{"id":3035,"date":"2017-10-04T23:11:08","date_gmt":"2017-10-04T23:11:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/chapter\/the-ancien-regime\/"},"modified":"2017-10-04T23:11:08","modified_gmt":"2017-10-04T23:11:08","slug":"the-ancien-regime","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/chapter\/the-ancien-regime\/","title":{"raw":"The Ancien Regime","rendered":"The Ancien Regime"},"content":{"raw":"<h2 id=\"concept_1141\">22.1.3: The Ancien Regime<\/h2>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n\nThe Ancien R\u00e9gime was the social and political system fin the Kingdom of France from the 15th until the end of the 18th centuries. It was based on the rigid division of the society into three disproportionate and unequally treated classes.\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\nDescribe the structure of the Ancien R\u00e9gime and the societal rules at play\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>The Ancien R\u00e9gime (Old Regime or Former Regime) was the social and political system established in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century until the latter part of the 18th century under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties.<\/li>\n \t<li>The estates of the realm were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christian Europe from the medieval period to early modern Europe. Different systems for dividing society members into estates evolved over time. The best-known system is the three-estate system of the French Ancien R\u00e9gime.<\/li>\n \t<li>The First Estate comprised the entire clergy, traditionally divided into \"higher\" (nobility) and \"lower\" (non-noble) clergy. In 1789, it numbered around 130,000 (about 0.5% of the population).<\/li>\n \t<li>The Second Estate was the French nobility and (technically, although not in common use) royalty, other than the monarch himself, who stood outside of the system of estates. It is traditionally divided into \"nobility of the sword\" and \"nobility of the robe,\" the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government. The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5% of France's population<\/li>\n \t<li>The Third Estate comprised all of those who were not members of the above and can be divided into two groups, urban and rural, together making up 98% of France's population. The urban included the bourgeoisie and wage-laborers. The rural included peasants.<\/li>\n \t<li>The French estates of the realm system was based on massive social injustices that were one of the key factors leading up to the French Revolution.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\"><dt><strong>the gabelle<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>A very unpopular tax on salt in France that was established during the mid-14th century and lasted, with brief lapses and revisions, until 1946. Because all French citizens needed salt (for use in cooking, for preserving food, for making cheese, and for raising livestock), the tax propagated extreme regional disparities in salt prices and stood as one of the most hated and grossly unequal forms of revenue generation in the country\u2019s history.<\/dd>\n \t<dt><strong>estates of the realm<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>The broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the medieval period to early modern Europe. Different systems for dividing society members into estates evolved over time. The best-known system is a three-estate system of the \u00a0French Ancien R\u00e9gime used until the French Revolution (1789\u20131799). This system was made up of clergy (the First Estate), nobility (the Second Estate), and commoners (the Third Estate).<\/dd>\n \t<dt><strong>the taille<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>A direct land tax\u00a0on the French peasantry\u00a0and non-nobles in <em>Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/em>\u00a0France. The tax was imposed on each household based on how much land it held.<\/dd>\n \t<dt><strong>Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>The social and political system established in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century until the latter part of the 18th century under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The term is occasionally used to refer to the similar feudal social and political order of the time elsewhere in Europe.<\/dd>\n<\/dl><\/div>\n\u00a0\n<h1>Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/h1>\nThe Ancien R\u00e9gime (Old Regime or Former Regime) was the social and political system established in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century until the latter part of the 18th century under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The term is occasionally used to refer to the similar feudal social and political order of the time elsewhere in Europe. The administrative and social structures of the Ancien R\u00e9gime were the result of years of state-building, legislative acts, internal conflicts, and civil wars, but they remained a patchwork of local privilege and historic differences until the French Revolution ended the system. Despite the notion of absolute monarchy and the efforts by the kings to create a centralized state, Ancien R\u00e9gime France remained a country of systemic irregularities. Administrative (including taxation), legal, judicial, and ecclesiastic divisions and prerogatives frequently overlapped (for example, French bishoprics and dioceses\u00a0rarely coincided with administrative divisions).\n<h1\/>\n<h1>Estates of the Realm<\/h1>\nThe estates of the realm were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the medieval period to early modern Europe. Different systems for dividing society members into estates evolved over time. The best-known system is the three-estate system of the \u00a0French Ancien R\u00e9gime used until the French Revolution (1789\u20131799). This system was made up of clergy (the First Estate), nobility (the Second Estate), and commoners (the Third Estate).\n\nThe First Estate comprised the entire clergy, traditionally divided into \"higher\" and \"lower\" clergy. Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories, the upper clergy were effectively clerical nobility from the families of the Second Estate. In the time of Louis XVI, every bishop in France was a nobleman, a situation that had not existed before the 18th century. At the other extreme, the \"lower clergy\" (about equally divided between parish priests and monks and nuns) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate, which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 (about 0.5% of the population).\n\nThe Second Estate was the French nobility and (technically, although not in common use) royalty, other than the monarch himself, who stood outside of the system of estates. It is traditionally divided into \"nobility of the sword\" and \"nobility of the robe,\" the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government. The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5% of France's population and\u00a0were exempt from the <em>corv\u00e9e royale<\/em> (forced labor on the roads) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle (salt tax) and most important, the taille (the oldest form of direct taxation). This exemption from paying taxes led to their reluctance to reform.\n\nThe Third Estate comprised all who were not members of the above and can be divided into two groups, urban and rural, together making up 98% of France's population. The urban included the bourgeoisie and wage-laborers. The rural included peasants who owned their own land (and could be prosperous) and peasants who worked on nobles' or wealthier peasants' land. The peasants paid disproportionately high taxes compared to the other Estates and simultaneously had very limited rights. In addition, the First and Second Estates relied on the labor of the Third, which made the latter's unequal status all the more unjust.\n\nThe Third Estate men and women shared the hard life of physical labor and food shortages. Most were born within this group and died as part of it. It was extremely rare for individuals of this status to advance to another estate. Those who crossed the class lines did so as a result of either being recognized for their extraordinary bravery in a battle or entering religious life. Some commoners were able to marry into the Second Estate, although that was very rare.\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"340\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2529\/2017\/10\/04231106\/media_34395_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"421\"\/> Caricature on the Third Estate carrying the First and Second Estate on its back, Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale de France.[\/caption]\n\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\">\n\nFrance under the <em>Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/em>\u00a0(before the French Revolution) divided society into three estates: the First Estate\u00a0(clergy); the Second Estate\u00a0(nobility); and the Third Estate\u00a0(commoners). The king was considered part of no estate.\n\n\u00a0\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Social Injustice<\/h1>\nThe population of France in the decade prior to the French Revolution was about 26 million, of whom 21 million lived in agriculture. Few of these owned enough land to support a family and most were forced to take on extra work as poorly paid laborers on larger farms. Despite regional differences and French peasants' generally better economic status than that of their Eastern European counterparts, hunger was a daily problem and the condition of most French peasants was poor.\n\nThe fundamental issue of poverty was aggravated by social inequality as all peasants were liable to pay taxes from which the nobility could claim immunity, and feudal dues payable to a local lord. Similarly, the tithes (a form of obligatory tax, at the time often paid in kind), which the peasants were obliged to pay to their local churches, were a cause of grievance as the majority of parish priests were poor and the contribution was being paid to an aristocratic and usually absentee abbot. The clergy numbered about 100,000 and yet owned 10% of the land. The Catholic Church maintained a rigid hierarchy as abbots and bishops were all members of the nobility and canons were all members of wealthy bourgeois families. As an institution, it was both rich and powerful. It paid no taxes and merely contributed a grant to the state every five years, the amount of which was self-determined. The upper echelons of the clergy also had considerable influence over government policy.\n\nSuccessive French kings and their ministers tried to suppress the power of the nobles but did so with very limited success.\n\n\u00a0\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul><li>The Ancien Regime\n<ul><li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Ancien R\u00e9gime.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Gabelle of salt.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gabelle_of_salt\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gabelle_of_salt<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Taille.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taille\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taille<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Estates of the realm.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estates_of_the_realm\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estates_of_the_realm<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Causes of the French Revolution.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"800px-Troisordres.jpg.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estates_General_(France)#\/media\/File:Troisordres.jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estates_General_(France)#\/media\/File:Troisordres.jpg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h2 id=\"concept_1141\">22.1.3: The Ancien Regime<\/h2>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>The Ancien R\u00e9gime was the social and political system fin the Kingdom of France from the 15th until the end of the 18th centuries. It was based on the rigid division of the society into three disproportionate and unequally treated classes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Describe the structure of the Ancien R\u00e9gime and the societal rules at play<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Ancien R\u00e9gime (Old Regime or Former Regime) was the social and political system established in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century until the latter part of the 18th century under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties.<\/li>\n<li>The estates of the realm were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christian Europe from the medieval period to early modern Europe. Different systems for dividing society members into estates evolved over time. The best-known system is the three-estate system of the French Ancien R\u00e9gime.<\/li>\n<li>The First Estate comprised the entire clergy, traditionally divided into &#8220;higher&#8221; (nobility) and &#8220;lower&#8221; (non-noble) clergy. In 1789, it numbered around 130,000 (about 0.5% of the population).<\/li>\n<li>The Second Estate was the French nobility and (technically, although not in common use) royalty, other than the monarch himself, who stood outside of the system of estates. It is traditionally divided into &#8220;nobility of the sword&#8221; and &#8220;nobility of the robe,&#8221; the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government. The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5% of France&#8217;s population<\/li>\n<li>The Third Estate comprised all of those who were not members of the above and can be divided into two groups, urban and rural, together making up 98% of France&#8217;s population. The urban included the bourgeoisie and wage-laborers. The rural included peasants.<\/li>\n<li>The French estates of the realm system was based on massive social injustices that were one of the key factors leading up to the French Revolution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt><strong>the gabelle<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A very unpopular tax on salt in France that was established during the mid-14th century and lasted, with brief lapses and revisions, until 1946. Because all French citizens needed salt (for use in cooking, for preserving food, for making cheese, and for raising livestock), the tax propagated extreme regional disparities in salt prices and stood as one of the most hated and grossly unequal forms of revenue generation in the country\u2019s history.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>estates of the realm<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>The broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the medieval period to early modern Europe. Different systems for dividing society members into estates evolved over time. The best-known system is a three-estate system of the \u00a0French Ancien R\u00e9gime used until the French Revolution (1789\u20131799). This system was made up of clergy (the First Estate), nobility (the Second Estate), and commoners (the Third Estate).<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>the taille<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A direct land tax\u00a0on the French peasantry\u00a0and non-nobles in <em>Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/em>\u00a0France. The tax was imposed on each household based on how much land it held.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>The social and political system established in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century until the latter part of the 18th century under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The term is occasionally used to refer to the similar feudal social and political order of the time elsewhere in Europe.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h1>Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/h1>\n<p>The Ancien R\u00e9gime (Old Regime or Former Regime) was the social and political system established in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century until the latter part of the 18th century under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The term is occasionally used to refer to the similar feudal social and political order of the time elsewhere in Europe. The administrative and social structures of the Ancien R\u00e9gime were the result of years of state-building, legislative acts, internal conflicts, and civil wars, but they remained a patchwork of local privilege and historic differences until the French Revolution ended the system. Despite the notion of absolute monarchy and the efforts by the kings to create a centralized state, Ancien R\u00e9gime France remained a country of systemic irregularities. Administrative (including taxation), legal, judicial, and ecclesiastic divisions and prerogatives frequently overlapped (for example, French bishoprics and dioceses\u00a0rarely coincided with administrative divisions).<\/p>\n<h1>\nEstates of the Realm<\/h1>\n<p>The estates of the realm were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the medieval period to early modern Europe. Different systems for dividing society members into estates evolved over time. The best-known system is the three-estate system of the \u00a0French Ancien R\u00e9gime used until the French Revolution (1789\u20131799). This system was made up of clergy (the First Estate), nobility (the Second Estate), and commoners (the Third Estate).<\/p>\n<p>The First Estate comprised the entire clergy, traditionally divided into &#8220;higher&#8221; and &#8220;lower&#8221; clergy. Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories, the upper clergy were effectively clerical nobility from the families of the Second Estate. In the time of Louis XVI, every bishop in France was a nobleman, a situation that had not existed before the 18th century. At the other extreme, the &#8220;lower clergy&#8221; (about equally divided between parish priests and monks and nuns) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate, which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 (about 0.5% of the population).<\/p>\n<p>The Second Estate was the French nobility and (technically, although not in common use) royalty, other than the monarch himself, who stood outside of the system of estates. It is traditionally divided into &#8220;nobility of the sword&#8221; and &#8220;nobility of the robe,&#8221; the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government. The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5% of France&#8217;s population and\u00a0were exempt from the <em>corv\u00e9e royale<\/em> (forced labor on the roads) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle (salt tax) and most important, the taille (the oldest form of direct taxation). This exemption from paying taxes led to their reluctance to reform.<\/p>\n<p>The Third Estate comprised all who were not members of the above and can be divided into two groups, urban and rural, together making up 98% of France&#8217;s population. The urban included the bourgeoisie and wage-laborers. The rural included peasants who owned their own land (and could be prosperous) and peasants who worked on nobles&#8217; or wealthier peasants&#8217; land. The peasants paid disproportionately high taxes compared to the other Estates and simultaneously had very limited rights. In addition, the First and Second Estates relied on the labor of the Third, which made the latter&#8217;s unequal status all the more unjust.<\/p>\n<p>The Third Estate men and women shared the hard life of physical labor and food shortages. Most were born within this group and died as part of it. It was extremely rare for individuals of this status to advance to another estate. Those who crossed the class lines did so as a result of either being recognized for their extraordinary bravery in a battle or entering religious life. Some commoners were able to marry into the Second Estate, although that was very rare.<\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n<div style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2529\/2017\/10\/04231106\/media_34395_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"421\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caricature on the Third Estate carrying the First and Second Estate on its back, Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale de France.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\">\n<p>France under the <em>Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/em>\u00a0(before the French Revolution) divided society into three estates: the First Estate\u00a0(clergy); the Second Estate\u00a0(nobility); and the Third Estate\u00a0(commoners). The king was considered part of no estate.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Social Injustice<\/h1>\n<p>The population of France in the decade prior to the French Revolution was about 26 million, of whom 21 million lived in agriculture. Few of these owned enough land to support a family and most were forced to take on extra work as poorly paid laborers on larger farms. Despite regional differences and French peasants&#8217; generally better economic status than that of their Eastern European counterparts, hunger was a daily problem and the condition of most French peasants was poor.<\/p>\n<p>The fundamental issue of poverty was aggravated by social inequality as all peasants were liable to pay taxes from which the nobility could claim immunity, and feudal dues payable to a local lord. Similarly, the tithes (a form of obligatory tax, at the time often paid in kind), which the peasants were obliged to pay to their local churches, were a cause of grievance as the majority of parish priests were poor and the contribution was being paid to an aristocratic and usually absentee abbot. The clergy numbered about 100,000 and yet owned 10% of the land. The Catholic Church maintained a rigid hierarchy as abbots and bishops were all members of the nobility and canons were all members of wealthy bourgeois families. As an institution, it was both rich and powerful. It paid no taxes and merely contributed a grant to the state every five years, the amount of which was self-determined. The upper echelons of the clergy also had considerable influence over government policy.<\/p>\n<p>Successive French kings and their ministers tried to suppress the power of the nobles but did so with very limited success.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Ancien Regime\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Ancien R\u00e9gime.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Gabelle of salt.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gabelle_of_salt\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gabelle_of_salt<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Taille.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taille\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taille<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Estates of the realm.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estates_of_the_realm\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estates_of_the_realm<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Causes of the French Revolution.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;800px-Troisordres.jpg.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estates_General_(France)#\/media\/File:Troisordres.jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estates_General_(France)#\/media\/File:Troisordres.jpg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3035\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Boundless World History. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-worldhistory\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-worldhistory\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":23485,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Boundless World History\",\"author\":\"Boundless\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-worldhistory\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-3035","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3027,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3035","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23485"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3035\/revisions"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3027"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3035\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3035"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3035"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3035"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3035"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}