{"id":2925,"date":"2017-10-04T23:08:49","date_gmt":"2017-10-04T23:08:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/chapter\/the-medical-renaissance\/"},"modified":"2017-10-04T23:08:49","modified_gmt":"2017-10-04T23:08:49","slug":"the-medical-renaissance","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/chapter\/the-medical-renaissance\/","title":{"raw":"The Medical Renaissance","rendered":"The Medical Renaissance"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>19.3.4: The Medical Renaissance<\/h2>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n\nThe Renaissance period witnessed groundbreaking developments in medical sciences, including advancements in human anatomy, physiology, surgery, dentistry, and microbiology.\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\nList the discoveries and progress made by leading medical professionals during the Early Modern era\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>During the Renaissance, experimental investigation, particularly in the field of dissection and body examination, advanced the knowledge of human anatomy and modernized medical research.<\/li>\n \t<li><em>De humani corporis fabrica <\/em>by Andreas Vesalius\u00a0emphasized the priority of dissection and what has come to be called the \"anatomical\" view of the body. It laid the foundations for the modern study of human anatomy.<\/li>\n \t<li>Further groundbreaking work was carried out by William Harvey, who published <em>De Motu Cordis<\/em>\u00a0in 1628. Harvey made a detailed analysis of the overall structure of the heart and blood circulation.<\/li>\n \t<li>French surgeon Ambroise Par\u00e9\u00a0(c. 1510-1590) is considered one of the fathers of surgery and modern forensic pathology, and a pioneer in surgical techniques and battlefield medicine, especially in the treatment of wounds.<\/li>\n \t<li>Herman Boerhaave\u00a0(1668-1738) is regarded as the founder of clinical teaching, and of the modern academic hospital. He is sometimes referred to as \"the father of physiology.\"<\/li>\n \t<li>French physician Pierre Fauchard\u00a0started dentistry science as we know it today, and he has been named \"the father of modern dentistry.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\"><dt><strong>William Harvey<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>An English physician (1578-1657), and the first to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart.<\/dd>\n \t<dt><strong>Ambroise Par\u00e9<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>A French surgeon (1510-1590) who is considered one of the fathers of surgery and modern forensic pathology, and a pioneer in surgical techniques and battlefield medicine, especially in the treatment of wounds.<\/dd>\n \t<dt><strong>Galen<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>A prominent Greek physician (129 CE-c.\u2009216 CE), surgeon, and philosopher in the Roman Empire. Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers\u00a0of antiquity, he influenced the development of various scientific\u00a0disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology,\u00a0and neurology, as well as philosophy\u00a0and logic.<\/dd>\n \t<dt><strong>Andreas Vesalius<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>A Belgian anatomist (1514-1564), physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, <em>De humani corporis fabrica<\/em>\u00a0(<em>On the Fabric of the Human Body<\/em>).<\/dd>\n \t<dt><strong>humorism<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>A system of medicine detailing the makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by the Indian Ayurveda\u00a0system of medicine, and Ancient Greek\u00a0and Roman physicians\u00a0and philosophers. It posits that an excess or deficiency of any of four distinct bodily fluids\u00a0in a person\u2014known as humors\u00a0or humours\u2014directly influences their temperament and health.<\/dd>\n<\/dl><\/div>\n\u00a0\n\n\u00a0\n<h1>The Renaissance and Medical Sciences<\/h1>\nThe Renaissance brought an intense focus on varied scholarship to Christian Europe. A major effort to translate the Arabic and Greek scientific works into Latin emerged, and Europeans gradually became experts not only in the ancient writings of the Romans and Greeks, but also in the contemporary writings of Islamic scientists. During the later centuries of the Renaissance, which overlapped with the scientific revolution, experimental investigation, particularly in the field of dissection and body examination, advanced the knowledge of human anatomy. Other developments of the period also contributed to the modernization of medical research, including printed books that allowed for a wider distribution of medical ideas and anatomical diagrams, more open attitudes of Renaissance humanism, and the Church's diminishing impact on the teachings of the medical profession and universities. In addition, the invention and popularization of microscope in the 17th century greatly advanced medical research.\n<h2\/>\n<h2>Human Anatomy<\/h2>\nThe writings of ancient Greek physician Galen had dominated European thinking in medicine. Galen's understanding of anatomy and medicine\u00a0was principally influenced by the then-current theory of humorism\u00a0(also known as the four humors: black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm), as advanced by ancient Greek physicians, such as Hippocrates. His theories dominated and influenced western\u00a0medical science for more than 1,300 years. His anatomical reports, based mainly on dissection\u00a0of monkeys and pigs, remained uncontested until 1543, when printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections were published in the seminal work <em>De humani corporis fabrica<\/em>\u00a0by Andreas Vesalius, who first demonstrated the mistakes in the Galenic model. His anatomical teachings were based upon the dissection of human corpses, rather than the animal dissections that Galen had used as a guide. Vesalius' work\u00a0emphasized the priority of dissection and what has come to be called the \"anatomical\" view of the body, seeing human internal functioning as an essentially corporeal structure filled with organs arranged in three-dimensional space. This was in stark contrast to many of the anatomical models used previously.\n\nFurther groundbreaking work was carried out by William Harvey, who published <em>De Motu Cordis<\/em> in 1628. Harvey made a detailed analysis of the overall structure of the heart, going on to an analysis of the arteries, showing how their pulsation depends upon the contraction of the left ventricle, while the contraction of the right ventricle propels its charge of blood into the pulmonary artery. He noticed that the two ventricles move together almost simultaneously and not independently like had been thought previously by his predecessors. Harvey also estimated the capacity of the heart, how much blood\u00a0is expelled through each pump\u00a0of the heart, and the number of times the heart\u00a0beats in a half an hour. From these estimations, he went on to prove how the blood\u00a0circulated in a circle.\n\n\u00a0\n<h2\/>\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"340\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2529\/2017\/10\/04230844\/media_25155_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"An illustration of the human body from De humani corporis fabrica.\" width=\"340\" height=\"599\"\/> Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica, 1543, p. 174 In 1543, Vesalius asked Johannes Oporinus to publish the seven-volume De humani corporis fabrica (On the fabric of the human body), a groundbreaking work of human anatomy. It emphasized the priority of dissection and what has come to be called the \"anatomical view\" of the human body.[\/caption]\n\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\"\/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2\/>\n<h2>Other Medical Advances<\/h2>\nVarious other advances in medical understanding and practice were made. French surgeon Ambroise Par\u00e9\u00a0(c. 1510-1590) is considered one of the fathers of surgery and modern forensic pathology, and a pioneer in surgical techniques and battlefield medicine, especially in the treatment of wounds. He was also an anatomist\u00a0and invented several surgical instruments, and was part of the Parisian Barber Surgeon guild. Par\u00e9 was also an important figure in the progress of obstetrics\u00a0in the middle of the 16th century.\n\nHerman Boerhaave\u00a0(1668-1738), a Dutch\u00a0botanist, chemist, Christian humanist\u00a0and physician\u00a0of European fame, is regarded as the founder of clinical teaching and of the modern academic hospital. He is sometimes referred to as \"the father of physiology,\" along with the Venetian physician Santorio Santorio\u00a0(1561-1636), who introduced the quantitative approach into medicine, and with his pupil Albrecht von Haller\u00a0(1708-1777). He is best known for demonstrating the relation of symptoms to lesions and, in addition, he was the first to isolate the chemical urea\u00a0from urine.\u00a0He was the first physician that put thermometer\u00a0measurements to clinical practice.\n\nBacteria\u00a0and protists\u00a0were first observed with a microscope\u00a0by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek\u00a0in 1676, initiating the scientific field of microbiology.\n\nFrench physician Pierre Fauchard\u00a0started dentistry science as we know it today, and he has been named \"the father of modern dentistry.\" He is widely known for writing the first complete scientific description of dentistry, <em>Le Chirurgien Dentiste<\/em>\u00a0(<em>\"The Surgeon Dentist\"<\/em>), published in 1728.\u00a0The book described basic oral anatomy\u00a0and function, signs and symptoms\u00a0of oral pathology, operative methods for removing decay\u00a0and restoring teeth, periodontal disease (pyorrhea), orthodontics, replacement of missing teeth, and tooth transplantation.\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"340\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2529\/2017\/10\/04230846\/media_25021_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"525\"\/> Andreas Vesalius, De corporis humani fabrica libri septem, illustration attributed to Jan van Calcar\u00a0(circa 1499\u20131546\/1550) The front cover illustration of De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body, 1543), showing a public dissection being carried out by Vesalius himself. The book advanced the modern study of human anatomy.[\/caption]\n\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\">\n\n\u00a0\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul><li>The Medical Renaissance\n<ul><li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"History of medicine.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_medicine\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_medicine<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Humorism.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humorism\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humorism<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Herman Boerhaave.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herman_Boerhaave\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herman_Boerhaave<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Andreas Vesalius.\" <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Vesalius\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Vesalius<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Ambroise Par\u00e9.\" <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ambroise_Par%C3%A9\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ambroise_Par%C3%A9<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"William Harvey.\" <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Harvey\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Harvey<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Scientific revolution.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientific_revolution\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientific_revolution<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Medical Renaissance.\" <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_Renaissance\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_Renaissance<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Galen.\" <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galen\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galen<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Vesalius Fabrica p174.\" <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Vesalius%23mediaviewer\/File:Vesalius_Fabrica_p174.jpg\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Vesalius%23mediaviewer\/File:Vesalius_Fabrica_p174.jpg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Vesalius01.\" <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Vesalius01.jpg\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Vesalius01.jpg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<div id=\"image_25021_text_equivalent\" class=\"atom__components__figure__text_equivalent\"\/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","rendered":"<h2>19.3.4: The Medical Renaissance<\/h2>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>The Renaissance period witnessed groundbreaking developments in medical sciences, including advancements in human anatomy, physiology, surgery, dentistry, and microbiology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>List the discoveries and progress made by leading medical professionals during the Early Modern era<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>During the Renaissance, experimental investigation, particularly in the field of dissection and body examination, advanced the knowledge of human anatomy and modernized medical research.<\/li>\n<li><em>De humani corporis fabrica <\/em>by Andreas Vesalius\u00a0emphasized the priority of dissection and what has come to be called the &#8220;anatomical&#8221; view of the body. It laid the foundations for the modern study of human anatomy.<\/li>\n<li>Further groundbreaking work was carried out by William Harvey, who published <em>De Motu Cordis<\/em>\u00a0in 1628. Harvey made a detailed analysis of the overall structure of the heart and blood circulation.<\/li>\n<li>French surgeon Ambroise Par\u00e9\u00a0(c. 1510-1590) is considered one of the fathers of surgery and modern forensic pathology, and a pioneer in surgical techniques and battlefield medicine, especially in the treatment of wounds.<\/li>\n<li>Herman Boerhaave\u00a0(1668-1738) is regarded as the founder of clinical teaching, and of the modern academic hospital. He is sometimes referred to as &#8220;the father of physiology.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>French physician Pierre Fauchard\u00a0started dentistry science as we know it today, and he has been named &#8220;the father of modern dentistry.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt><strong>William Harvey<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>An English physician (1578-1657), and the first to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>Ambroise Par\u00e9<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A French surgeon (1510-1590) who is considered one of the fathers of surgery and modern forensic pathology, and a pioneer in surgical techniques and battlefield medicine, especially in the treatment of wounds.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>Galen<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A prominent Greek physician (129 CE-c.\u2009216 CE), surgeon, and philosopher in the Roman Empire. Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers\u00a0of antiquity, he influenced the development of various scientific\u00a0disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology,\u00a0and neurology, as well as philosophy\u00a0and logic.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>Andreas Vesalius<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A Belgian anatomist (1514-1564), physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, <em>De humani corporis fabrica<\/em>\u00a0(<em>On the Fabric of the Human Body<\/em>).<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>humorism<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A system of medicine detailing the makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by the Indian Ayurveda\u00a0system of medicine, and Ancient Greek\u00a0and Roman physicians\u00a0and philosophers. It posits that an excess or deficiency of any of four distinct bodily fluids\u00a0in a person\u2014known as humors\u00a0or humours\u2014directly influences their temperament and health.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h1>The Renaissance and Medical Sciences<\/h1>\n<p>The Renaissance brought an intense focus on varied scholarship to Christian Europe. A major effort to translate the Arabic and Greek scientific works into Latin emerged, and Europeans gradually became experts not only in the ancient writings of the Romans and Greeks, but also in the contemporary writings of Islamic scientists. During the later centuries of the Renaissance, which overlapped with the scientific revolution, experimental investigation, particularly in the field of dissection and body examination, advanced the knowledge of human anatomy. Other developments of the period also contributed to the modernization of medical research, including printed books that allowed for a wider distribution of medical ideas and anatomical diagrams, more open attitudes of Renaissance humanism, and the Church&#8217;s diminishing impact on the teachings of the medical profession and universities. In addition, the invention and popularization of microscope in the 17th century greatly advanced medical research.<\/p>\n<h2>\nHuman Anatomy<\/h2>\n<p>The writings of ancient Greek physician Galen had dominated European thinking in medicine. Galen&#8217;s understanding of anatomy and medicine\u00a0was principally influenced by the then-current theory of humorism\u00a0(also known as the four humors: black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm), as advanced by ancient Greek physicians, such as Hippocrates. His theories dominated and influenced western\u00a0medical science for more than 1,300 years. His anatomical reports, based mainly on dissection\u00a0of monkeys and pigs, remained uncontested until 1543, when printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections were published in the seminal work <em>De humani corporis fabrica<\/em>\u00a0by Andreas Vesalius, who first demonstrated the mistakes in the Galenic model. His anatomical teachings were based upon the dissection of human corpses, rather than the animal dissections that Galen had used as a guide. Vesalius&#8217; work\u00a0emphasized the priority of dissection and what has come to be called the &#8220;anatomical&#8221; view of the body, seeing human internal functioning as an essentially corporeal structure filled with organs arranged in three-dimensional space. This was in stark contrast to many of the anatomical models used previously.<\/p>\n<p>Further groundbreaking work was carried out by William Harvey, who published <em>De Motu Cordis<\/em> in 1628. Harvey made a detailed analysis of the overall structure of the heart, going on to an analysis of the arteries, showing how their pulsation depends upon the contraction of the left ventricle, while the contraction of the right ventricle propels its charge of blood into the pulmonary artery. He noticed that the two ventricles move together almost simultaneously and not independently like had been thought previously by his predecessors. Harvey also estimated the capacity of the heart, how much blood\u00a0is expelled through each pump\u00a0of the heart, and the number of times the heart\u00a0beats in a half an hour. From these estimations, he went on to prove how the blood\u00a0circulated in a circle.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>\n<div style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2529\/2017\/10\/04230844\/media_25155_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"An illustration of the human body from De humani corporis fabrica.\" width=\"340\" height=\"599\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica, 1543, p. 174 In 1543, Vesalius asked Johannes Oporinus to publish the seven-volume De humani corporis fabrica (On the fabric of the human body), a groundbreaking work of human anatomy. It emphasized the priority of dissection and what has come to be called the &#8220;anatomical view&#8221; of the human body.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Other Medical Advances<\/h2>\n<p>Various other advances in medical understanding and practice were made. French surgeon Ambroise Par\u00e9\u00a0(c. 1510-1590) is considered one of the fathers of surgery and modern forensic pathology, and a pioneer in surgical techniques and battlefield medicine, especially in the treatment of wounds. He was also an anatomist\u00a0and invented several surgical instruments, and was part of the Parisian Barber Surgeon guild. Par\u00e9 was also an important figure in the progress of obstetrics\u00a0in the middle of the 16th century.<\/p>\n<p>Herman Boerhaave\u00a0(1668-1738), a Dutch\u00a0botanist, chemist, Christian humanist\u00a0and physician\u00a0of European fame, is regarded as the founder of clinical teaching and of the modern academic hospital. He is sometimes referred to as &#8220;the father of physiology,&#8221; along with the Venetian physician Santorio Santorio\u00a0(1561-1636), who introduced the quantitative approach into medicine, and with his pupil Albrecht von Haller\u00a0(1708-1777). He is best known for demonstrating the relation of symptoms to lesions and, in addition, he was the first to isolate the chemical urea\u00a0from urine.\u00a0He was the first physician that put thermometer\u00a0measurements to clinical practice.<\/p>\n<p>Bacteria\u00a0and protists\u00a0were first observed with a microscope\u00a0by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek\u00a0in 1676, initiating the scientific field of microbiology.<\/p>\n<p>French physician Pierre Fauchard\u00a0started dentistry science as we know it today, and he has been named &#8220;the father of modern dentistry.&#8221; He is widely known for writing the first complete scientific description of dentistry, <em>Le Chirurgien Dentiste<\/em>\u00a0(<em>&#8220;The Surgeon Dentist&#8221;<\/em>), published in 1728.\u00a0The book described basic oral anatomy\u00a0and function, signs and symptoms\u00a0of oral pathology, operative methods for removing decay\u00a0and restoring teeth, periodontal disease (pyorrhea), orthodontics, replacement of missing teeth, and tooth transplantation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n<div style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2529\/2017\/10\/04230846\/media_25021_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"525\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andreas Vesalius, De corporis humani fabrica libri septem, illustration attributed to Jan van Calcar\u00a0(circa 1499\u20131546\/1550) The front cover illustration of De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body, 1543), showing a public dissection being carried out by Vesalius himself. The book advanced the modern study of human anatomy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Medical Renaissance\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;History of medicine.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_medicine\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_medicine<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Humorism.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humorism\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humorism<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Herman Boerhaave.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herman_Boerhaave\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herman_Boerhaave<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Andreas Vesalius.&#8221; <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Vesalius\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Vesalius<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Ambroise Par\u00e9.&#8221; <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ambroise_Par%C3%A9\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ambroise_Par%C3%A9<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;William Harvey.&#8221; <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Harvey\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Harvey<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Scientific revolution.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientific_revolution\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientific_revolution<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Medical Renaissance.&#8221; <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_Renaissance\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_Renaissance<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Galen.&#8221; <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galen\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galen<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Vesalius Fabrica p174.&#8221; <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Vesalius%23mediaviewer\/File:Vesalius_Fabrica_p174.jpg\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Vesalius%23mediaviewer\/File:Vesalius_Fabrica_p174.jpg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Vesalius01.&#8221; 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