{"id":9093,"date":"2017-01-05T00:42:21","date_gmt":"2017-01-05T00:42:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/masterybusiness2xngcxmasterspring2016\/?post_type=chapter&p=9093"},"modified":"2017-04-18T21:40:40","modified_gmt":"2017-04-18T21:40:40","slug":"managers","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-introbusiness\/chapter\/managers\/","title":{"raw":"Managers","rendered":"Managers"},"content":{"raw":"[caption id=\"attachment_9100\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"250\"]\"Two<\/a> Being a successful manager can seem like a juggling act\u2014keeping many balls in the air while keeping\u00a0one's\u00a0composure.[\/caption]\r\n

Managerial Levels<\/h2>\r\nAll industries need management, and the managers who perform that function need to possess certain skills. Before we talk about those\u00a0skills, though, it's important to understand that the title of manager actually refers to three distinct groups of people\u00a0within an organization: top-level or executive managers, middle managers, and first-line managers. Each level has a different area of managerial responsibility and reporting structure.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nTop managers<\/strong>: These are the highest level of managers within an organization, and they are tasked with setting organizational objectives and goals. These managers scan the external environment for opportunities, help\u00a0develop long-range plans and make\u00a0critical decisions that affect\u00a0the entire organization. They represent the smallest percentage of the management team. Many times these managers have titles such as chief executive, operations manager, or general manager. <\/span>\r\n\r\nMiddle managers:<\/strong>\u00a0Mid-level or middle managers allocate resources to achieve the goals and objectives set by top managers. Their primary role is to oversee front-line managers and report back to top-level managers about the progress, problems, or needs of the first-line managers. Middle managers span\u00a0the distance between production operations and organizational vision. While top managers set\u00a0the organization's goals, middle managers identify\u00a0and implement the activities that will help the organization achieve its goals. <\/span>\r\n\r\nFirst-line managers:<\/strong>\u00a0The primary responsibility of first-line managers is to coordinate the activities that have been developed by the middle managers. These managers are responsible for supervising non-managerial employees who are engaged in the tasks and activities developed by middle managers. They report back to middle managers on the progress, problems, or needs of the non-managerial employees. These managers are on the front lines, so to speak, where they are actively involved in the day-to-day operations of the business.<\/span>\r\n\r\n\"Pyramid\r\n

Managerial Skills<\/h2>\r\nThe skills needed to succeed at each level of management vary somewhat, but there are certain\u00a0skills common to all.\u00a0Robert Katz identifies three critical skill sets for successful management professionals: technical skills, conceptual skills, and human skills<\/strong>. While these three broad skill categories encompass a wide spectrum of capabilities, each category represents a useful way\u00a0of highlighting the key capabilities and their impact on management at different\u00a0levels.<\/span>\r\n

Technical Skills<\/h3>\r\nOf the three skill sets identified by Katz, technical skills are the broadest, most easily defined category. A technical skill<\/strong> is defined as a learned capacity in just about any given field of work, study, or even play. For example, the quarterback of a football team must know how to plant his feet and how to position his arm for accuracy and distance when he throws\u2014both are technical skills. A mechanic, meanwhile, needs to be able to take apart\u00a0and rebuild\u00a0an engine, operate\u00a0various machinery (lifts, computer-scanning equipment, etc.), and know how to install a muffler, for example.\r\n\r\nManagers also need a broad range of technical abilities. Front-line managers, in particular, often need to use technical skills on a daily basis. They need to\u00a0communicate up the chain of command while still speaking the language of the workers who are executing the hands-on aspects\u00a0of the industry. A technical skill for a front-line manager might include a working understanding of a piece of equipment: the manager must be able to coach the employee on its operation, but also be able to explain the basic functions of the machinery to upper managers. Managers in other corporate roles and at higher levels also require technical skills. These can include office-based competencies such as typing, programming, Web-site\u00a0maintenance, writing, giving presentations, and using software such as Microsoft Office or Adobe.\r\n

Conceptual Skills<\/h3>\r\nConceptual skills are also\u00a0crucial to managerial success. Conceptual skills<\/strong>\u00a0enable one to generate\u00a0ideas creatively and intuitively and also show\u00a0comprehensive understanding of contexts or topics. Conceptual skills tend to be most relevant to upper-level thinking and broad strategic situations (as opposed to lower-level and line management). As a result, conceptual skills are often viewed as critical success factors for upper-managerial functions.\r\n\r\nThe key to this type of skill is conceptual thinking<\/strong>. Although conceptual thinking is difficult to define, it is generally considered to be the ability to formulate ideas or mental abstractions. When combined with information and a measure of creativity, conceptual thinking can result in new ideas, unique strategies, and innovative solutions. While all levels of management benefit from conceptual thinking, upper management spends the most time with this mindset,\u00a0since it is largely tasked with identifying and drafting a strategy for the broader operational and competitive approach of an organization. Because this kind of strategic planning includes generating organizational values, policies, mission statements, ethics, procedures, and objectives, upper managers need to possess strong conceptual skills.\r\n\r\nWhile upper management may use the conceptual skill set most, middle managers and front-line\u00a0managers must also both understand and participate in the company objectives and values. Of particular importance is\u00a0the ability to communicate these critical concepts to subordinates and decide which information to convey to upper management.\r\n\r\nTracking and collecting the results of conceptual thinking are parts of\u00a0a feedback loop. Conceptual skills are important in empowering managers in all levels of an organization to observe the operations of an organization and frame them conceptually as an aspect of that organization's strategy, objectives, and policies. Conceptual thinking allows for accurate and timely feedback and organizational adaptability.\r\n

Human Skills<\/h3>\r\nThe development of human skills\u2014 a combination of social, interpersonal, and leadership skills\u2014is central to the success of any manager.\r\n\r\nOver the years, the conventional\u00a0definition of management has become less specific, as managerial functions can include staffing, directing, and reporting. Modern companies have fewer layers of management, as these companies now tend to delegate (rather than concentrate)\u00a0responsibilities and authority to achieve goals. As a result, businesses often expect\u00a0managers to lead or guide people, rather than giving out instructions for every action or task. The ability to lead people is therefore\u00a0a central component of human skills.\r\n\r\nRealistically, most organizations need managers who can view their teams analytically and objectively, evaluate inefficiencies, and make unpopular choices. However, it's misguided\u00a0to think that a manager has to be distant from or disliked by subordinates to execute these responsibilities. Creating\u00a0a healthy work environment that's conducive to development, constructive criticism, and achievement simply requires strong human skills\u2014especially\u00a0in the realm of communication.\r\n\r\nGood managers understand not only what they are trying to say but also the broader context and implications of saying it. A sender communicating a message to a receiver is not simply transmitting factual information. Other\u00a0dimensions of the exchange are just as important: empathy, self-reflection, situational awareness, and charisma all play integral roles in communicating effectively and positively.\r\n\r\nIn sum, technical, conceptual, and human skills are all needed to be an effective manager. As a manager moves up the organizational ladder, he or she may find that success requires\u00a0fewer or different technical skills and a heavier reliance on interpersonal and human skills.<\/span>\r\n

Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\r\nAnswer the question(s) below to see how well you understand the topics covered above. This short quiz does not<\/strong> count toward your grade in the class, and you can retake it an unlimited number of times.\r\n\r\nUse this quiz to check your understanding and decide whether to (1) study the previous section further or (2) move on to the next section.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/3019\r\n\r\n ","rendered":"
\"Two<\/a><\/p>\n

Being a successful manager can seem like a juggling act\u2014keeping many balls in the air while keeping\u00a0one’s\u00a0composure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Managerial Levels<\/h2>\n

All industries need management, and the managers who perform that function need to possess certain skills. Before we talk about those\u00a0skills, though, it’s important to understand that the title of manager actually refers to three distinct groups of people\u00a0within an organization: top-level or executive managers, middle managers, and first-line managers. Each level has a different area of managerial responsibility and reporting structure.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Top managers<\/strong>: These are the highest level of managers within an organization, and they are tasked with setting organizational objectives and goals. These managers scan the external environment for opportunities, help\u00a0develop long-range plans and make\u00a0critical decisions that affect\u00a0the entire organization. They represent the smallest percentage of the management team. Many times these managers have titles such as chief executive, operations manager, or general manager. <\/span><\/p>\n

Middle managers:<\/strong>\u00a0Mid-level or middle managers allocate resources to achieve the goals and objectives set by top managers. Their primary role is to oversee front-line managers and report back to top-level managers about the progress, problems, or needs of the first-line managers. Middle managers span\u00a0the distance between production operations and organizational vision. While top managers set\u00a0the organization’s goals, middle managers identify\u00a0and implement the activities that will help the organization achieve its goals. <\/span><\/p>\n

First-line managers:<\/strong>\u00a0The primary responsibility of first-line managers is to coordinate the activities that have been developed by the middle managers. These managers are responsible for supervising non-managerial employees who are engaged in the tasks and activities developed by middle managers. They report back to middle managers on the progress, problems, or needs of the non-managerial employees. These managers are on the front lines, so to speak, where they are actively involved in the day-to-day operations of the business.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Pyramid<\/p>\n

Managerial Skills<\/h2>\n

The skills needed to succeed at each level of management vary somewhat, but there are certain\u00a0skills common to all.\u00a0Robert Katz identifies three critical skill sets for successful management professionals: technical skills, conceptual skills, and human skills<\/strong>. While these three broad skill categories encompass a wide spectrum of capabilities, each category represents a useful way\u00a0of highlighting the key capabilities and their impact on management at different\u00a0levels.<\/span><\/p>\n

Technical Skills<\/h3>\n

Of the three skill sets identified by Katz, technical skills are the broadest, most easily defined category. A technical skill<\/strong> is defined as a learned capacity in just about any given field of work, study, or even play. For example, the quarterback of a football team must know how to plant his feet and how to position his arm for accuracy and distance when he throws\u2014both are technical skills. A mechanic, meanwhile, needs to be able to take apart\u00a0and rebuild\u00a0an engine, operate\u00a0various machinery (lifts, computer-scanning equipment, etc.), and know how to install a muffler, for example.<\/p>\n

Managers also need a broad range of technical abilities. Front-line managers, in particular, often need to use technical skills on a daily basis. They need to\u00a0communicate up the chain of command while still speaking the language of the workers who are executing the hands-on aspects\u00a0of the industry. A technical skill for a front-line manager might include a working understanding of a piece of equipment: the manager must be able to coach the employee on its operation, but also be able to explain the basic functions of the machinery to upper managers. Managers in other corporate roles and at higher levels also require technical skills. These can include office-based competencies such as typing, programming, Web-site\u00a0maintenance, writing, giving presentations, and using software such as Microsoft Office or Adobe.<\/p>\n

Conceptual Skills<\/h3>\n

Conceptual skills are also\u00a0crucial to managerial success. Conceptual skills<\/strong>\u00a0enable one to generate\u00a0ideas creatively and intuitively and also show\u00a0comprehensive understanding of contexts or topics. Conceptual skills tend to be most relevant to upper-level thinking and broad strategic situations (as opposed to lower-level and line management). As a result, conceptual skills are often viewed as critical success factors for upper-managerial functions.<\/p>\n

The key to this type of skill is conceptual thinking<\/strong>. Although conceptual thinking is difficult to define, it is generally considered to be the ability to formulate ideas or mental abstractions. When combined with information and a measure of creativity, conceptual thinking can result in new ideas, unique strategies, and innovative solutions. While all levels of management benefit from conceptual thinking, upper management spends the most time with this mindset,\u00a0since it is largely tasked with identifying and drafting a strategy for the broader operational and competitive approach of an organization. Because this kind of strategic planning includes generating organizational values, policies, mission statements, ethics, procedures, and objectives, upper managers need to possess strong conceptual skills.<\/p>\n

While upper management may use the conceptual skill set most, middle managers and front-line\u00a0managers must also both understand and participate in the company objectives and values. Of particular importance is\u00a0the ability to communicate these critical concepts to subordinates and decide which information to convey to upper management.<\/p>\n

Tracking and collecting the results of conceptual thinking are parts of\u00a0a feedback loop. Conceptual skills are important in empowering managers in all levels of an organization to observe the operations of an organization and frame them conceptually as an aspect of that organization’s strategy, objectives, and policies. Conceptual thinking allows for accurate and timely feedback and organizational adaptability.<\/p>\n

Human Skills<\/h3>\n

The development of human skills\u2014 a combination of social, interpersonal, and leadership skills\u2014is central to the success of any manager.<\/p>\n

Over the years, the conventional\u00a0definition of management has become less specific, as managerial functions can include staffing, directing, and reporting. Modern companies have fewer layers of management, as these companies now tend to delegate (rather than concentrate)\u00a0responsibilities and authority to achieve goals. As a result, businesses often expect\u00a0managers to lead or guide people, rather than giving out instructions for every action or task. The ability to lead people is therefore\u00a0a central component of human skills.<\/p>\n

Realistically, most organizations need managers who can view their teams analytically and objectively, evaluate inefficiencies, and make unpopular choices. However, it’s misguided\u00a0to think that a manager has to be distant from or disliked by subordinates to execute these responsibilities. Creating\u00a0a healthy work environment that’s conducive to development, constructive criticism, and achievement simply requires strong human skills\u2014especially\u00a0in the realm of communication.<\/p>\n

Good managers understand not only what they are trying to say but also the broader context and implications of saying it. A sender communicating a message to a receiver is not simply transmitting factual information. Other\u00a0dimensions of the exchange are just as important: empathy, self-reflection, situational awareness, and charisma all play integral roles in communicating effectively and positively.<\/p>\n

In sum, technical, conceptual, and human skills are all needed to be an effective manager. As a manager moves up the organizational ladder, he or she may find that success requires\u00a0fewer or different technical skills and a heavier reliance on interpersonal and human skills.<\/span><\/p>\n

Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\n

Answer the question(s) below to see how well you understand the topics covered above. This short quiz does not<\/strong> count toward your grade in the class, and you can retake it an unlimited number of times.<\/p>\n

Use this quiz to check your understanding and decide whether to (1) study the previous section further or (2) move on to the next section.<\/p>\n

\t