and support your points, helping them stand out in the memory of your audience.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s04_n01\" class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3>KEY TAKEAWAY<\/h3>\n<section>\n<div data-type=\"note\">Emphasize your message by using visuals, signposts, internal summaries and foreshadowing, and repetition.<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>EXERCISES<\/h3>\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">\n<ol id=\"mclean-ch02_s05_s04_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Find a news article online or in a newspaper or magazine that uses several visuals. What do the visuals illustrate? Would the article be equally effective without them? Why or why not? Share your findings with your class.<\/li>\n<li>Find an article or listen to a presentation that uses signposts. Identify the signposts and explain how they help the audience follow the article or presentation. Share your findings with your class.<\/li>\n<li>Find the legend on a map. Pick one symbol and describe its use. Share and compare with the class.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-837\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Communication For Business Success. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: anonymous. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/communication-for-business-success\/\">http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/communication-for-business-success\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":9,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Communication For Business Success\",\"author\":\"anonymous\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/communication-for-business-success\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-837","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":824,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-businesscommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/837","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-businesscommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-businesscommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-businesscommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-businesscommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/837\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":890,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-businesscommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/837\/revisions\/890"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-businesscommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/824"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-businesscommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/837\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-businesscommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=837"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-businesscommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=837"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-businesscommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=837"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-businesscommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=837"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}