{"id":3091,"date":"2017-10-04T23:12:17","date_gmt":"2017-10-04T23:12:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/chapter\/the-thermidorian-reaction\/"},"modified":"2017-10-04T23:12:17","modified_gmt":"2017-10-04T23:12:17","slug":"the-thermidorian-reaction","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/chapter\/the-thermidorian-reaction\/","title":{"raw":"The Thermidorian Reaction","rendered":"The Thermidorian Reaction"},"content":{"raw":"<h2 id=\"concept_1168\">22.5.5: The Thermidorian Reaction<\/h2>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n\nThe Thermidorian Reaction\u00a0was a coup d'\u00e9tat during the French Revolution resulting in a Thermidorian regime characterized by the violent elimination of its perceived opponents.\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\nDescribe the events of the Thermidorian Reaction\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>The Thermidorian Reaction\u00a0was a coup d'\u00e9tat\u00a0within the French Revolution\u00a0against the leaders of the Jacobin Club\u00a0who dominated the Committee of Public Safety. It was triggered by a vote of the National Convention\u00a0to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several other leading members of the revolutionary government.<\/li>\n \t<li>With Robespierre the sole remaining strongman of the Revolution, his apparent total grasp on power became increasingly illusory. In addition to widespread reaction to the Reign of Terror, Robespierre's tight personal control of the military, distrust of military might and banks, and opposition to supposedly corrupt individuals in government made him the subject of a number of conspiracies.<\/li>\n \t<li>The conspiracies came together on Thermidor 9 (July 27) when members of the national bodies of the revolutionary government arrested Robespierre and the leaders of the Paris city government. Not all of the conspiratorial groupings were ideologically motivated.<\/li>\n \t<li>The prime mover for the events was a Montagnard conspiracy, which was gradually coalescing and came to pass when the Montagnards finally swayed the deputies of the right over to their side. In the end, Robespierre himself united his enemies when he gave a speech to the Convention in which he railed against enemies and conspiracies, some within the powerful committees. As he did not give the names of the \"traitors,\" all in the Convention had reason to fear that they were the targets.<\/li>\n \t<li>The Thermidorian regime that followed proved unpopular, facing many rebellions after the execution of Robespierre and his allies. The people who were involved with Robespierre became the target, including many members of the Jacobin club, their supporters, and individuals suspected of being past revolutionaries. In addition, the sans-culottes were violently suppressed by the Muscadin, a group of street fighters organized by the new government. The massacre of these groups became known as the White Terror.<\/li>\n \t<li>Meanwhile, French armies overran the Netherlands\u00a0and established the Batavian Republic, occupied the left bank of the Rhine\u00a0and forced Spain, Prussia\u00a0and several German states\u00a0to sue for peace, enhancing the prestige of the National Convention. A new constitution was drawn up, which eased back some of the democratic elements of the Constitution of 1793 and the Thermidorian regime ended.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\"><dt><strong>Thermidorian Reaction<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>A 1794 coup d'\u00e9tat\u00a0within the French Revolution\u00a0against the leaders of the Jacobin Club\u00a0that dominated the Committee of Public Safety. It was triggered by a vote of the National Convention\u00a0to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several other leaders of the revolutionary government. It ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution.<\/dd>\n \t<dt><strong>Reign of Terror<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>A period of violence during the French Revolution incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins\u00a0and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of \"the enemies of the revolution.\" The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine and another 25,000 in summary executions\u00a0across France.<\/dd>\n \t<dt><strong>White Terror<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>A period of political violence during the French Revolution\u00a0following the death of Robespierre\u00a0and the end of the Reign of Terror. It was started by a group in the south of France calling themselves The Companions of Jehu. They planned a double uprising to coincide with invasions\u00a0by Great Britain\u00a0in the west and Austria\u00a0in the east.<\/dd>\n \t<dt><strong>Paris Commune<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>During the French Revolution, the government of Paris from 1789 until 1795. Established in the\u00a0H\u00f4tel de Ville\u00a0just after the storming of the Bastille, it consisted of 144 delegates elected by the 48 divisions of the city. It became insurrectionary in the summer of 1792, essentially refusing to take orders from the central French government. It took charge of routine civic functions but is best known for mobilizing extreme views. It lost much power in 1794 and was replaced in 1795.<\/dd>\n \t<dt><strong>National Convention<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>A single-chamber assembly in France from September 20, 1792, to October 26, 1795, during the French Revolution. It succeeded the Legislative Assembly\u00a0and founded the First Republic\u00a0after the Insurrection of August 10, 1792.<\/dd>\n \t<dt><strong>Committee of Public Safety<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>A committee created in April 1793 by the National Convention\u00a0and then restructured in July 1793. It formed the\u00a0de facto\u00a0executive government in France during the Reign of Terror\u00a0(1793\u201394), a stage of the French Revolution.<\/dd>\n<\/dl><\/div>\n\u00a0\n\nThe Thermidorian Reaction\u00a0was a coup d'\u00e9tat\u00a0within the French Revolution\u00a0against the leaders of the Jacobin Club\u00a0who dominated the Committee of Public Safety. It was triggered by a vote of the National Convention\u00a0to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several other leaders of the revolutionary government. The name Thermidorian\u00a0refers to Thermidor 9, Year II (July 27, 1794), the date according to the French Republican Calendar\u00a0when Robespierre and other radical revolutionaries came under concerted attack in the National Convention. Thermidorian Reaction\u00a0also refers to the period until the National Convention was superseded by the Directory (also called the era of the Thermidorian Convention).\n<h1\/>\n<h1>Conspiracies against Robespierre<\/h1>\nWith Robespierre the sole remaining strongman of the Revolution following the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat and the executions of Jacques H\u00e9bert, Georges Danton, and Camille Desmoulins, his apparent total grasp on power became increasingly illusory, especially support from factions to his right. Robespierre's only real political power at the time lay in the Jacobin Club, which had extended itself beyond the borders of Paris and into the country. In addition to widespread reaction to the Reign of Terror, Robespierre's tight personal control of the military, distrust of military might and of banks, and opposition to supposedly corrupt individuals in government made him the subject of a number of conspiracies. The conspiracies came together on Thermidor 9 (July 27) when members of the national bodies of the revolutionary government arrested Robespierre and the leaders of the Paris city government. Not all the conspiratorial groupings were ideological in motivation. Many who conspired against Robespierre did so for strong practical and personal reasons, most notably self-preservation. The left was opposed to Robespierre because he rejected atheism and was not sufficiently radical.\n\nThe prime mover, however, for the events of Thermidor 9 was a Montagnard conspiracy led by Jean-Lambert Tallien and Bourdon de l'Oise, which was gradually coalescing and came to pass when the Montagnards finally swayed the deputies of the right over to their side (Robespierre and Saint-Just were themselves Montagnards). \u00a0Joseph Fouch\u00e9 also played an important role as instigator of the events. In the end, iRobespierre himself united his enemies. On Thermidor 8 (July 26), he gave a speech to the Convention in which he railed against enemies and conspiracies, some within the powerful committees. As he did not give the names of the \"traitors,\" all in the Convention had reason to fear that they were the targets.\n\nRobespierre was declared an outlaw and condemned without judicial process. The following day, Thermidor 10 (July 28, 1794), he was executed with 21 of his closest associates.\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"340\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2529\/2017\/10\/04231216\/media_34654_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"295\"\/> The Closing of the Jacobin Club, during the night of July 27-28, 1794. Print by Claude Nicolas Malapeau (1755-1803) after an etching by\u00a0Jean Duplessis-Bertaux\u00a0(1747-1819).[\/caption]\n\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\">\n\nFor historians of revolutionary movements, the term Thermidor\u00a0has come to mean the phase in some revolutions when power slips from the hands of the original revolutionary leadership and a radical regime is replaced by a more conservative regime, sometimes to the point at which the political pendulum swings back towards something resembling a pre-revolutionary state.\n\n\u00a0\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Thermidorian Regime<\/h1>\nThe Thermidorian regime that followed proved unpopular, facing many rebellions after the execution of Robespierre and his allies along with 70 members of the Paris Commune. This was the largest mass execution that ever took place in Paris and led to a fragile situation in France. The hostility towards Robespierre did not just vanish with his execution. Instead, the people involved with Robespierre became the target, including many members of the Jacobin club, their supporters, and individuals suspected of being past revolutionaries. In addition, the sans-culottes faced violent suppression by the Muscadin, a group of street fighters organized by the new government. The massacre of these groups became known as the White Terror. Often members of targeted groups were the victims of prison massacres or put on trial without due process, similar conditions to those provided to the counter-revolutionaries during the Reign of Terror. The Thermidorian regime excluded the remaining Montagnards from power, even those who had joined in conspiring against Robespierre and Saint-Just. The White Terror of 1795 resulted in numerous imprisonments and several hundred executions, almost exclusively of people on the political left.\n\nMeanwhile, French armies overran the Netherlands\u00a0and established the Batavian Republic, occupied the left bank of the Rhine, and forced Spain, Prussia\u00a0and several German states\u00a0to sue for peace, enhancing the prestige of the National Convention. A new constitution called the Constitution of the Year III (1795) was drawn up, which eased back some of the democratic elements of the Constitution of 1793. On October 25, the Convention declared itself dissolved and was replaced by the French Directory\u00a0on November 2.\n\n\u00a0\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul><li>The Thermidorian Reaction\n<ul><li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Reign of Terror.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reign_of_Terror\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reign_of_Terror<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"National Convention.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Convention\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Convention<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Thermidorian Reaction.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermidorian_Reaction\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermidorian_Reaction<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"First White Terror.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_White_Terror\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_White_Terror<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Committee of Public Safety.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Committee_of_Public_Safety\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Committee_of_Public_Safety<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Paris Commune (French Revolution).\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"800px-Cl\u00f4ture_de_la_salle_des_Jacobins_1794.jpg.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cl%C3%B4ture_de_la_salle_des_Jacobins_1794.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cl%C3%B4ture_de_la_salle_des_Jacobins_1794.jpg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h2 id=\"concept_1168\">22.5.5: The Thermidorian Reaction<\/h2>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>The Thermidorian Reaction\u00a0was a coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat during the French Revolution resulting in a Thermidorian regime characterized by the violent elimination of its perceived opponents.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Describe the events of the Thermidorian Reaction<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Thermidorian Reaction\u00a0was a coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat\u00a0within the French Revolution\u00a0against the leaders of the Jacobin Club\u00a0who dominated the Committee of Public Safety. It was triggered by a vote of the National Convention\u00a0to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several other leading members of the revolutionary government.<\/li>\n<li>With Robespierre the sole remaining strongman of the Revolution, his apparent total grasp on power became increasingly illusory. In addition to widespread reaction to the Reign of Terror, Robespierre&#8217;s tight personal control of the military, distrust of military might and banks, and opposition to supposedly corrupt individuals in government made him the subject of a number of conspiracies.<\/li>\n<li>The conspiracies came together on Thermidor 9 (July 27) when members of the national bodies of the revolutionary government arrested Robespierre and the leaders of the Paris city government. Not all of the conspiratorial groupings were ideologically motivated.<\/li>\n<li>The prime mover for the events was a Montagnard conspiracy, which was gradually coalescing and came to pass when the Montagnards finally swayed the deputies of the right over to their side. In the end, Robespierre himself united his enemies when he gave a speech to the Convention in which he railed against enemies and conspiracies, some within the powerful committees. As he did not give the names of the &#8220;traitors,&#8221; all in the Convention had reason to fear that they were the targets.<\/li>\n<li>The Thermidorian regime that followed proved unpopular, facing many rebellions after the execution of Robespierre and his allies. The people who were involved with Robespierre became the target, including many members of the Jacobin club, their supporters, and individuals suspected of being past revolutionaries. In addition, the sans-culottes were violently suppressed by the Muscadin, a group of street fighters organized by the new government. The massacre of these groups became known as the White Terror.<\/li>\n<li>Meanwhile, French armies overran the Netherlands\u00a0and established the Batavian Republic, occupied the left bank of the Rhine\u00a0and forced Spain, Prussia\u00a0and several German states\u00a0to sue for peace, enhancing the prestige of the National Convention. A new constitution was drawn up, which eased back some of the democratic elements of the Constitution of 1793 and the Thermidorian regime ended.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt><strong>Thermidorian Reaction<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A 1794 coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat\u00a0within the French Revolution\u00a0against the leaders of the Jacobin Club\u00a0that dominated the Committee of Public Safety. It was triggered by a vote of the National Convention\u00a0to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several other leaders of the revolutionary government. It ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>Reign of Terror<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A period of violence during the French Revolution incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins\u00a0and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of &#8220;the enemies of the revolution.&#8221; The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine and another 25,000 in summary executions\u00a0across France.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>White Terror<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A period of political violence during the French Revolution\u00a0following the death of Robespierre\u00a0and the end of the Reign of Terror. It was started by a group in the south of France calling themselves The Companions of Jehu. They planned a double uprising to coincide with invasions\u00a0by Great Britain\u00a0in the west and Austria\u00a0in the east.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>Paris Commune<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>During the French Revolution, the government of Paris from 1789 until 1795. Established in the\u00a0H\u00f4tel de Ville\u00a0just after the storming of the Bastille, it consisted of 144 delegates elected by the 48 divisions of the city. It became insurrectionary in the summer of 1792, essentially refusing to take orders from the central French government. It took charge of routine civic functions but is best known for mobilizing extreme views. It lost much power in 1794 and was replaced in 1795.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>National Convention<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A single-chamber assembly in France from September 20, 1792, to October 26, 1795, during the French Revolution. It succeeded the Legislative Assembly\u00a0and founded the First Republic\u00a0after the Insurrection of August 10, 1792.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>Committee of Public Safety<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A committee created in April 1793 by the National Convention\u00a0and then restructured in July 1793. It formed the\u00a0de facto\u00a0executive government in France during the Reign of Terror\u00a0(1793\u201394), a stage of the French Revolution.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The Thermidorian Reaction\u00a0was a coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat\u00a0within the French Revolution\u00a0against the leaders of the Jacobin Club\u00a0who dominated the Committee of Public Safety. It was triggered by a vote of the National Convention\u00a0to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several other leaders of the revolutionary government. The name Thermidorian\u00a0refers to Thermidor 9, Year II (July 27, 1794), the date according to the French Republican Calendar\u00a0when Robespierre and other radical revolutionaries came under concerted attack in the National Convention. Thermidorian Reaction\u00a0also refers to the period until the National Convention was superseded by the Directory (also called the era of the Thermidorian Convention).<\/p>\n<h1>\nConspiracies against Robespierre<\/h1>\n<p>With Robespierre the sole remaining strongman of the Revolution following the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat and the executions of Jacques H\u00e9bert, Georges Danton, and Camille Desmoulins, his apparent total grasp on power became increasingly illusory, especially support from factions to his right. Robespierre&#8217;s only real political power at the time lay in the Jacobin Club, which had extended itself beyond the borders of Paris and into the country. In addition to widespread reaction to the Reign of Terror, Robespierre&#8217;s tight personal control of the military, distrust of military might and of banks, and opposition to supposedly corrupt individuals in government made him the subject of a number of conspiracies. The conspiracies came together on Thermidor 9 (July 27) when members of the national bodies of the revolutionary government arrested Robespierre and the leaders of the Paris city government. Not all the conspiratorial groupings were ideological in motivation. Many who conspired against Robespierre did so for strong practical and personal reasons, most notably self-preservation. The left was opposed to Robespierre because he rejected atheism and was not sufficiently radical.<\/p>\n<p>The prime mover, however, for the events of Thermidor 9 was a Montagnard conspiracy led by Jean-Lambert Tallien and Bourdon de l&#8217;Oise, which was gradually coalescing and came to pass when the Montagnards finally swayed the deputies of the right over to their side (Robespierre and Saint-Just were themselves Montagnards). \u00a0Joseph Fouch\u00e9 also played an important role as instigator of the events. In the end, iRobespierre himself united his enemies. On Thermidor 8 (July 26), he gave a speech to the Convention in which he railed against enemies and conspiracies, some within the powerful committees. As he did not give the names of the &#8220;traitors,&#8221; all in the Convention had reason to fear that they were the targets.<\/p>\n<p>Robespierre was declared an outlaw and condemned without judicial process. The following day, Thermidor 10 (July 28, 1794), he was executed with 21 of his closest associates.<\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n<div style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2529\/2017\/10\/04231216\/media_34654_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"295\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Closing of the Jacobin Club, during the night of July 27-28, 1794. Print by Claude Nicolas Malapeau (1755-1803) after an etching by\u00a0Jean Duplessis-Bertaux\u00a0(1747-1819).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\">\n<p>For historians of revolutionary movements, the term Thermidor\u00a0has come to mean the phase in some revolutions when power slips from the hands of the original revolutionary leadership and a radical regime is replaced by a more conservative regime, sometimes to the point at which the political pendulum swings back towards something resembling a pre-revolutionary state.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Thermidorian Regime<\/h1>\n<p>The Thermidorian regime that followed proved unpopular, facing many rebellions after the execution of Robespierre and his allies along with 70 members of the Paris Commune. This was the largest mass execution that ever took place in Paris and led to a fragile situation in France. The hostility towards Robespierre did not just vanish with his execution. Instead, the people involved with Robespierre became the target, including many members of the Jacobin club, their supporters, and individuals suspected of being past revolutionaries. In addition, the sans-culottes faced violent suppression by the Muscadin, a group of street fighters organized by the new government. The massacre of these groups became known as the White Terror. Often members of targeted groups were the victims of prison massacres or put on trial without due process, similar conditions to those provided to the counter-revolutionaries during the Reign of Terror. The Thermidorian regime excluded the remaining Montagnards from power, even those who had joined in conspiring against Robespierre and Saint-Just. The White Terror of 1795 resulted in numerous imprisonments and several hundred executions, almost exclusively of people on the political left.<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, French armies overran the Netherlands\u00a0and established the Batavian Republic, occupied the left bank of the Rhine, and forced Spain, Prussia\u00a0and several German states\u00a0to sue for peace, enhancing the prestige of the National Convention. A new constitution called the Constitution of the Year III (1795) was drawn up, which eased back some of the democratic elements of the Constitution of 1793. On October 25, the Convention declared itself dissolved and was replaced by the French Directory\u00a0on November 2.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Thermidorian Reaction\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Reign of Terror.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reign_of_Terror\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reign_of_Terror<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;National Convention.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Convention\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Convention<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Thermidorian Reaction.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermidorian_Reaction\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermidorian_Reaction<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;First White Terror.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_White_Terror\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_White_Terror<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Committee of Public Safety.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Committee_of_Public_Safety\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Committee_of_Public_Safety<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Paris Commune (French Revolution).&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;800px-Cl\u00f4ture_de_la_salle_des_Jacobins_1794.jpg.&#8221; 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