{"id":294,"date":"2015-02-06T23:15:45","date_gmt":"2015-02-06T23:15:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ospsych\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=294"},"modified":"2016-11-17T04:04:34","modified_gmt":"2016-11-17T04:04:34","slug":"neo-freudians-adler-erikson-jung-and-horney","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/chapter\/neo-freudians-adler-erikson-jung-and-horney\/","title":{"raw":"Neo-Freudians: Adler, Erikson, Jung, and Horney","rendered":"Neo-Freudians: Adler, Erikson, Jung, and Horney"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Discuss the concept of the inferiority complex<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discuss the core differences between Erikson\u2019s and Freud\u2019s views on personality<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discuss Jung\u2019s ideas of the collective unconscious and archetypes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discuss the work of Karen Horney, including her revision of Freud\u2019s \u201cpenis envy\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp79643888\">Freud attracted many followers who modified his ideas to create new theories about personality. These theorists, referred to as neo-Freudians, generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but deemphasized sex, focusing more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality. Four notable neo-Freudians include Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung (pronounced \u201cYoong\u201d), and Karen Horney (pronounced \u201cHORN-eye\u201d).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm135949424\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2><\/h2>\r\n<h2>ALFRED ADLER<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm121288672\">Alfred <span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">Adler<\/span>, a colleague of Freud\u2019s and the first president of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society (Freud\u2019s inner circle of colleagues), was the first major theorist to break away from Freud (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Psych_11_03_Adler\">[link]<\/a>). He subsequently founded a school of psychology called <span data-type=\"term\">individual psychology<\/span>, which focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority. Adler (1937, 1956) proposed the concept of the <span data-type=\"term\">inferiority complex<\/span>. An inferiority complex refers to a person\u2019s feelings that they lack worth and don\u2019t measure up to the standards of others or of society. Adler\u2019s ideas about inferiority represent a major difference between his thinking and Freud\u2019s. Freud believed that we are motivated by sexual and aggressive urges, but Adler (1930, 1961) believed that feelings of inferiority in childhood are what drive people to attempt to gain superiority and that this striving is the force behind all of our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_Psych_11_03_Adler\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"244\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23225013\/CNX_Psych_11_03_Adler.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration shows Alfred Adler.\" width=\"244\" height=\"273\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> Alfred Adler proposed the concept of the inferiority complex.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp35600448\">Adler also believed in the importance of social connections, seeing childhood development emerging through social development rather than the sexual stages Freud outlined. Adler noted the inter-relatedness of humanity and the need to work together for the betterment of all. He said, \u201cThe happiness of mankind lies in working together, in living as if each individual had set himself the task of contributing to the common welfare\u201d (Adler, 1964, p. 255) with the main goal of psychology being \u201cto recognize the equal rights and equality of others\u201d (Adler, 1961, p. 691).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm124329040\">With these ideas, Adler identified three fundamental social tasks that all of us must experience: occupational tasks (careers), societal tasks (friendship), and love tasks (finding an intimate partner for a long-term relationship). Rather than focus on sexual or aggressive motives for behavior as Freud did, Adler focused on social motives. He also emphasized conscious rather than unconscious motivation, since he believed that the three fundamental social tasks are explicitly known and pursued. That is not to say that Adler did not also believe in unconscious processes\u2014he did\u2014but he felt that conscious processes were more important.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm50507408\">One of Adler\u2019s major contributions to personality psychology was the idea that our birth order shapes our personality. He proposed that older siblings, who start out as the focus of their parents\u2019 attention but must share that attention once a new child joins the family, compensate by becoming overachievers. The youngest children, according to Adler, may be spoiled, leaving the middle child with the opportunity to minimize the negative dynamics of the youngest and oldest children. Despite popular attention, research has not conclusively confirmed Adler\u2019s hypotheses about birth order.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm44357440\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>ERIK ERIKSON<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm132804624\">As an art school dropout with an uncertain future, young Erik <span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">Erikson<\/span> met Freud\u2019s daughter, Anna Freud, while he was tutoring the children of an American couple undergoing psychoanalysis in Vienna. It was Anna Freud who encouraged Erikson to study psychoanalysis. Erikson received his diploma from the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute in 1933, and as Nazism spread across Europe, he fled the country and immigrated to the United States that same year. As you learned when you studied lifespan development, Erikson later proposed a psychosocial theory of development, suggesting that an individual\u2019s personality develops throughout the lifespan\u2014a departure from Freud\u2019s view that personality is fixed in early life. In his theory, Erikson emphasized the social relationships that are important at each stage of personality development, in contrast to Freud\u2019s emphasis on sex. Erikson identified eight stages, each of which represents a conflict or developmental task (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#Table_11_03_01\">[link]<\/a>). The development of a healthy personality and a sense of competence depend on the successful completion of each task.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table id=\"Table_11_03_01\" summary=\"A table outlines Erikson\u2019s Psychosocial Stages of Development. It contains four columns which are labeled \u201cStage; Age (years); Developmental Task; and Description.\u201d Each of the following eight rows corresponds to Erikson\u2019s eight psychosocial stages of development. From left to right, the first row reads: \u201c1; 0\u20131; trust vs. mistrust; and trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met.\u201d The second row reads: \u201c2; 1\u20133; autonomy vs. shame\/doubt; and sense of independence in many tasks develops.\u201d The third row reads: \u201c3; 3\u20136; initiative vs. guilt; and take initiative on some activities, may develop guilt when success not met or boundaries overstepped.\u201d The fourth row reads: \u201c4; 7\u201311; industry vs. inferiority; and develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not.\u201d The fifth row reads: \u201c5; 12\u201318; identity vs. confusion; and experiment with and develop identity and roles.\u201d The sixth row reads: \u201c6; 19\u201329; intimacy vs. isolation; and establish intimacy and relationships with others.\u201d The seventh row reads: \u201c7; 30\u201364; generativity vs. stagnation; and contribute to society and be part of a family.\u201d The eighth row reads: \u201c8; 65\u2013; integrity vs. despair; and assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions.\u201d\"><caption><span data-type=\"title\">Erikson\u2019s Psychosocial Stages of Development<\/span><\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Stage<\/th>\r\n<th>Age (years)<\/th>\r\n<th>Developmental Task<\/th>\r\n<th>Description<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1<\/td>\r\n<td>0\u20131<\/td>\r\n<td>Trust vs. mistrust<\/td>\r\n<td>Trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2<\/td>\r\n<td>1\u20133<\/td>\r\n<td>Autonomy vs. shame\/doubt<\/td>\r\n<td>Sense of independence in many tasks develops<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3<\/td>\r\n<td>3\u20136<\/td>\r\n<td>Initiative vs. guilt<\/td>\r\n<td>Take initiative on some activities, may develop guilt when success not met or boundaries overstepped<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4<\/td>\r\n<td>7\u201311<\/td>\r\n<td>Industry vs. inferiority<\/td>\r\n<td>Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>5<\/td>\r\n<td>12\u201318<\/td>\r\n<td>Identity vs. confusion<\/td>\r\n<td>Experiment with and develop identity and roles<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>6<\/td>\r\n<td>19\u201329<\/td>\r\n<td>Intimacy vs. isolation<\/td>\r\n<td>Establish intimacy and relationships with others<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>7<\/td>\r\n<td>30\u201364<\/td>\r\n<td>Generativity vs. stagnation<\/td>\r\n<td>Contribute to society and be part of a family<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>8<\/td>\r\n<td>65\u2013<\/td>\r\n<td>Integrity vs. despair<\/td>\r\n<td>Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm117850496\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2><\/h2>\r\n<h2>CARL JUNG<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm35735824\">Carl <span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">Jung<\/span> (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Psych_11_03_Jung\">[link]<\/a>) was a Swiss psychiatrist and prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Freud, who later split off from Freud and developed his own theory, which he called <span data-type=\"term\">analytical psychology<\/span>. The focus of analytical psychology is on working to balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought, and experience within one\u2019s personality. According to Jung, this work is a continuous learning process\u2014mainly occurring in the second half of life\u2014of becoming aware of unconscious elements and integrating them into consciousness.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_Psych_11_03_Jung\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"244\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23225014\/CNX_Psych_11_03_Jung.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows Carl Jung.\" width=\"244\" height=\"463\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> Carl Jung was interested in exploring the collective unconscious.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm127366256\">Jung\u2019s split from Freud was based on two major disagreements. First, Jung, like Adler and Erikson, did not accept that sexual drive was the primary motivator in a person\u2019s mental life. Second, although Jung agreed with Freud\u2019s concept of a personal unconscious, he thought it to be incomplete. In addition to the personal unconscious, Jung focused on the collective unconscious.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm132120224\">The <span data-type=\"term\">collective unconscious<\/span> is a universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us (Jung, 1928). These ancestral memories, which Jung called <span data-type=\"term\">archetypes<\/span>, are represented by universal themes in various cultures, as expressed through literature, art, and dreams (Jung). Jung said that these themes reflect common experiences of people the world over, such as facing death, becoming independent, and striving for mastery. Jung (1964) believed that through biology, each person is handed down the same themes and that the same types of symbols\u2014such as the hero, the maiden, the sage, and the trickster\u2014are present in the folklore and fairy tales of every culture. In Jung\u2019s view, the task of integrating these unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of the self-realization process in the second half of life. With this orientation toward self-realization, Jung parted ways with Freud\u2019s belief that personality is determined solely by past events and anticipated the humanistic movement with its emphasis on self-actualization and orientation toward the future.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp79642128\">Jung also proposed two attitudes or approaches toward life: extroversion and introversion (Jung, 1923) (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#Table_11_03_02\">[link]<\/a>). These ideas are considered Jung\u2019s most important contributions to the field of personality psychology, as almost all models of personality now include these concepts. If you are an extrovert, then you are a person who is energized by being outgoing and socially oriented: You derive your energy from being around others. If you are an introvert, then you are a person who may be quiet and reserved, or you may be social, but your energy is derived from your inner psychic activity. Jung believed a balance between extroversion and introversion best served the goal of self-realization.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table id=\"Table_11_03_02\" summary=\"A two column table shows some differences between introverts and extroverts. The left column is labeled \u201cIntrovert\u201d and the right column is labeled \u201cExtrovert.\u201d From left to right the first row contains \u201cEnergized by being alone\u201d and \u201cEnergized by being with others.\u201d The second row contains \u201cAvoids attention\u201d and \u201cSeeks attention.\u201d The third row contains \u201cSpeaks slowly and softly\u201d and \u201cSpeaks quickly and loudly.\u201d The fourth row contains \u201cThinks before speaking\u201d and \u201cThinks out loud.\u201d The fifth row contains \u201cStays on one topic\u201d and \u201cJumps from topic to topic.\u201d The sixth row contains \u201cPrefers written communication\u201d and \u201cPrefers verbal communication.\u201d The seventh row contains \u201cPays attention easily\u201d and \u201cDistractible.\u201d The eighth row contains \u201cCautious\u201d and \u201cActs first, thinks later.\u201d\"><caption><span data-type=\"title\">Introverts and Extroverts<\/span><\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Introvert<\/th>\r\n<th>Extrovert<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Energized by being alone<\/td>\r\n<td>Energized by being with others<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Avoids attention<\/td>\r\n<td>Seeks attention<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Speaks slowly and softly<\/td>\r\n<td>Speaks quickly and loudly<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Thinks before speaking<\/td>\r\n<td>Thinks out loud<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Stays on one topic<\/td>\r\n<td>Jumps from topic to topic<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Prefers written communication<\/td>\r\n<td>Prefers verbal communication<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Pays attention easily<\/td>\r\n<td>Distractible<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Cautious<\/td>\r\n<td>Acts first, thinks later<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp23128352\">Another concept proposed by Jung was the persona, which he referred to as a mask that we adopt. According to Jung, we consciously create this persona; however, it is derived from both our conscious experiences and our collective unconscious. What is the purpose of the persona? Jung believed that it is a compromise between who we really are (our true self) and what society expects us to be. We hide those parts of ourselves that are not aligned with society\u2019s expectations.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp15429584\" class=\"psychology link-to-learning textbox\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Link to Learning\">\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Link to Learning<\/strong><\/em>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp59801856\">Jung\u2019s view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). This questionnaire describes a person\u2019s degree of introversion versus extroversion, thinking versus feeling, intuition versus sensation, and judging versus perceiving. This <a href=\"http:\/\/www.humanmetrics.com\/cgi-win\/jtypes2.asp\" target=\"_blank\">site<\/a> provides a modified questionnaire based on the MBTI.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm18154368\" class=\"psychology connect-the-concepts textbox shaded\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Connect the Concepts\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\"><strong>Connect the Concepts: Are Archetypes Genetically Based?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm113966992\">Jung proposed that human responses to archetypes are similar to instinctual responses in animals. One criticism of Jung is that there is no evidence that archetypes are biologically based or similar to animal instincts (Roesler, 2012). Jung formulated his ideas about 100 years ago, and great advances have been made in the field of genetics since that time. We\u2019ve found that human babies are born with certain capacities, including the ability to acquire language. However, we\u2019ve also found that symbolic information (such as archetypes) is not encoded on the genome and that babies cannot decode symbolism, refuting the idea of a biological basis to archetypes. Rather than being seen as purely biological, more recent research suggests that archetypes emerge directly from our experiences and are reflections of linguistic or cultural characteristics (Young-Eisendrath, 1995). Today, most Jungian scholars believe that the collective unconscious and archetypes are based on both innate and environmental influences, with the differences being in the role and degree of each (Sotirova-Kohli et al., 2013).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm93696624\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2><\/h2>\r\n<h2>KAREN HORNEY<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm53078128\">Karen <span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">Horney<\/span> was one of the first women trained as a Freudian psychoanalyst. During the Great Depression, Horney moved from Germany to the United States, and subsequently moved away from Freud\u2019s teachings. Like Jung, Horney believed that each individual has the potential for self-realization and that the goal of psychoanalysis should be moving toward a healthy self rather than exploring early childhood patterns of dysfunction. Horney also disagreed with the Freudian idea that girls have penis envy and are jealous of male biological features. According to Horney, any jealousy is most likely culturally based, due to the greater privileges that males often have, meaning that the differences between men\u2019s and women\u2019s personalities are culturally based, not biologically based. She further suggested that men have womb envy, because they cannot give birth.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm6266528\">Horney\u2019s theories focused on the role of unconscious anxiety. She suggested that normal growth can be blocked by basic anxiety stemming from needs not being met, such as childhood experiences of loneliness and\/or isolation. How do children learn to handle this anxiety? Horney suggested three styles of coping (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#Table_11_03_03\">[link]<\/a>). The first coping style, <em data-effect=\"italics\">moving toward people<\/em>, relies on affiliation and dependence. These children become dependent on their parents and other caregivers in an effort to receive attention and affection, which provides relief from anxiety (Burger, 2008). When these children grow up, they tend to use this same coping strategy to deal with relationships, expressing an intense need for love and acceptance (Burger, 2008). The second coping style, <em data-effect=\"italics\">moving against people<\/em>, relies on aggression and assertiveness. Children with this coping style find that fighting is the best way to deal with an unhappy home situation, and they deal with their feelings of insecurity by bullying other children (Burger, 2008). As adults, people with this coping style tend to lash out with hurtful comments and exploit others (Burger, 2008). The third coping style, <em data-effect=\"italics\">moving away from people<\/em>, centers on detachment and isolation. These children handle their anxiety by withdrawing from the world. They need privacy and tend to be self-sufficient. When these children are adults, they continue to avoid such things as love and friendship, and they also tend to gravitate toward careers that require little interaction with others (Burger, 2008).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table id=\"Table_11_03_03\" summary=\"A three column table identifies Horney\u2019s coping styles. The columns are labeled \u201cCoping Style; Description; and Example.\u201d From left to right, the first row reads: \u201cmoving toward people; affiliation and dependence; and child seeking positive attention and affection from parent; adult needing love.\u201d The second row reads: \u201cmoving against people; aggression and manipulation; and child fighting or bullying other children; adult who is abrasive and verbally hurtful, or who exploits others.\u201d The third row reads: \u201cmoving away from people; detachment and isolation; and child withdrawn from the world and isolated; adult loner.\u201d\"><caption><span data-type=\"title\">Horney\u2019s Coping Styles<\/span><\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Coping Style<\/th>\r\n<th>Description<\/th>\r\n<th>Example<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Moving toward people<\/td>\r\n<td>Affiliation and dependence<\/td>\r\n<td>Child seeking positive attention and affection from parent; adult needing love<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Moving against people<\/td>\r\n<td>Aggression and manipulation<\/td>\r\n<td>Child fighting or bullying other children; adult who is abrasive and verbally hurtful, or who exploits others<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Moving away from people<\/td>\r\n<td>Detachment and isolation<\/td>\r\n<td>Child withdrawn from the world and isolated; adult loner<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm19649696\">Horney believed these three styles are ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems; however, the three coping styles can become neurotic strategies if they are used rigidly and compulsively, leading a person to become alienated from others.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm152660512\" class=\"summary\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp54138896\">The neo-Freudians were psychologists whose work followed from Freud\u2019s. They generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but they decreased the emphasis on sex and focused more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality. Some of the notable neo-Freudians are Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Erik Erikson, and Karen Horney. The neo-Freudian approaches have been criticized, because they tend to be philosophical rather than based on sound scientific research. For example, Jung\u2019s conclusions about the existence of the collective unconscious are based on myths, legends, dreams, and art. In addition, as with Freud\u2019s psychoanalytic theory, the neo-Freudians based much of their theories of personality on information from their patients.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp38053232\" class=\"review-questions\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h4><\/h4>\r\nhttps:\/\/www.openassessments.com\/assessments\/853\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp4232192\" class=\"critical-thinking\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Self Check Questions<\/h3>\r\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\"><section id=\"fs-idp4232192\" class=\"critical-thinking\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm80072992\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm113083040\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<h4><em><strong>Critical Thinking Questions<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm127344608\">1. Describe the difference between extroverts and introverts in terms of what is energizing to each.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm30374464\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm93556688\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm50672128\">2. Discuss Horney\u2019s perspective on Freud\u2019s concept of penis envy.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm20075424\" class=\"personal-application\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h4 data-type=\"title\"><em><strong>Personal Application Questions<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm36592528\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm121325168\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm50652720\">3. What is your birth order? Do you agree or disagree with Adler\u2019s description of your personality based on his birth order theory, as described in the Link to Learning? Provide examples for support.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp48782896\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp4222624\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm100748880\">4. Would you describe yourself as an extrovert or an introvert? Does this vary based on the situation? Provide examples to support your points.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm58594048\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp58543504\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm58745568\">5. Select an epic story that is popular in contemporary society (such as <em data-effect=\"italics\">Harry Potter<\/em> or <em data-effect=\"italics\">Star Wars<\/em>) and explain it terms of Jung\u2019s concept of archetypes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/section><\/div>\r\n<h3><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\"><section id=\"self-check-answers\">\r\n<div data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<h3>Answers<\/h3>\r\n1. Extroverts are energized by social engagement. Introverts are recharged by solitary time.\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm6913808\">2. Horney disagreed with the Freudian idea that women had penis envy and were jealous of a man\u2019s biological features. Horney discussed that the jealousy was more likely culturally based, due to the greater privileges that males often have, and that differences between men and women\u2019s personalities were cultural, not biologically based. Horney also suggested that men may have womb envy, because men cannot give birth.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<h3><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\"><section id=\"glossary\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm41720864\" data-type=\"definition\"><span data-type=\"term\"><strong>analytical psychology\u00a0 <\/strong><\/span>Jung\u2019s theory focusing on the balance of opposing forces within one\u2019s personality and the significance of the collective unconscious<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp62211424\" data-type=\"definition\"><strong><span data-type=\"term\">archetype\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm134956432\" data-type=\"definition\"><strong><span data-type=\"term\">collective unconscious\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm113838112\" data-type=\"definition\"><span data-type=\"term\"><strong>individual psychology\u00a0 <\/strong><\/span>school of psychology proposed by Adler that focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm124999024\" data-type=\"definition\"><strong><span data-type=\"term\">inferiority complex\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>refers to a person\u2019s feelings that they lack worth and don\u2019t measure up to others\u2019 or to society\u2019s standard<\/div>\r\n<em><strong>\r\n<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div data-type=\"glossary\"><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Discuss the concept of the inferiority complex<\/li>\n<li>Discuss the core differences between Erikson\u2019s and Freud\u2019s views on personality<\/li>\n<li>Discuss Jung\u2019s ideas of the collective unconscious and archetypes<\/li>\n<li>Discuss the work of Karen Horney, including her revision of Freud\u2019s \u201cpenis envy\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp79643888\">Freud attracted many followers who modified his ideas to create new theories about personality. These theorists, referred to as neo-Freudians, generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but deemphasized sex, focusing more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality. Four notable neo-Freudians include Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung (pronounced \u201cYoong\u201d), and Karen Horney (pronounced \u201cHORN-eye\u201d).<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idm135949424\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2>ALFRED ADLER<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm121288672\">Alfred <span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">Adler<\/span>, a colleague of Freud\u2019s and the first president of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society (Freud\u2019s inner circle of colleagues), was the first major theorist to break away from Freud (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Psych_11_03_Adler\">[link]<\/a>). He subsequently founded a school of psychology called <span data-type=\"term\">individual psychology<\/span>, which focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority. Adler (1937, 1956) proposed the concept of the <span data-type=\"term\">inferiority complex<\/span>. An inferiority complex refers to a person\u2019s feelings that they lack worth and don\u2019t measure up to the standards of others or of society. Adler\u2019s ideas about inferiority represent a major difference between his thinking and Freud\u2019s. Freud believed that we are motivated by sexual and aggressive urges, but Adler (1930, 1961) believed that feelings of inferiority in childhood are what drive people to attempt to gain superiority and that this striving is the force behind all of our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"CNX_Psych_11_03_Adler\">\n<div style=\"width: 254px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23225013\/CNX_Psych_11_03_Adler.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration shows Alfred Adler.\" width=\"244\" height=\"273\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alfred Adler proposed the concept of the inferiority complex.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p id=\"fs-idp35600448\">Adler also believed in the importance of social connections, seeing childhood development emerging through social development rather than the sexual stages Freud outlined. Adler noted the inter-relatedness of humanity and the need to work together for the betterment of all. He said, \u201cThe happiness of mankind lies in working together, in living as if each individual had set himself the task of contributing to the common welfare\u201d (Adler, 1964, p. 255) with the main goal of psychology being \u201cto recognize the equal rights and equality of others\u201d (Adler, 1961, p. 691).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm124329040\">With these ideas, Adler identified three fundamental social tasks that all of us must experience: occupational tasks (careers), societal tasks (friendship), and love tasks (finding an intimate partner for a long-term relationship). Rather than focus on sexual or aggressive motives for behavior as Freud did, Adler focused on social motives. He also emphasized conscious rather than unconscious motivation, since he believed that the three fundamental social tasks are explicitly known and pursued. That is not to say that Adler did not also believe in unconscious processes\u2014he did\u2014but he felt that conscious processes were more important.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm50507408\">One of Adler\u2019s major contributions to personality psychology was the idea that our birth order shapes our personality. He proposed that older siblings, who start out as the focus of their parents\u2019 attention but must share that attention once a new child joins the family, compensate by becoming overachievers. The youngest children, according to Adler, may be spoiled, leaving the middle child with the opportunity to minimize the negative dynamics of the youngest and oldest children. Despite popular attention, research has not conclusively confirmed Adler\u2019s hypotheses about birth order.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm44357440\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>ERIK ERIKSON<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm132804624\">As an art school dropout with an uncertain future, young Erik <span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">Erikson<\/span> met Freud\u2019s daughter, Anna Freud, while he was tutoring the children of an American couple undergoing psychoanalysis in Vienna. It was Anna Freud who encouraged Erikson to study psychoanalysis. Erikson received his diploma from the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute in 1933, and as Nazism spread across Europe, he fled the country and immigrated to the United States that same year. As you learned when you studied lifespan development, Erikson later proposed a psychosocial theory of development, suggesting that an individual\u2019s personality develops throughout the lifespan\u2014a departure from Freud\u2019s view that personality is fixed in early life. In his theory, Erikson emphasized the social relationships that are important at each stage of personality development, in contrast to Freud\u2019s emphasis on sex. Erikson identified eight stages, each of which represents a conflict or developmental task (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#Table_11_03_01\">[link]<\/a>). The development of a healthy personality and a sense of competence depend on the successful completion of each task.<\/p>\n<table id=\"Table_11_03_01\" summary=\"A table outlines Erikson\u2019s Psychosocial Stages of Development. It contains four columns which are labeled \u201cStage; Age (years); Developmental Task; and Description.\u201d Each of the following eight rows corresponds to Erikson\u2019s eight psychosocial stages of development. From left to right, the first row reads: \u201c1; 0\u20131; trust vs. mistrust; and trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met.\u201d The second row reads: \u201c2; 1\u20133; autonomy vs. shame\/doubt; and sense of independence in many tasks develops.\u201d The third row reads: \u201c3; 3\u20136; initiative vs. guilt; and take initiative on some activities, may develop guilt when success not met or boundaries overstepped.\u201d The fourth row reads: \u201c4; 7\u201311; industry vs. inferiority; and develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not.\u201d The fifth row reads: \u201c5; 12\u201318; identity vs. confusion; and experiment with and develop identity and roles.\u201d The sixth row reads: \u201c6; 19\u201329; intimacy vs. isolation; and establish intimacy and relationships with others.\u201d The seventh row reads: \u201c7; 30\u201364; generativity vs. stagnation; and contribute to society and be part of a family.\u201d The eighth row reads: \u201c8; 65\u2013; integrity vs. despair; and assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions.\u201d\">\n<caption><span data-type=\"title\">Erikson\u2019s Psychosocial Stages of Development<\/span><\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Stage<\/th>\n<th>Age (years)<\/th>\n<th>Developmental Task<\/th>\n<th>Description<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0\u20131<\/td>\n<td>Trust vs. mistrust<\/td>\n<td>Trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>1\u20133<\/td>\n<td>Autonomy vs. shame\/doubt<\/td>\n<td>Sense of independence in many tasks develops<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>3\u20136<\/td>\n<td>Initiative vs. guilt<\/td>\n<td>Take initiative on some activities, may develop guilt when success not met or boundaries overstepped<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>7\u201311<\/td>\n<td>Industry vs. inferiority<\/td>\n<td>Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>12\u201318<\/td>\n<td>Identity vs. confusion<\/td>\n<td>Experiment with and develop identity and roles<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td>19\u201329<\/td>\n<td>Intimacy vs. isolation<\/td>\n<td>Establish intimacy and relationships with others<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>30\u201364<\/td>\n<td>Generativity vs. stagnation<\/td>\n<td>Contribute to society and be part of a family<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>65\u2013<\/td>\n<td>Integrity vs. despair<\/td>\n<td>Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm117850496\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2>CARL JUNG<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm35735824\">Carl <span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">Jung<\/span> (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Psych_11_03_Jung\">[link]<\/a>) was a Swiss psychiatrist and prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Freud, who later split off from Freud and developed his own theory, which he called <span data-type=\"term\">analytical psychology<\/span>. The focus of analytical psychology is on working to balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought, and experience within one\u2019s personality. According to Jung, this work is a continuous learning process\u2014mainly occurring in the second half of life\u2014of becoming aware of unconscious elements and integrating them into consciousness.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"CNX_Psych_11_03_Jung\">\n<div style=\"width: 254px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23225014\/CNX_Psych_11_03_Jung.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows Carl Jung.\" width=\"244\" height=\"463\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carl Jung was interested in exploring the collective unconscious.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p id=\"fs-idm127366256\">Jung\u2019s split from Freud was based on two major disagreements. First, Jung, like Adler and Erikson, did not accept that sexual drive was the primary motivator in a person\u2019s mental life. Second, although Jung agreed with Freud\u2019s concept of a personal unconscious, he thought it to be incomplete. In addition to the personal unconscious, Jung focused on the collective unconscious.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm132120224\">The <span data-type=\"term\">collective unconscious<\/span> is a universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us (Jung, 1928). These ancestral memories, which Jung called <span data-type=\"term\">archetypes<\/span>, are represented by universal themes in various cultures, as expressed through literature, art, and dreams (Jung). Jung said that these themes reflect common experiences of people the world over, such as facing death, becoming independent, and striving for mastery. Jung (1964) believed that through biology, each person is handed down the same themes and that the same types of symbols\u2014such as the hero, the maiden, the sage, and the trickster\u2014are present in the folklore and fairy tales of every culture. In Jung\u2019s view, the task of integrating these unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of the self-realization process in the second half of life. With this orientation toward self-realization, Jung parted ways with Freud\u2019s belief that personality is determined solely by past events and anticipated the humanistic movement with its emphasis on self-actualization and orientation toward the future.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp79642128\">Jung also proposed two attitudes or approaches toward life: extroversion and introversion (Jung, 1923) (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#Table_11_03_02\">[link]<\/a>). These ideas are considered Jung\u2019s most important contributions to the field of personality psychology, as almost all models of personality now include these concepts. If you are an extrovert, then you are a person who is energized by being outgoing and socially oriented: You derive your energy from being around others. If you are an introvert, then you are a person who may be quiet and reserved, or you may be social, but your energy is derived from your inner psychic activity. Jung believed a balance between extroversion and introversion best served the goal of self-realization.<\/p>\n<table id=\"Table_11_03_02\" summary=\"A two column table shows some differences between introverts and extroverts. The left column is labeled \u201cIntrovert\u201d and the right column is labeled \u201cExtrovert.\u201d From left to right the first row contains \u201cEnergized by being alone\u201d and \u201cEnergized by being with others.\u201d The second row contains \u201cAvoids attention\u201d and \u201cSeeks attention.\u201d The third row contains \u201cSpeaks slowly and softly\u201d and \u201cSpeaks quickly and loudly.\u201d The fourth row contains \u201cThinks before speaking\u201d and \u201cThinks out loud.\u201d The fifth row contains \u201cStays on one topic\u201d and \u201cJumps from topic to topic.\u201d The sixth row contains \u201cPrefers written communication\u201d and \u201cPrefers verbal communication.\u201d The seventh row contains \u201cPays attention easily\u201d and \u201cDistractible.\u201d The eighth row contains \u201cCautious\u201d and \u201cActs first, thinks later.\u201d\">\n<caption><span data-type=\"title\">Introverts and Extroverts<\/span><\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Introvert<\/th>\n<th>Extrovert<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Energized by being alone<\/td>\n<td>Energized by being with others<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Avoids attention<\/td>\n<td>Seeks attention<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Speaks slowly and softly<\/td>\n<td>Speaks quickly and loudly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Thinks before speaking<\/td>\n<td>Thinks out loud<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Stays on one topic<\/td>\n<td>Jumps from topic to topic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Prefers written communication<\/td>\n<td>Prefers verbal communication<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pays attention easily<\/td>\n<td>Distractible<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cautious<\/td>\n<td>Acts first, thinks later<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"fs-idp23128352\">Another concept proposed by Jung was the persona, which he referred to as a mask that we adopt. According to Jung, we consciously create this persona; however, it is derived from both our conscious experiences and our collective unconscious. What is the purpose of the persona? Jung believed that it is a compromise between who we really are (our true self) and what society expects us to be. We hide those parts of ourselves that are not aligned with society\u2019s expectations.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-idp15429584\" class=\"psychology link-to-learning textbox\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Link to Learning\">\n<p><em><strong>Link to Learning<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp59801856\">Jung\u2019s view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). This questionnaire describes a person\u2019s degree of introversion versus extroversion, thinking versus feeling, intuition versus sensation, and judging versus perceiving. This <a href=\"http:\/\/www.humanmetrics.com\/cgi-win\/jtypes2.asp\" target=\"_blank\">site<\/a> provides a modified questionnaire based on the MBTI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm18154368\" class=\"psychology connect-the-concepts textbox shaded\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Connect the Concepts\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\"><strong>Connect the Concepts: Are Archetypes Genetically Based?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm113966992\">Jung proposed that human responses to archetypes are similar to instinctual responses in animals. One criticism of Jung is that there is no evidence that archetypes are biologically based or similar to animal instincts (Roesler, 2012). Jung formulated his ideas about 100 years ago, and great advances have been made in the field of genetics since that time. We\u2019ve found that human babies are born with certain capacities, including the ability to acquire language. However, we\u2019ve also found that symbolic information (such as archetypes) is not encoded on the genome and that babies cannot decode symbolism, refuting the idea of a biological basis to archetypes. Rather than being seen as purely biological, more recent research suggests that archetypes emerge directly from our experiences and are reflections of linguistic or cultural characteristics (Young-Eisendrath, 1995). Today, most Jungian scholars believe that the collective unconscious and archetypes are based on both innate and environmental influences, with the differences being in the role and degree of each (Sotirova-Kohli et al., 2013).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm93696624\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2>KAREN HORNEY<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm53078128\">Karen <span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">Horney<\/span> was one of the first women trained as a Freudian psychoanalyst. During the Great Depression, Horney moved from Germany to the United States, and subsequently moved away from Freud\u2019s teachings. Like Jung, Horney believed that each individual has the potential for self-realization and that the goal of psychoanalysis should be moving toward a healthy self rather than exploring early childhood patterns of dysfunction. Horney also disagreed with the Freudian idea that girls have penis envy and are jealous of male biological features. According to Horney, any jealousy is most likely culturally based, due to the greater privileges that males often have, meaning that the differences between men\u2019s and women\u2019s personalities are culturally based, not biologically based. She further suggested that men have womb envy, because they cannot give birth.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm6266528\">Horney\u2019s theories focused on the role of unconscious anxiety. She suggested that normal growth can be blocked by basic anxiety stemming from needs not being met, such as childhood experiences of loneliness and\/or isolation. How do children learn to handle this anxiety? Horney suggested three styles of coping (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#Table_11_03_03\">[link]<\/a>). The first coping style, <em data-effect=\"italics\">moving toward people<\/em>, relies on affiliation and dependence. These children become dependent on their parents and other caregivers in an effort to receive attention and affection, which provides relief from anxiety (Burger, 2008). When these children grow up, they tend to use this same coping strategy to deal with relationships, expressing an intense need for love and acceptance (Burger, 2008). The second coping style, <em data-effect=\"italics\">moving against people<\/em>, relies on aggression and assertiveness. Children with this coping style find that fighting is the best way to deal with an unhappy home situation, and they deal with their feelings of insecurity by bullying other children (Burger, 2008). As adults, people with this coping style tend to lash out with hurtful comments and exploit others (Burger, 2008). The third coping style, <em data-effect=\"italics\">moving away from people<\/em>, centers on detachment and isolation. These children handle their anxiety by withdrawing from the world. They need privacy and tend to be self-sufficient. When these children are adults, they continue to avoid such things as love and friendship, and they also tend to gravitate toward careers that require little interaction with others (Burger, 2008).<\/p>\n<table id=\"Table_11_03_03\" summary=\"A three column table identifies Horney\u2019s coping styles. The columns are labeled \u201cCoping Style; Description; and Example.\u201d From left to right, the first row reads: \u201cmoving toward people; affiliation and dependence; and child seeking positive attention and affection from parent; adult needing love.\u201d The second row reads: \u201cmoving against people; aggression and manipulation; and child fighting or bullying other children; adult who is abrasive and verbally hurtful, or who exploits others.\u201d The third row reads: \u201cmoving away from people; detachment and isolation; and child withdrawn from the world and isolated; adult loner.\u201d\">\n<caption><span data-type=\"title\">Horney\u2019s Coping Styles<\/span><\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Coping Style<\/th>\n<th>Description<\/th>\n<th>Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Moving toward people<\/td>\n<td>Affiliation and dependence<\/td>\n<td>Child seeking positive attention and affection from parent; adult needing love<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Moving against people<\/td>\n<td>Aggression and manipulation<\/td>\n<td>Child fighting or bullying other children; adult who is abrasive and verbally hurtful, or who exploits others<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Moving away from people<\/td>\n<td>Detachment and isolation<\/td>\n<td>Child withdrawn from the world and isolated; adult loner<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"fs-idm19649696\">Horney believed these three styles are ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems; however, the three coping styles can become neurotic strategies if they are used rigidly and compulsively, leading a person to become alienated from others.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm152660512\" class=\"summary\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp54138896\">The neo-Freudians were psychologists whose work followed from Freud\u2019s. They generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but they decreased the emphasis on sex and focused more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality. Some of the notable neo-Freudians are Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Erik Erikson, and Karen Horney. The neo-Freudian approaches have been criticized, because they tend to be philosophical rather than based on sound scientific research. For example, Jung\u2019s conclusions about the existence of the collective unconscious are based on myths, legends, dreams, and art. In addition, as with Freud\u2019s psychoanalytic theory, the neo-Freudians based much of their theories of personality on information from their patients.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp38053232\" class=\"review-questions\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h4><\/h4>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenoea.herokuapp.com\/assessments\/load?src_url=https:\/\/lumenoea.herokuapp.com\/api\/assessments\/853.xml&#38;results_end_point=https:\/\/lumenoea.herokuapp.com\/api&#38;assessment_id=853&#38;confidence_levels=true&#38;enable_start=true&#38;eid=https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/chapter\/neo-freudians-adler-erikson-jung-and-horney\/\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp4232192\" class=\"critical-thinking\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Self Check Questions<\/h3>\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">\n<section id=\"fs-idp4232192\" class=\"critical-thinking\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm80072992\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm113083040\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<h4><em><strong>Critical Thinking Questions<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n<p id=\"fs-idm127344608\">1. Describe the difference between extroverts and introverts in terms of what is energizing to each.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm30374464\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm93556688\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm50672128\">2. Discuss Horney\u2019s perspective on Freud\u2019s concept of penis envy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm20075424\" class=\"personal-application\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h4 data-type=\"title\"><em><strong>Personal Application Questions<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n<div id=\"fs-idm36592528\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm121325168\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm50652720\">3. What is your birth order? Do you agree or disagree with Adler\u2019s description of your personality based on his birth order theory, as described in the Link to Learning? Provide examples for support.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp48782896\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp4222624\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm100748880\">4. Would you describe yourself as an extrovert or an introvert? Does this vary based on the situation? Provide examples to support your points.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm58594048\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp58543504\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm58745568\">5. Select an epic story that is popular in contemporary society (such as <em data-effect=\"italics\">Harry Potter<\/em> or <em data-effect=\"italics\">Star Wars<\/em>) and explain it terms of Jung\u2019s concept of archetypes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<section id=\"self-check-answers\">\n<div data-type=\"exercise\">\n<h3>Answers<\/h3>\n<p>1. Extroverts are energized by social engagement. Introverts are recharged by solitary time.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm6913808\">2. Horney disagreed with the Freudian idea that women had penis envy and were jealous of a man\u2019s biological features. Horney discussed that the jealousy was more likely culturally based, due to the greater privileges that males often have, and that differences between men and women\u2019s personalities were cultural, not biologically based. Horney also suggested that men may have womb envy, because men cannot give birth.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<section id=\"glossary\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div data-type=\"definition\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm41720864\" data-type=\"definition\"><span data-type=\"term\"><strong>analytical psychology\u00a0 <\/strong><\/span>Jung\u2019s theory focusing on the balance of opposing forces within one\u2019s personality and the significance of the collective unconscious<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp62211424\" data-type=\"definition\"><strong><span data-type=\"term\">archetype\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm134956432\" data-type=\"definition\"><strong><span data-type=\"term\">collective unconscious\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm113838112\" data-type=\"definition\"><span data-type=\"term\"><strong>individual psychology\u00a0 <\/strong><\/span>school of psychology proposed by Adler that focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm124999024\" data-type=\"definition\"><strong><span data-type=\"term\">inferiority complex\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>refers to a person\u2019s feelings that they lack worth and don\u2019t measure up to others\u2019 or to society\u2019s standard<\/div>\n<p><em><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div data-type=\"glossary\"><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-294\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Psychology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:1\/Psychology\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:1\/Psychology<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11629\/latest\/.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":18,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Psychology\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:1\/Psychology\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11629\/latest\/.\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-294","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":521,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/294","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/294\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1708,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/294\/revisions\/1708"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/521"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/294\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=294"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=294"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=294"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=294"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}