{"id":1048,"date":"2017-10-27T16:46:28","date_gmt":"2017-10-27T16:46:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-nutrition\/?post_type=chapter&p=1048"},"modified":"2017-11-14T17:54:06","modified_gmt":"2017-11-14T17:54:06","slug":"12-91-copper-functions","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-nutritionflex\/chapter\/12-91-copper-functions\/","title":{"raw":"12.91 Copper Functions","rendered":"12.91 Copper Functions"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n\r\nCopper has a number of functions that are described and shown below.\r\n\r\nTwo copper-containing proteins, ceruloplasmin and hephaestin, oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+. Fe3+ is the form that binds to transferrin, as shown below1<\/sup>.\r\n
\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"939\"]\"\" Figure 12.911 Transport and uptake of iron[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nBecause copper is needed for this function, it is important for iron absorption.\r\n\r\nCopper is also a cofactor for superoxide dismutase, which converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, as shown below.\r\n
\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1139\"]\"\" Figure 12.912 Superoxide dismutase uses zinc as a cofactor[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nCopper is also needed for hormone synthesis. For example, it is a cofactor for dopamine beta-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine to norepinephrine, as shown below1<\/sup>.\r\n
\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"264\"]\"\" Figure 12.913 Dopamine beta-hydroxylase requires copper2<\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nHopefully the following example looks vaguely familiar because we talked about this pathway in the the vitamin C functions subsection. Ascorbic acid reduces Cu2+ back to Cu1+ so that this enzyme can continue to function, as shown below1<\/sup>. This is analogous to how ascorbic acid reduces Fe3+ back to Fe2+ so proline and lysyl hydroxylases can continue to function.\r\n
\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"814\"]\"\" Figure 12.914 Dopamine beta-hydroxylase[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nCytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) in the electron transport chain is a copper-containing enzyme that reduces oxygen to form water, as shown below1<\/sup>.\r\n
\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"953\"]\"\" Figure 12.915 Cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nLysyl oxidase, an enzyme that is important for cross-linking between structural proteins (collagen and elastin), requires copper as a cofactor1<\/sup>.\r\n\r\nReferences & Links<\/b>\r\n\r\n1. Gropper SS, Smith JL, Groff JL. (2008) Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.\r\n\r\n2. http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Catecholamines_biosynthesis.svg\r\n\r\n3. http:\/\/wikidoc.org\/index.php\/File:ETC.PNG\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
\n

Copper has a number of functions that are described and shown below.<\/p>\n

Two copper-containing proteins, ceruloplasmin and hephaestin, oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+. Fe3+ is the form that binds to transferrin, as shown below1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 12.911 Transport and uptake of iron<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Because copper is needed for this function, it is important for iron absorption.<\/p>\n

Copper is also a cofactor for superoxide dismutase, which converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, as shown below.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 12.912 Superoxide dismutase uses zinc as a cofactor<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Copper is also needed for hormone synthesis. For example, it is a cofactor for dopamine beta-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine to norepinephrine, as shown below1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 12.913 Dopamine beta-hydroxylase requires copper2<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Hopefully the following example looks vaguely familiar because we talked about this pathway in the the vitamin C functions subsection. Ascorbic acid reduces Cu2+ back to Cu1+ so that this enzyme can continue to function, as shown below1<\/sup>. This is analogous to how ascorbic acid reduces Fe3+ back to Fe2+ so proline and lysyl hydroxylases can continue to function.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 12.914 Dopamine beta-hydroxylase<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) in the electron transport chain is a copper-containing enzyme that reduces oxygen to form water, as shown below1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 12.915 Cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Lysyl oxidase, an enzyme that is important for cross-linking between structural proteins (collagen and elastin), requires copper as a cofactor1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

References & Links<\/b><\/p>\n

1. Gropper SS, Smith JL, Groff JL. (2008) Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.<\/p>\n

2. http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Catecholamines_biosynthesis.svg<\/p>\n

3. http:\/\/wikidoc.org\/index.php\/File:ETC.PNG<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t

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Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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