{"id":401,"date":"2015-02-06T23:15:42","date_gmt":"2015-02-06T23:15:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ospsych\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=401"},"modified":"2016-11-17T04:48:57","modified_gmt":"2016-11-17T04:48:57","slug":"the-sociocultural-model-and-therapy-utilization","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/chapter\/the-sociocultural-model-and-therapy-utilization\/","title":{"raw":"The Sociocultural Model and Therapy Utilization","rendered":"The Sociocultural Model and Therapy Utilization"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain how the sociocultural model is used in therapy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discuss barriers to mental health services among ethnic minorities<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm47203600\">The sociocultural perspective looks at you, your behaviors, and your symptoms in the context of your <span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">culture<\/span> and background. For example, Jos\u00e9 is an 18-year-old Hispanic male from a traditional family. Jos\u00e9 comes to treatment because of depression. During the intake session, he reveals that he is gay and is nervous about telling his family. He also discloses that he is concerned because his religious background has taught him that homosexuality is wrong. How does his religious and cultural background affect him? How might his cultural background affect how his family reacts if Jos\u00e9 were to tell them he is gay?<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm38066288\">As our society becomes increasingly multiethnic and multiracial, mental health professionals must develop <span data-type=\"term\">cultural competence<\/span> (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Psych_16_05_Ethnic\">[link]<\/a>), which means they must understand and address issues of race, culture, and ethnicity. They must also develop strategies to effectively address the needs of various populations for which Eurocentric therapies have limited application (Sue, 2004). For example, a counselor whose treatment focuses on individual decision making may be ineffective at helping a Chinese client with a collectivist approach to problem solving (Sue, 2004).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm3779472\">Multicultural counseling and therapy aims to offer both a helping role and process that uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of clients. It strives to recognize client identities to include individual, group, and universal dimensions, advocate the use of universal and culture-specific strategies and roles in the healing process, and balancs the importance of individualism and collectivism in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of client and client systems (Sue, 2001).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm93506144\">This therapeutic perspective integrates the impact of cultural and social norms, starting at the beginning of treatment. Therapists who use this perspective work with clients to obtain and integrate information about their cultural patterns into a unique treatment approach based on their particular situation (Stewart, Simmons, &amp; Habibpour, 2012). Sociocultural therapy can include individual, group, family, and couples treatment modalities.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_Psych_16_05_Ethnic\"><figcaption><\/figcaption>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"975\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/ospsych\/m49144\/CNX_Psych_16_05_Ethnic.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"A photo montage composed of eight photographs arranged in two parallel rows of four. From the top-left-hand-side, the photos are as follows: a person with a bicycle standing in a rice paddy, three children, three elderly people sitting along a rock wall, four cooks standing around a table, a classroom of students, a group of people seated at a covered outdoor table, two children wearing robes, and two people being held up by other people during a wedding ceremony.\" width=\"975\" height=\"328\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> How do your cultural and religious beliefs affect your attitude toward mental health treatment? (credit \u201ctop-left\u201d: modification of work by Staffan Scherz; credit \u201ctop-left-middle\u201d: modification of work by Alejandra Quintero Sinisterra; credit \u201ctop-right-middle\u201d: modification of work by Pedro Ribeiro Sim\u00f5es; credit \u201ctop-right\u201d: modification of work by Agustin Ruiz; credit \u201cbottom-left\u201d: modification of work by Czech Provincial Reconstruction Team; credit \u201cbottom-left-middle\u201d: modification of work by Arian Zwegers; credit \u201cbottom-right-middle\u201d: modification of work by \u201cWonderlane\u201d\/Flickr; credit \u201cbottom-right\u201d: modification of work by Shiraz Chanawala)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp65169232\" class=\"psychology link-to-learning textbox\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Link to Learning\">\r\n<h4><em><strong>Link to Learning<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm43187488\">Watch this short <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MTh3pe8N3DQ\" target=\"_blank\">video<\/a> to learn more about cultural competence and sociocultural treatments.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm130648864\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2><\/h2>\r\n<h2>BARRIERS TO TREATMENT<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp10820544\">Statistically, ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle-class Americans (Alegr\u00eda et al., 2008; Richman, Kohn-Wood, &amp; Williams, 2007). Why is this so? Perhaps the reason has to do with access and availability of mental health services. Ethnic minorities and individuals of low socioeconomic status (SES) report that barriers to services include lack of insurance, transportation, and time (Thomas &amp; Snowden, 2002). However, researchers have found that even when income levels and insurance variables are taken into account, ethnic minorities are far less likely to seek out and utilize mental health services. And when access to mental health services is comparable across ethnic and racial groups, differences in service utilization remain (Richman et al., 2007).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp40731952\">In a study involving thousands of women, it was found that the prevalence rate of anorexia was similar across different races, but that bulimia nervosa was more prevalent among Hispanic and African American women when compared with non-Hispanic whites (Marques et al., 2011). Although they have similar or higher rates of eating disorders, Hispanic and African American women with these disorders tend to seek and engage in treatment far less than Caucasian women. These findings suggest ethnic disparities in access to care, as well as clinical and referral practices that may prevent Hispanic and African American women from receiving care, which could include lack of bilingual treatment, stigma, fear of not being understood, family privacy, and lack of education about eating disorders.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm21773680\">Perceptions and attitudes toward mental health services may also contribute to this imbalance. A recent study at King\u2019s College, London, found many complex reasons why people do not seek treatment: self-sufficiency and not seeing the need for help, not seeing therapy as effective, concerns about confidentiality, and the many effects of stigma and shame (Clement et al., 2014). And in another study, African Americans exhibiting depression were less willing to seek treatment due to fear of possible psychiatric hospitalization as well as fear of the treatment itself (Sussman, Robins, &amp; Earls, 1987). Instead of mental health treatment, many African Americans prefer to be self-reliant or use spiritual practices (Snowden, 2001; Belgrave &amp; Allison, 2010). For example, it has been found that the Black church plays a significant role as an alternative to mental health services by providing prevention and treatment-type programs designed to enhance the psychological and physical well-being of its members (Blank, Mahmood, Fox, &amp; Guterbock, 2002).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm47664176\">Additionally, people belonging to ethnic groups that already report concerns about prejudice and discrimination are less likely to seek services for a mental illness because they view it as an additional stigma (Gary, 2005; Townes, Cunningham, &amp; Chavez-Korell, 2009; Scott, McCoy, Munson, Snowden, &amp; McMillen, 2011). For example, in one recent study of 462 older Korean Americans (over the age of 60) many participants reported suffering from depressive symptoms. However, 71% indicated they thought depression was a sign of personal weakness, and 14% reported that having a mentally ill family member would bring shame to the family (Jang, Chiriboga, &amp; Okazaki, 2009).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm102429456\">Language differences are a further barrier to treatment. In the previous study on Korean Americans\u2019 attitudes toward mental health services, it was found that there were no Korean-speaking mental health professionals where the study was conducted (Orlando and Tampa, Florida) (Jang et al., 2009). Because of the growing number of people from ethnically diverse backgrounds, there is a need for therapists and psychologists to develop knowledge and skills to become culturally competent (Ahmed, Wilson, Henriksen, &amp; Jones, 2011). Those providing therapy must approach the process from the context of the unique culture of each client (Sue &amp; Sue, 2007).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp41678704\" class=\"psychology dig-deeper\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Dig Deeper\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" data-type=\"title\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\"><strong>Dig Deeper: Treatment Perceptions<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<div data-type=\"title\"><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm125937568\">By the time a child is a senior in high school, 20% of his classmates\u2014that is 1 in 5\u2014will have experienced a mental health problem (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999), and 8%\u2014about 1 in 12\u2014will have attempted suicide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Of those classmates experiencing mental disorders, only 20% will receive professional help (U.S. Public Health Service, 2000). Why?<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm13712640\">It seems that the public has a negative perception of children and teens with mental health disorders. According to researchers from Indiana University, the University of Virginia, and Columbia University, interviews with over 1,300 U.S. adults show that they believe children with depression are prone to violence and that if a child receives treatment for a psychological disorder, then that child is more likely to be rejected by peers at school.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm37181936\">Bernice Pescosolido, author of the study, asserts that this is a misconception. However, stigmatization of psychological disorders is one of the main reasons why young people do not get the help they need when they are having difficulties. Pescosolido and her colleagues caution that this stigma surrounding mental illness, based on misconceptions rather than facts, can be devastating to the emotional and social well-being of our nation\u2019s children.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp35674976\">This warning played out as a national tragedy in the 2012 shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary. In her blog, Suzy DeYoung (2013), co-founder of Sandy Hook Promise (the organization parents and concerned others set up in the wake of the school massacre) speaks to treatment perceptions and what happens when children do not receive the mental health treatment they desperately need.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm84393040\">I've become accustomed to the reaction when I tell people where I'm from.<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idp20025072\">Eleven months later, it's as consistent as it was back in January.<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idp18715984\">Just yesterday, inquiring as to the availability of a rental house this holiday season, the gentleman taking my information paused to ask, \u201cNewtown, CT? Isn't that where that...that <em data-effect=\"italics\">thing<\/em> happened?<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idp85340080\">A recent encounter in the Massachusetts Berkshires, however, took me by surprise.<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm45937136\">It was in a small, charming art gallery. The proprietor, a woman who looked to be in her 60s, asked where we were from. My response usually depends on my present mood and readiness for the inevitable dialogue. Sometimes it's simply, Connecticut. This time, I replied, Newtown, CT.<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm108579232\">The woman's demeanor abruptly shifted from one of amiable graciousness to one of visible agitation.<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idp41450224\">\u201cOh my god,\u201d she said wide eyed and open mouthed. \u201cDid you know her?\u201d<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm62951696\">. . . .<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm45351312\">\u201cHer?\u201d I inquired<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm4138544\">That woman,\u201d she replied with disdain, \u201cthat woman that raised that monster.\u201d<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm130982112\">\u201cThat woman's\u201d name was Nancy Lanza. Her son, Adam, killed her with a rifle blast to the head before heading out to kill 20 children and six educators at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, CT last December 14th.<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm117374816\">When Nelba Marquez Greene, whose beautiful 6-year-old daughter, Ana, was killed by Adam Lanza, was recently asked how she felt about \u201cthat woman,\u201d this was her reply:<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm182740880\">\u201cShe's a victim herself. And it's time in America that we start looking at mental illness with compassion, and helping people who need it.<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm95173968\">\u201cThis was a family that needed help, an individual that needed help and didn't get it. And what better can come of this, of this time in America, than if we can get help to people who really need it?\u201d (pars. 1\u20137, 10\u201315)<\/blockquote>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm48735216\">Fortunately, we are starting to see campaigns related to the destigmatization of mental illness and an increase in public education and awareness. Join the effort by encouraging and supporting those around you to seek help if they need it. To learn more, visit the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) website (http:\/\/www.nami.org\/). The nation\u2019s largest nonprofit mental health advocacy and support organization is NAMI.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"title\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp39220560\" class=\"summary\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm65733152\">The sociocultural perspective looks at you, your behaviors, and your symptoms in the context of your culture and background. Clinicians using this approach integrate cultural and religious beliefs into the therapeutic process. Research has shown that ethnic minorities are less likely to access mental health services than their White middle-class American counterparts. Barriers to treatment include lack of insurance, transportation, and time; cultural views that mental illness is a stigma; fears about treatment; and language barriers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm152424640\" class=\"review-questions\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2><\/h2>\r\nhttps:\/\/www.openassessments.com\/assessments\/891\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm152536688\" class=\"critical-thinking\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Self Check Questions<\/h3>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm152536688\" class=\"critical-thinking\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h4 data-type=\"title\"><em><strong>Critical Thinking Question<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp28309280\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp28324320\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm112829424\">1. Lashawn is a 24-year-old African American female. For years she has been struggling with bulimia. She knows she has a problem, but she is not willing to seek mental health services. What are some reasons why she may be hesitant to get help?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm116651408\" class=\"personal-application\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h4 data-type=\"title\"><em><strong>Personal Application Question<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm49035264\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp1469696\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm64767728\">2. What is your attitude toward mental health treatment? Would you seek treatment if you were experiencing symptoms or having trouble functioning in your life? Why or why not? In what ways do you think your cultural and\/or religious beliefs influence your attitude toward psychological intervention?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\"><section id=\"self-check-answers\">\r\n<div data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<h3>Answers<\/h3>\r\n1. One reason may be that her culture views having a mental illness as a stigma. Additionally, perhaps she doesn\u2019t have insurance and is worried about the cost of therapy. She could also be afraid that a White counselor would not understand her cultural background, so she would feel uncomfortable sharing things. Also, she may believe she is self-reliant and tell herself that she\u2019s a strong woman who can fix this problem on her own without the help of a therapist.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<h3><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\"><section id=\"glossary\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong><span data-type=\"term\">cultural competence\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>therapist\u2019s understanding and attention to issues of race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm116651408\" class=\"personal-application\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm49035264\" data-type=\"exercise\"><\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div data-type=\"glossary\">\r\n<h2><\/h2>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm157002112\" data-type=\"definition\"><strong><span data-type=\"term\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain how the sociocultural model is used in therapy<\/li>\n<li>Discuss barriers to mental health services among ethnic minorities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm47203600\">The sociocultural perspective looks at you, your behaviors, and your symptoms in the context of your <span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">culture<\/span> and background. For example, Jos\u00e9 is an 18-year-old Hispanic male from a traditional family. Jos\u00e9 comes to treatment because of depression. During the intake session, he reveals that he is gay and is nervous about telling his family. He also discloses that he is concerned because his religious background has taught him that homosexuality is wrong. How does his religious and cultural background affect him? How might his cultural background affect how his family reacts if Jos\u00e9 were to tell them he is gay?<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm38066288\">As our society becomes increasingly multiethnic and multiracial, mental health professionals must develop <span data-type=\"term\">cultural competence<\/span> (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Psych_16_05_Ethnic\">[link]<\/a>), which means they must understand and address issues of race, culture, and ethnicity. They must also develop strategies to effectively address the needs of various populations for which Eurocentric therapies have limited application (Sue, 2004). For example, a counselor whose treatment focuses on individual decision making may be ineffective at helping a Chinese client with a collectivist approach to problem solving (Sue, 2004).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm3779472\">Multicultural counseling and therapy aims to offer both a helping role and process that uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of clients. It strives to recognize client identities to include individual, group, and universal dimensions, advocate the use of universal and culture-specific strategies and roles in the healing process, and balancs the importance of individualism and collectivism in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of client and client systems (Sue, 2001).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm93506144\">This therapeutic perspective integrates the impact of cultural and social norms, starting at the beginning of treatment. Therapists who use this perspective work with clients to obtain and integrate information about their cultural patterns into a unique treatment approach based on their particular situation (Stewart, Simmons, &amp; Habibpour, 2012). Sociocultural therapy can include individual, group, family, and couples treatment modalities.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"CNX_Psych_16_05_Ethnic\"><figcaption><\/figcaption><div style=\"width: 985px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/ospsych\/m49144\/CNX_Psych_16_05_Ethnic.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"A photo montage composed of eight photographs arranged in two parallel rows of four. From the top-left-hand-side, the photos are as follows: a person with a bicycle standing in a rice paddy, three children, three elderly people sitting along a rock wall, four cooks standing around a table, a classroom of students, a group of people seated at a covered outdoor table, two children wearing robes, and two people being held up by other people during a wedding ceremony.\" width=\"975\" height=\"328\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">How do your cultural and religious beliefs affect your attitude toward mental health treatment? (credit \u201ctop-left\u201d: modification of work by Staffan Scherz; credit \u201ctop-left-middle\u201d: modification of work by Alejandra Quintero Sinisterra; credit \u201ctop-right-middle\u201d: modification of work by Pedro Ribeiro Sim\u00f5es; credit \u201ctop-right\u201d: modification of work by Agustin Ruiz; credit \u201cbottom-left\u201d: modification of work by Czech Provincial Reconstruction Team; credit \u201cbottom-left-middle\u201d: modification of work by Arian Zwegers; credit \u201cbottom-right-middle\u201d: modification of work by \u201cWonderlane\u201d\/Flickr; credit \u201cbottom-right\u201d: modification of work by Shiraz Chanawala)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div id=\"fs-idp65169232\" class=\"psychology link-to-learning textbox\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Link to Learning\">\n<h4><em><strong>Link to Learning<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n<p id=\"fs-idm43187488\">Watch this short <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MTh3pe8N3DQ\" target=\"_blank\">video<\/a> to learn more about cultural competence and sociocultural treatments.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idm130648864\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2>BARRIERS TO TREATMENT<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp10820544\">Statistically, ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle-class Americans (Alegr\u00eda et al., 2008; Richman, Kohn-Wood, &amp; Williams, 2007). Why is this so? Perhaps the reason has to do with access and availability of mental health services. Ethnic minorities and individuals of low socioeconomic status (SES) report that barriers to services include lack of insurance, transportation, and time (Thomas &amp; Snowden, 2002). However, researchers have found that even when income levels and insurance variables are taken into account, ethnic minorities are far less likely to seek out and utilize mental health services. And when access to mental health services is comparable across ethnic and racial groups, differences in service utilization remain (Richman et al., 2007).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp40731952\">In a study involving thousands of women, it was found that the prevalence rate of anorexia was similar across different races, but that bulimia nervosa was more prevalent among Hispanic and African American women when compared with non-Hispanic whites (Marques et al., 2011). Although they have similar or higher rates of eating disorders, Hispanic and African American women with these disorders tend to seek and engage in treatment far less than Caucasian women. These findings suggest ethnic disparities in access to care, as well as clinical and referral practices that may prevent Hispanic and African American women from receiving care, which could include lack of bilingual treatment, stigma, fear of not being understood, family privacy, and lack of education about eating disorders.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm21773680\">Perceptions and attitudes toward mental health services may also contribute to this imbalance. A recent study at King\u2019s College, London, found many complex reasons why people do not seek treatment: self-sufficiency and not seeing the need for help, not seeing therapy as effective, concerns about confidentiality, and the many effects of stigma and shame (Clement et al., 2014). And in another study, African Americans exhibiting depression were less willing to seek treatment due to fear of possible psychiatric hospitalization as well as fear of the treatment itself (Sussman, Robins, &amp; Earls, 1987). Instead of mental health treatment, many African Americans prefer to be self-reliant or use spiritual practices (Snowden, 2001; Belgrave &amp; Allison, 2010). For example, it has been found that the Black church plays a significant role as an alternative to mental health services by providing prevention and treatment-type programs designed to enhance the psychological and physical well-being of its members (Blank, Mahmood, Fox, &amp; Guterbock, 2002).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm47664176\">Additionally, people belonging to ethnic groups that already report concerns about prejudice and discrimination are less likely to seek services for a mental illness because they view it as an additional stigma (Gary, 2005; Townes, Cunningham, &amp; Chavez-Korell, 2009; Scott, McCoy, Munson, Snowden, &amp; McMillen, 2011). For example, in one recent study of 462 older Korean Americans (over the age of 60) many participants reported suffering from depressive symptoms. However, 71% indicated they thought depression was a sign of personal weakness, and 14% reported that having a mentally ill family member would bring shame to the family (Jang, Chiriboga, &amp; Okazaki, 2009).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm102429456\">Language differences are a further barrier to treatment. In the previous study on Korean Americans\u2019 attitudes toward mental health services, it was found that there were no Korean-speaking mental health professionals where the study was conducted (Orlando and Tampa, Florida) (Jang et al., 2009). Because of the growing number of people from ethnically diverse backgrounds, there is a need for therapists and psychologists to develop knowledge and skills to become culturally competent (Ahmed, Wilson, Henriksen, &amp; Jones, 2011). Those providing therapy must approach the process from the context of the unique culture of each client (Sue &amp; Sue, 2007).<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-idp41678704\" class=\"psychology dig-deeper\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Dig Deeper\">\n<div data-type=\"title\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" data-type=\"title\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\"><strong>Dig Deeper: Treatment Perceptions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div data-type=\"title\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm125937568\">By the time a child is a senior in high school, 20% of his classmates\u2014that is 1 in 5\u2014will have experienced a mental health problem (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999), and 8%\u2014about 1 in 12\u2014will have attempted suicide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Of those classmates experiencing mental disorders, only 20% will receive professional help (U.S. Public Health Service, 2000). Why?<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm13712640\">It seems that the public has a negative perception of children and teens with mental health disorders. According to researchers from Indiana University, the University of Virginia, and Columbia University, interviews with over 1,300 U.S. adults show that they believe children with depression are prone to violence and that if a child receives treatment for a psychological disorder, then that child is more likely to be rejected by peers at school.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm37181936\">Bernice Pescosolido, author of the study, asserts that this is a misconception. However, stigmatization of psychological disorders is one of the main reasons why young people do not get the help they need when they are having difficulties. Pescosolido and her colleagues caution that this stigma surrounding mental illness, based on misconceptions rather than facts, can be devastating to the emotional and social well-being of our nation\u2019s children.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp35674976\">This warning played out as a national tragedy in the 2012 shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary. In her blog, Suzy DeYoung (2013), co-founder of Sandy Hook Promise (the organization parents and concerned others set up in the wake of the school massacre) speaks to treatment perceptions and what happens when children do not receive the mental health treatment they desperately need.<\/p>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm84393040\"><p>I&#8217;ve become accustomed to the reaction when I tell people where I&#8217;m from.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idp20025072\"><p>Eleven months later, it&#8217;s as consistent as it was back in January.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idp18715984\"><p>Just yesterday, inquiring as to the availability of a rental house this holiday season, the gentleman taking my information paused to ask, \u201cNewtown, CT? Isn&#8217;t that where that&#8230;that <em data-effect=\"italics\">thing<\/em> happened?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idp85340080\"><p>A recent encounter in the Massachusetts Berkshires, however, took me by surprise.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm45937136\"><p>It was in a small, charming art gallery. The proprietor, a woman who looked to be in her 60s, asked where we were from. My response usually depends on my present mood and readiness for the inevitable dialogue. Sometimes it&#8217;s simply, Connecticut. This time, I replied, Newtown, CT.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm108579232\"><p>The woman&#8217;s demeanor abruptly shifted from one of amiable graciousness to one of visible agitation.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idp41450224\"><p>\u201cOh my god,\u201d she said wide eyed and open mouthed. \u201cDid you know her?\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm62951696\"><p>. . . .<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm45351312\"><p>\u201cHer?\u201d I inquired<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm4138544\"><p>That woman,\u201d she replied with disdain, \u201cthat woman that raised that monster.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm130982112\"><p>\u201cThat woman&#8217;s\u201d name was Nancy Lanza. Her son, Adam, killed her with a rifle blast to the head before heading out to kill 20 children and six educators at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, CT last December 14th.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm117374816\"><p>When Nelba Marquez Greene, whose beautiful 6-year-old daughter, Ana, was killed by Adam Lanza, was recently asked how she felt about \u201cthat woman,\u201d this was her reply:<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm182740880\"><p>\u201cShe&#8217;s a victim herself. And it&#8217;s time in America that we start looking at mental illness with compassion, and helping people who need it.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm95173968\"><p>\u201cThis was a family that needed help, an individual that needed help and didn&#8217;t get it. And what better can come of this, of this time in America, than if we can get help to people who really need it?\u201d (pars. 1\u20137, 10\u201315)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p id=\"fs-idm48735216\">Fortunately, we are starting to see campaigns related to the destigmatization of mental illness and an increase in public education and awareness. Join the effort by encouraging and supporting those around you to seek help if they need it. To learn more, visit the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) website (http:\/\/www.nami.org\/). The nation\u2019s largest nonprofit mental health advocacy and support organization is NAMI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"title\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp39220560\" class=\"summary\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm65733152\">The sociocultural perspective looks at you, your behaviors, and your symptoms in the context of your culture and background. Clinicians using this approach integrate cultural and religious beliefs into the therapeutic process. Research has shown that ethnic minorities are less likely to access mental health services than their White middle-class American counterparts. Barriers to treatment include lack of insurance, transportation, and time; cultural views that mental illness is a stigma; fears about treatment; and language barriers.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm152424640\" class=\"review-questions\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenoea.herokuapp.com\/assessments\/load?src_url=https:\/\/lumenoea.herokuapp.com\/api\/assessments\/891.xml&#38;results_end_point=https:\/\/lumenoea.herokuapp.com\/api&#38;assessment_id=891&#38;confidence_levels=true&#38;enable_start=true&#38;eid=https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/chapter\/the-sociocultural-model-and-therapy-utilization\/\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm152536688\" class=\"critical-thinking\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Self Check Questions<\/h3>\n<section id=\"fs-idm152536688\" class=\"critical-thinking\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h4 data-type=\"title\"><em><strong>Critical Thinking Question<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n<div id=\"fs-idp28309280\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp28324320\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm112829424\">1. Lashawn is a 24-year-old African American female. For years she has been struggling with bulimia. She knows she has a problem, but she is not willing to seek mental health services. What are some reasons why she may be hesitant to get help?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm116651408\" class=\"personal-application\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h4 data-type=\"title\"><em><strong>Personal Application Question<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n<div id=\"fs-idm49035264\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp1469696\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm64767728\">2. What is your attitude toward mental health treatment? Would you seek treatment if you were experiencing symptoms or having trouble functioning in your life? Why or why not? In what ways do you think your cultural and\/or religious beliefs influence your attitude toward psychological intervention?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<section id=\"self-check-answers\">\n<div data-type=\"exercise\">\n<h3>Answers<\/h3>\n<p>1. One reason may be that her culture views having a mental illness as a stigma. Additionally, perhaps she doesn\u2019t have insurance and is worried about the cost of therapy. She could also be afraid that a White counselor would not understand her cultural background, so she would feel uncomfortable sharing things. Also, she may believe she is self-reliant and tell herself that she\u2019s a strong woman who can fix this problem on her own without the help of a therapist.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<section id=\"glossary\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong><span data-type=\"term\">cultural competence\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>therapist\u2019s understanding and attention to issues of race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm116651408\" class=\"personal-application\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm49035264\" data-type=\"exercise\"><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div data-type=\"glossary\">\n<h2><\/h2>\n<div id=\"fs-idm157002112\" data-type=\"definition\"><strong><span data-type=\"term\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-401\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Psychology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:1\/Psychology\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:1\/Psychology<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11629\/latest\/.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":18,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Psychology\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:1\/Psychology\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11629\/latest\/.\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-401","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":526,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/401","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/401\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1745,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/401\/revisions\/1745"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/526"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/401\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=401"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=401"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=401"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-introtopsych-2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=401"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}