{"id":237,"date":"2017-04-18T18:56:28","date_gmt":"2017-04-18T18:56:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/chapter\/the-sultanates-of-somalia\/"},"modified":"2017-04-18T18:56:28","modified_gmt":"2017-04-18T18:56:28","slug":"the-sultanates-of-somalia","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/chapter\/the-sultanates-of-somalia\/","title":{"raw":"The Sultanates of Somalia","rendered":"The Sultanates of Somalia"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<ul><li>Explain the impact the arrival of Islam had on Somalia<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>During the Middle Ages, Somalia's territory witnessed the emergence and decline of several powerful sultanates that dominated the regional trade. At no point was the region centralized as one state, and the development of all the sultanates was linked to the central role that Islam played in the area since the 7th century.<\/li>\n \t<li>The Sultanate of Mogadishu was an important trading empire that lasted from the 10th century to the 16th century. It maintained a vast trading network, dominated the regional gold\u00a0trade, minted its own Mogadishu currency, and left an extensive architectural legacy in present-day southern Somalia.<\/li>\n \t<li>The Ajuran Sultanate ruled over large parts of the Horn of Africa between the 13th and late 17th centuries. Through a strong centralized administration and an aggressive military stance towards invaders, it successfully resisted an Oromo invasion from the west and a Portuguese incursion from the east. It left an extensive architectural and engineering\u00a0legacy.<\/li>\n \t<li>The Warsangali Sultanate\u00a0was a kingdom centered in northeastern and in some parts of southeastern Somalia. It was one of the largest sultanates ever established in the territory.<\/li>\n \t<li>The Sultanate of Ifat\u00a0was a medieval Muslim Sultanate\u00a0in the Horn of Africa.\u00a0Led by the Walashma dynasty, it was centered in the ancient cities of Zeila\u00a0and Shewa. The Kingdom ruled over parts of what are now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. Ifat first emerged in the 13th century, when Sultan Umar Walashma conquered the Sultanate of Showa\u00a0in 1285. The Adal Sultanate\u00a0or Kingdom of Adal\u00a0was founded after the fall of the Sultanate of Ifat.\u00a0It flourished from around 1415 to 1577.<\/li>\n \t<li>Following the Middle Ages and Early Modern period, Arab sultanates continued to dominate the region until it fell under the colonial control of Europeans in the 19th century.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Terms<\/h3>\n<h4>Berbers<\/h4>\nAn ethnic group indigenous to North Africa. They are distributed in an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Siwa Oasis in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean Sea to the Niger River. Since the Muslim conquest of North Africa in the 7th century, a large number inhabiting the Maghreb have acquired different degrees of knowledge of the various languages of North Africa.\n<h4>Zeila<\/h4>\nA port city in northwestern Somali. It evolved into an early Islamic center with the arrival of Muslims shortly after the hijra. By the 9th century it was the capital of the Ifat Sultanate and a major port for its successor state the Adal Sultanate. It would attain its height of prosperity a few centuries later, in the 16th century. The city subsequently came under Ottoman and British protection in the 18th century.\n<h4>hijra<\/h4>\nThe migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib, later renamed Medina, in 622 CE. In May 622 CE, after being warned of a plot to assassinate him, Muhammad secretly left his home in Mecca to emigrate to Yathrib, 320 kilometers (200 miles) north of Mecca, along with his companion, Abu Bakr.\n\n<\/div>\n<h1>Somali Sultanates and Islam<\/h1>\nDuring the Middle Ages, Somalia's territory witnessed the emergence and decline of several powerful sultanates that dominated the regional trade. At no point was the region centralized as one state, and the development of all the sultanates\u00a0was linked to the central role that Islam played in the area since the 7th century. Islam\u00a0was introduced to the northern Somali coast from the Arabian Peninsula early on, shortly after the hijra (also hegira), or\u00a0the journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad\u00a0and his followers from Mecca\u00a0to Yathrib, later renamed Medina, in 622 CE.\n\nThe oldest mosque in the city of Zeila, a major port\/trading center, dates to the 7th century.\u00a0In the late 9th century, Muslims\u00a0were living along the northern Somali seaboard, and evidence suggests that Zeila was already the headquarters of a Muslim sultanate in the 9th or 10th century. According to I.M. Lewis, the polity was governed by local dynasties consisting of Somalized Arabs or Arabized Somalis, who also ruled over the Sultanate of Mogadishu\u00a0in the Benadir\u00a0region to the south.\n<h1>Mogadishu<\/h1>\nThe Sultanate of Mogadishu was an important trading empire that lasted from the 10th century to the 16th century. It rose as one of the pre-eminent powers in the Horn of Africa\u00a0over the course of the 12th to 14th centuries, before becoming part of the expanding Ajuran Empire. The Mogadishu Sultanate maintained a vast trading network, dominated the regional gold\u00a0trade, minted its own Mogadishu currency, and left an extensive architectural legacy in present-day southern Somalia. Its first dynasty was established by Sultan Fakr ad-Din. This ruling house was succeeded by the Muzaffar dynasty, and the kingdom subsequently became closely linked with the Ajuran Sultanate.\u00a0For many years, Mogadishu\u00a0stood as the pre-eminent city in what is known as the Land of the Berbers, which was the medieval Arab term for the Somali coast. Contemporary historians suggest that the Berbers were ancestors of the modern Somalis.\n<figure>\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"613\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/BLworldhist\/pf1gvdj6rmegh3uxx0nk.jpe#fixme#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"image\" width=\"613\" height=\"848\" \/> Location of Mogadishu Sultanate according to 15th-century Italian cartographer Fra Mauro. During his travels, Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi\u00a0(1213\u20131286) noted that the city had already become the leading Islamic center in the region. By the time of the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta's appearance on the Somali coast in 1331, the city was at the zenith of its prosperity. He described Mogadishu as \"an exceedingly large city\" with many rich merchants that was famous for its high quality fabric\u00a0that it exported to Egypt, among other places.[\/caption]<\/figure><h1>Ajuran<\/h1>\nThe Ajuran Sultanate ruled over large parts of the Horn of Africa between the 13th and late 17th centuries. Through a strong centralized administration and an aggressive military stance toward invaders, it successfully resisted an Oromo invasion (a series of expansions in the 16th and 17th centuries by the Oromo people\u00a0from parts of Kenya and Somalia to Ethiopia)from the west and a Portuguese incursion from the east during the Gaal Madow and the Ajuran-Portuguese wars. Trading routes dating from the ancient and early medieval periods of Somali maritime enterprise were strengthened or re-established, and foreign trade and commerce in the coastal provinces flourished, with ships sailing to and coming from many kingdoms and empires in East Asia, South Asia, Europe, the Near East, North Africa, and East Africa.\n\nThe Ajuran Sultanate left an extensive architectural legacy, being one of the major medieval Somali powers engaged in castle and fortress building. Many of the ruined fortifications dotting the landscapes of southern Somalia today are attributed to the Ajuran Sultanate's engineers. During the Ajuran period, many regions and people in the southern part of the Horn of Africa converted to Islam because of the theocratic nature of the government. The royal family, the House of Garen, expanded its territories and established its hegemonic rule through a skillful combination of warfare, trade linkages, and alliances.\n\nAs a hydraulic empire, the Ajuran monopolized the water resources of the Shebelle and Jubba rivers. It also constructed many of the limestone wells and cisterns of the state that are still in use today. The rulers developed new systems for agriculture and taxation, which continued to be used in parts of the Horn of Africa as late as the 19th century. The tyrannical rule of the later Ajuran rulers caused multiple rebellions to break out in the sultanate, and at the end of the 17th century the Ajuran state disintegrated into several successor kingdoms and states, the most prominent being the Geledi Sultanate.\n<h1>Warsangali<\/h1>\nThe Warsangali Sultanate\u00a0was a kingdom centered in northeastern and in some parts of southeastern Somalia. It was one of the largest sultanates ever established in the territory, and, at the height of its power, included the Sanaag\u00a0region and parts of the northeastern Bari\u00a0region of the country, an area historically known as Maakhir\u00a0or the Maakhir Coast. The Sultanate was founded in the late 13th century in northern Somalia by a group of Somalis from the Warsangali\u00a0branch of the Darod\u00a0clan. It survived until the British colonization of the region in the 19th century.\n<figure>\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"479\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1745\/2017\/04\/18185627\/czusfty1txco5ppt2jdb.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"479\" height=\"599\" \/> The Ajuuraan, Adal, and Warsangali Sultanates in the 15th century.\u00a0Already in the classical (ancient) period, the Somali city-states\u00a0of Mosylon, Opone, Malao, Sarapion, Mundus, Essina, and Tabae developed a lucrative trade network\u00a0connecting with merchants from Phoenicia, Ptolemic Egypt, Greece, Parthian Persia, Sheba, Nabataea, and the Roman Empire. They used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the beden\u00a0to transport their cargo.[\/caption]<\/figure><h1>Ifat<\/h1>\nThe Sultanate of Ifat\u00a0was a medieval Muslim Sultanate\u00a0in the Horn of Africa.\u00a0Led by the Walashma dynasty, it was centered in the ancient cities of Zeila\u00a0and Shewa. The sultanate ruled over parts of what are now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia.\nIfat first emerged in the 13th century, when Sultan Umar Walashma (or his son Ali, according to another source) is recorded as having conquered the Sultanate of Showa in 1285. Historian Taddesse Tamrat explains Sultan Umar's military acts as an effort to consolidate the Muslim territories in the Horn of Africa in much the same way as Emperor Yekuno Amlak was attempting to consolidate the Christian territories in the highlands during the same period. These two states inevitably came into conflict over Shewa and territories further south. A lengthy war ensued, but the Muslim sultanates of the time were not strongly unified. Ifat was finally defeated by Emperor Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia in 1332.\n\nDespite this setback, the Muslim rulers of Ifat continued their campaign. The Ethiopian emperor branded the Muslims of the surrounding area \"enemies of the Lord\" and invaded Ifat in the early 15th century. After much struggle, Ifat's troops were defeated. Ifat eventually disappeared as a distinct polity following the Conquest of Abyssinia led by Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi and the subsequent Oromo migrations into the area. Its name is preserved in the modern-day Ethiopian district of Yifat, situated in Shewa.\n<h1>Adal<\/h1>\nThe Adal Sultanate\u00a0or Kingdom of Adal\u00a0was founded after the fall of the Sultanate of Ifat.\u00a0It flourished from around 1415 to 1577.\u00a0The sultanate was established predominately by local Somali\u00a0tribes, as well as Afars, Arabs, and Hararis.\u00a0At its height, the polity controlled large parts of Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Eritrea.\nDuring its existence, Adal had relations and engaged in trade with other polities in northeast Africa, the Near East, Europe, and South Asia. Many of the historic cities in the Horn of Africa, such as Abasa\u00a0and Berbera, flourished under its reign, with courtyard houses, mosques, shrines, walled enclosures, and cisterns. Adal attained its peak in the 14th century, trading in slaves, ivory, and other commodities with Abyssinia\u00a0and kingdoms in Arabia through its chief port of Zeila.\n<h1>Modern Sultanates<\/h1>\nFollowing the Middle Ages and Early Modern period, Arab sultanates continued to dominate the region, until it fell under the colonial control of Europeans in the 19th century. The Sultanate of the Geledi\u00a0ruled parts of the Horn of Africa\u00a0during the late 17th century and 19th century. The Sultanate\u00a0was governed by the Gobroon Dynasty. It was eventually incorporated into Italian Somaliland\u00a0in 1908, and ended with the death of Osman Ahmed in 1910.\n\nThe Majeerteen Sultanate\u00a0was a Somali Sultanate\u00a0centered in the Horn of Africa. Ruled by Boqor Osman Mahamuud\u00a0during its golden age, it controlled much of northern and central Somalia\u00a0in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity had all of the organs of an integrated modern state and maintained a robust trading network. It also entered into treaties with foreign powers and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front. In late 1889, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with Italy, making his kingdom a protectorate known as Italian Somaliland.\n\nFinally, the Sultanate of Hobyo, in present-day northeastern and central Somalia\u00a0and eastern Ethiopia, was established in the 1870s by Yusuf Ali Kenadid, cousin of Boqor Osman Mahamuud. As with the Majeerteen Sultanate, the Sultanate of Hobyo exerted a strong centralized authority during its existence, and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag, and a professional army. In late 1888, Sultan Kenadid entered into a treaty with the Italians, making his realm an Italian protectorate, but the sultanate eventually dissolved\u00a0in 1926.\n\n\u00a0\n<h4 class=\"bcp-concept--collapsible-header collapsed\"><i class=\"icon-caret-down\" \/>Sources<\/h4>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the impact the arrival of Islam had on Somalia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>During the Middle Ages, Somalia&#8217;s territory witnessed the emergence and decline of several powerful sultanates that dominated the regional trade. At no point was the region centralized as one state, and the development of all the sultanates was linked to the central role that Islam played in the area since the 7th century.<\/li>\n<li>The Sultanate of Mogadishu was an important trading empire that lasted from the 10th century to the 16th century. It maintained a vast trading network, dominated the regional gold\u00a0trade, minted its own Mogadishu currency, and left an extensive architectural legacy in present-day southern Somalia.<\/li>\n<li>The Ajuran Sultanate ruled over large parts of the Horn of Africa between the 13th and late 17th centuries. Through a strong centralized administration and an aggressive military stance towards invaders, it successfully resisted an Oromo invasion from the west and a Portuguese incursion from the east. It left an extensive architectural and engineering\u00a0legacy.<\/li>\n<li>The Warsangali Sultanate\u00a0was a kingdom centered in northeastern and in some parts of southeastern Somalia. It was one of the largest sultanates ever established in the territory.<\/li>\n<li>The Sultanate of Ifat\u00a0was a medieval Muslim Sultanate\u00a0in the Horn of Africa.\u00a0Led by the Walashma dynasty, it was centered in the ancient cities of Zeila\u00a0and Shewa. The Kingdom ruled over parts of what are now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. Ifat first emerged in the 13th century, when Sultan Umar Walashma conquered the Sultanate of Showa\u00a0in 1285. The Adal Sultanate\u00a0or Kingdom of Adal\u00a0was founded after the fall of the Sultanate of Ifat.\u00a0It flourished from around 1415 to 1577.<\/li>\n<li>Following the Middle Ages and Early Modern period, Arab sultanates continued to dominate the region until it fell under the colonial control of Europeans in the 19th century.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Terms<\/h3>\n<h4>Berbers<\/h4>\n<p>An ethnic group indigenous to North Africa. They are distributed in an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Siwa Oasis in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean Sea to the Niger River. Since the Muslim conquest of North Africa in the 7th century, a large number inhabiting the Maghreb have acquired different degrees of knowledge of the various languages of North Africa.<\/p>\n<h4>Zeila<\/h4>\n<p>A port city in northwestern Somali. It evolved into an early Islamic center with the arrival of Muslims shortly after the hijra. By the 9th century it was the capital of the Ifat Sultanate and a major port for its successor state the Adal Sultanate. It would attain its height of prosperity a few centuries later, in the 16th century. The city subsequently came under Ottoman and British protection in the 18th century.<\/p>\n<h4>hijra<\/h4>\n<p>The migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib, later renamed Medina, in 622 CE. In May 622 CE, after being warned of a plot to assassinate him, Muhammad secretly left his home in Mecca to emigrate to Yathrib, 320 kilometers (200 miles) north of Mecca, along with his companion, Abu Bakr.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Somali Sultanates and Islam<\/h1>\n<p>During the Middle Ages, Somalia&#8217;s territory witnessed the emergence and decline of several powerful sultanates that dominated the regional trade. At no point was the region centralized as one state, and the development of all the sultanates\u00a0was linked to the central role that Islam played in the area since the 7th century. Islam\u00a0was introduced to the northern Somali coast from the Arabian Peninsula early on, shortly after the hijra (also hegira), or\u00a0the journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad\u00a0and his followers from Mecca\u00a0to Yathrib, later renamed Medina, in 622 CE.<\/p>\n<p>The oldest mosque in the city of Zeila, a major port\/trading center, dates to the 7th century.\u00a0In the late 9th century, Muslims\u00a0were living along the northern Somali seaboard, and evidence suggests that Zeila was already the headquarters of a Muslim sultanate in the 9th or 10th century. According to I.M. Lewis, the polity was governed by local dynasties consisting of Somalized Arabs or Arabized Somalis, who also ruled over the Sultanate of Mogadishu\u00a0in the Benadir\u00a0region to the south.<\/p>\n<h1>Mogadishu<\/h1>\n<p>The Sultanate of Mogadishu was an important trading empire that lasted from the 10th century to the 16th century. It rose as one of the pre-eminent powers in the Horn of Africa\u00a0over the course of the 12th to 14th centuries, before becoming part of the expanding Ajuran Empire. The Mogadishu Sultanate maintained a vast trading network, dominated the regional gold\u00a0trade, minted its own Mogadishu currency, and left an extensive architectural legacy in present-day southern Somalia. Its first dynasty was established by Sultan Fakr ad-Din. This ruling house was succeeded by the Muzaffar dynasty, and the kingdom subsequently became closely linked with the Ajuran Sultanate.\u00a0For many years, Mogadishu\u00a0stood as the pre-eminent city in what is known as the Land of the Berbers, which was the medieval Arab term for the Somali coast. Contemporary historians suggest that the Berbers were ancestors of the modern Somalis.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 623px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/BLworldhist\/pf1gvdj6rmegh3uxx0nk.jpe#fixme#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"image\" width=\"613\" height=\"848\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Location of Mogadishu Sultanate according to 15th-century Italian cartographer Fra Mauro. During his travels, Ibn Sa&#8217;id al-Maghribi\u00a0(1213\u20131286) noted that the city had already become the leading Islamic center in the region. By the time of the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta&#8217;s appearance on the Somali coast in 1331, the city was at the zenith of its prosperity. He described Mogadishu as &#8220;an exceedingly large city&#8221; with many rich merchants that was famous for its high quality fabric\u00a0that it exported to Egypt, among other places.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<h1>Ajuran<\/h1>\n<p>The Ajuran Sultanate ruled over large parts of the Horn of Africa between the 13th and late 17th centuries. Through a strong centralized administration and an aggressive military stance toward invaders, it successfully resisted an Oromo invasion (a series of expansions in the 16th and 17th centuries by the Oromo people\u00a0from parts of Kenya and Somalia to Ethiopia)from the west and a Portuguese incursion from the east during the Gaal Madow and the Ajuran-Portuguese wars. Trading routes dating from the ancient and early medieval periods of Somali maritime enterprise were strengthened or re-established, and foreign trade and commerce in the coastal provinces flourished, with ships sailing to and coming from many kingdoms and empires in East Asia, South Asia, Europe, the Near East, North Africa, and East Africa.<\/p>\n<p>The Ajuran Sultanate left an extensive architectural legacy, being one of the major medieval Somali powers engaged in castle and fortress building. Many of the ruined fortifications dotting the landscapes of southern Somalia today are attributed to the Ajuran Sultanate&#8217;s engineers. During the Ajuran period, many regions and people in the southern part of the Horn of Africa converted to Islam because of the theocratic nature of the government. The royal family, the House of Garen, expanded its territories and established its hegemonic rule through a skillful combination of warfare, trade linkages, and alliances.<\/p>\n<p>As a hydraulic empire, the Ajuran monopolized the water resources of the Shebelle and Jubba rivers. It also constructed many of the limestone wells and cisterns of the state that are still in use today. The rulers developed new systems for agriculture and taxation, which continued to be used in parts of the Horn of Africa as late as the 19th century. The tyrannical rule of the later Ajuran rulers caused multiple rebellions to break out in the sultanate, and at the end of the 17th century the Ajuran state disintegrated into several successor kingdoms and states, the most prominent being the Geledi Sultanate.<\/p>\n<h1>Warsangali<\/h1>\n<p>The Warsangali Sultanate\u00a0was a kingdom centered in northeastern and in some parts of southeastern Somalia. It was one of the largest sultanates ever established in the territory, and, at the height of its power, included the Sanaag\u00a0region and parts of the northeastern Bari\u00a0region of the country, an area historically known as Maakhir\u00a0or the Maakhir Coast. The Sultanate was founded in the late 13th century in northern Somalia by a group of Somalis from the Warsangali\u00a0branch of the Darod\u00a0clan. It survived until the British colonization of the region in the 19th century.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 489px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1745\/2017\/04\/18185627\/czusfty1txco5ppt2jdb.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"479\" height=\"599\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ajuuraan, Adal, and Warsangali Sultanates in the 15th century.\u00a0Already in the classical (ancient) period, the Somali city-states\u00a0of Mosylon, Opone, Malao, Sarapion, Mundus, Essina, and Tabae developed a lucrative trade network\u00a0connecting with merchants from Phoenicia, Ptolemic Egypt, Greece, Parthian Persia, Sheba, Nabataea, and the Roman Empire. They used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the beden\u00a0to transport their cargo.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<h1>Ifat<\/h1>\n<p>The Sultanate of Ifat\u00a0was a medieval Muslim Sultanate\u00a0in the Horn of Africa.\u00a0Led by the Walashma dynasty, it was centered in the ancient cities of Zeila\u00a0and Shewa. The sultanate ruled over parts of what are now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia.<br \/>\nIfat first emerged in the 13th century, when Sultan Umar Walashma (or his son Ali, according to another source) is recorded as having conquered the Sultanate of Showa in 1285. Historian Taddesse Tamrat explains Sultan Umar&#8217;s military acts as an effort to consolidate the Muslim territories in the Horn of Africa in much the same way as Emperor Yekuno Amlak was attempting to consolidate the Christian territories in the highlands during the same period. These two states inevitably came into conflict over Shewa and territories further south. A lengthy war ensued, but the Muslim sultanates of the time were not strongly unified. Ifat was finally defeated by Emperor Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia in 1332.<\/p>\n<p>Despite this setback, the Muslim rulers of Ifat continued their campaign. The Ethiopian emperor branded the Muslims of the surrounding area &#8220;enemies of the Lord&#8221; and invaded Ifat in the early 15th century. After much struggle, Ifat&#8217;s troops were defeated. Ifat eventually disappeared as a distinct polity following the Conquest of Abyssinia led by Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi and the subsequent Oromo migrations into the area. Its name is preserved in the modern-day Ethiopian district of Yifat, situated in Shewa.<\/p>\n<h1>Adal<\/h1>\n<p>The Adal Sultanate\u00a0or Kingdom of Adal\u00a0was founded after the fall of the Sultanate of Ifat.\u00a0It flourished from around 1415 to 1577.\u00a0The sultanate was established predominately by local Somali\u00a0tribes, as well as Afars, Arabs, and Hararis.\u00a0At its height, the polity controlled large parts of Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Eritrea.<br \/>\nDuring its existence, Adal had relations and engaged in trade with other polities in northeast Africa, the Near East, Europe, and South Asia. Many of the historic cities in the Horn of Africa, such as Abasa\u00a0and Berbera, flourished under its reign, with courtyard houses, mosques, shrines, walled enclosures, and cisterns. Adal attained its peak in the 14th century, trading in slaves, ivory, and other commodities with Abyssinia\u00a0and kingdoms in Arabia through its chief port of Zeila.<\/p>\n<h1>Modern Sultanates<\/h1>\n<p>Following the Middle Ages and Early Modern period, Arab sultanates continued to dominate the region, until it fell under the colonial control of Europeans in the 19th century. The Sultanate of the Geledi\u00a0ruled parts of the Horn of Africa\u00a0during the late 17th century and 19th century. The Sultanate\u00a0was governed by the Gobroon Dynasty. It was eventually incorporated into Italian Somaliland\u00a0in 1908, and ended with the death of Osman Ahmed in 1910.<\/p>\n<p>The Majeerteen Sultanate\u00a0was a Somali Sultanate\u00a0centered in the Horn of Africa. Ruled by Boqor Osman Mahamuud\u00a0during its golden age, it controlled much of northern and central Somalia\u00a0in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity had all of the organs of an integrated modern state and maintained a robust trading network. It also entered into treaties with foreign powers and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front. In late 1889, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with Italy, making his kingdom a protectorate known as Italian Somaliland.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, the Sultanate of Hobyo, in present-day northeastern and central Somalia\u00a0and eastern Ethiopia, was established in the 1870s by Yusuf Ali Kenadid, cousin of Boqor Osman Mahamuud. As with the Majeerteen Sultanate, the Sultanate of Hobyo exerted a strong centralized authority during its existence, and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag, and a professional army. In late 1888, Sultan Kenadid entered into a treaty with the Italians, making his realm an Italian protectorate, but the sultanate eventually dissolved\u00a0in 1926.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"bcp-concept--collapsible-header collapsed\"><i class=\"icon-caret-down\">Sources<\/i><\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-237\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Boundless World History. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/world-history\/textbooks\/boundless-world-history-textbook\/\">https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/world-history\/textbooks\/boundless-world-history-textbook\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":622,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Boundless World History\",\"author\":\"Boundless\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/world-history\/textbooks\/boundless-world-history-textbook\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-237","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":212,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/237","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/622"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/237\/revisions"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/212"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/237\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=237"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=237"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=237"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=237"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}