A new flavor, size, or model using an existing brand name in an existing category is called a line extension. Diet Cherry Coke and caffeine-free Coke are line extensions. The strategy of expanding the line by adding new models has enabled companies like Seiko (watches), Kraft (cheeses), Oscar Mayer (lunch meats), and Sony (consumer electronics) to tie up a large amount of shelf space and brand recognition in a product category. Crayola now offers Crayola bubble bath shampoo. Services companies also develop new products\u2014new services based on market research\u2014or make changes in ongoing services. Services companies can often introduce and adapt their products faster than companies that manufacture goods because service delivery can be more flexible and changes can often be made immediately. Due to this, customers often expect and require immediate improvements to services.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
How New Products Are Developed<\/h3>\r\nDeveloping new products is both costly and risky, especially for companies that sell products that are goods. New-product failure rates for household and grocery products can approach 80 percent. Overall, companies report that only 3 percent of their products exceed their initial sales targets in Year 1. Even companies such as Facebook<\/span>, which launched Facebook Home in 2013 at an initial price of $99 per year, have experienced new product failures.[footnote]Drake Baer and Jay Yarrow, \u201c22 of the Most Epic Product Failures in History,\u201d Business Insider<\/em>, http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com, July 31, 2014.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nIndustrial goods failure rates tend to be lower than those for consumer goods. To increase their chances for success, most firms use the following product development process, which is also summarized in (Figure)<\/a><\/strong>.\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"874\"]![\"Each](\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3654\/2018\/09\/24150027\/IntroBus-C11-M11-007.png\")
Steps to Develop New Products That Satisfy Customers (Attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY 4.0 license.)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n \t- \r\n
Set new-product goals:<\/em> New-product goals are usually stated as financial objectives. For example, a company may want to recover its investment in three years or less. Or it may want to earn at least a 15 percent return on the investment. Nonfinancial goals may include using existing equipment or facilities.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t- \r\n
Develop new-product ideas:<\/em> Smaller firms usually depend on employees, customers, investors, and distributors for new ideas. Larger companies use these sources and more-structured marketing research techniques, such as focus groups and brainstorming. A focus group consists of eight to 12 participants led by a moderator in an in-depth discussion on one particular topic or concept. The goal of focus group research is to learn and understand what people have to say and why. The emphasis is on getting people to speak at length and in detail about the subject at hand. The intent is to find out how they feel about a product, concept, idea, or organization; how it fits into their lives; and their emotional involvement with it. Focus groups often generate excellent product ideas. A few examples of focus group\u2013influenced products are the interior design of the Toyota<\/span> RAV4, Stick Ups room deodorizers, Swiffer WetJet, and Wendy\u2019s<\/span> Salad Sensations. In the business market, machine tools, keyboard designs, aircraft interiors, and backhoe accessories evolved from focus groups.<\/p>\r\nBrainstorming is also used to generate new-product ideas. With brainstorming, the members of a group think of as many ways to vary a product or solve a problem as possible. Criticism is avoided, no matter how ridiculous an idea seems at the time. The emphasis is on sheer numbers of ideas. Evaluation of these ideas is postponed to later steps of development.<\/li>\r\n \t- \r\n
Screen ideas and concepts:<\/em> As ideas emerge, they are checked against the firm\u2019s new-product goals and its long-range strategies. Many product concepts are rejected because they don\u2019t fit well with existing products, needed technology is not available, the company doesn\u2019t have enough resources, or the sales potential is low.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t- \r\n
Develop the concept:<\/em> Developing the new-product concept involves creating a prototype of the product, testing the prototype, and building the marketing strategy. Building the marketing strategy means developing a test set of 5Ps. The type and amount of product testing varies, depending on such factors as the company\u2019s experience with similar products, how easy it is to make the item, and how easy it will be for consumers to use it. If Kraft wanted to develop a new salad dressing flavor, the company would benefit from the fact that the company already has a lot of experience in this area. The new dressing will go directly into advanced taste tests and perhaps home-use tests. To develop a new line of soft drinks, however, Kraft<\/span> would most likely do a great deal of testing. It would study many aspects of the new product before actually making it.<\/p>\r\nWhile the product is tested, the marketing strategy is refined. Channels of distribution are selected, pricing policies are developed and tested, the target market is further defined, and demand for the product is estimated. Management also continually updates the profit plan.<\/p>\r\nAs the marketing strategy and prototype tests mature, a communication strategy is developed. A logo and package wording are created. As part of the communication strategy, promotion themes are developed, and the product is introduced to the sales force.<\/li>\r\n \t
- \r\n
Test-market the new product:<\/em> Test-marketing is testing the product among potential users. It allows management to evaluate various strategies and to see how well the parts of the marketing mix fit together. Few new-product concepts reach this stage. For those that pass this stage, the firm must decide whether to introduce the product on a regional or national basis.<\/p>\r\nCompanies that don\u2019t test-market their products run a strong risk of product failure. In essence, test-marketing is the \u201cacid test\u201d of new-product development. The product is put into the marketplace, and then the manufacturer can see how it performs against the competition.<\/li>\r\n \t- \r\n
Introduce the product:<\/em> A product that passes test-marketing is ready for market introduction, called rollout,<\/em> which requires a lot of logistical coordination. Various divisions of the company must be encouraged to give the new item the attention it deserves. Packaging and labeling in a different language may be required. Sales training sessions must be scheduled, spare parts inventoried, service personnel trained, advertising and promotion campaigns readied, and wholesalers and retailers informed about the new item. If the new product is to be sold internationally, it may have to be altered to meet the requirements of the target countries. For instance, electrical products may have to run on different electrical currents.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nFor services companies, the new product develop process is similar, but developing the prototype can take less time and resources. It will mean developing the service and training service personnel on the new service in order to test it in the market.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\nThe Role of the Product Manager<\/h3>\r\n
When a new product enters the marketplace in large organizations, it is often placed under the control of a product or brand manager. A product manager develops and implements a complete strategy and marketing program for a specific product or brand of product. Some companies may have numerous brands of the same type of product, such as many versions of laundry soap, each with different target markets, brand names, and attributes. Product management first appeared at Procter & Gamble<\/span> in 1929. A new company soap, Camay, was not doing well, so a young Procter & Gamble<\/span> executive was assigned to devote his exclusive attention to developing and promoting this product. He was successful, and the company soon added other product managers. Since then, many firms, especially consumer products companies, have set up product management organizations.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nKey Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n\r\n \t- How do companies organize for new-product development?<\/li>\r\n \t
- What are the steps in the new-product development process?<\/li>\r\n \t
- How does new-product development differ for services companies?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Explain the role of the product manager.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
Summary of Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n\r\n \t- How do organizations create new products?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
To succeed, most firms must continue to design new products to satisfy changing customer demands. But new-product development can be risky. Many new products fail. The steps in new-product development are setting new-product goals, exploring ideas, screening ideas, developing the concept (creating a prototype and building the marketing strategy), test-marketing, and introducing the product. When the product enters the marketplace, it is often managed by a product manager.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\nGlossary<\/h3>\r\n\r\n \t- brainstorming<\/dt>\r\n \t
- A method of generating ideas in which group members suggest as many possibilities as they can without criticizing or evaluating any of the suggestions.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t- focus group<\/dt>\r\n \t
- A group of eight to 12 participants led by a moderator in an in-depth discussion on one particular topic or concept.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t- line extension<\/dt>\r\n \t
- A new flavor, size, or model using an existing brand name in an existing category.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t- product manager<\/dt>\r\n \t
- The person who develops and implements a complete strategy and marketing program for a specific product or brand.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t- test marketing<\/dt>\r\n \t
- The process of testing a new product among potential users.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
7. How do organizations create new products?<\/p>\n
New products pump life into company sales, enabling the firm not only to survive but also to grow. Companies like Allegheny Ludlum<\/span> (steel), Dow<\/span> (chemicals), Samsung<\/span> (electronics), Campbell Soup<\/span> (foods), and Stryker<\/span> (medical products) get most of their profits from new products. Companies that lead their industries in profitability and sales growth get a large percentage of their revenues from products developed within the last five years. A recent McKinsey<\/span> survey found that 94 percent of top executives believed that their companies\u2019 innovation approach and process needed to be updated, signaling how important new products are as the lifeblood of a company.[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nMarketers have several different terms for new products, depending on how the product fits into a company\u2019s existing product line. When a firm introduces a product that has a new brand name and is in a product category new to the organization, it is classified as a new product.<\/p>\n
A new flavor, size, or model using an existing brand name in an existing category is called a line extension. Diet Cherry Coke and caffeine-free Coke are line extensions. The strategy of expanding the line by adding new models has enabled companies like Seiko (watches), Kraft (cheeses), Oscar Mayer (lunch meats), and Sony (consumer electronics) to tie up a large amount of shelf space and brand recognition in a product category. Crayola now offers Crayola bubble bath shampoo. Services companies also develop new products\u2014new services based on market research\u2014or make changes in ongoing services. Services companies can often introduce and adapt their products faster than companies that manufacture goods because service delivery can be more flexible and changes can often be made immediately. Due to this, customers often expect and require immediate improvements to services.<\/p>\n
\nHow New Products Are Developed<\/h3>\n
Developing new products is both costly and risky, especially for companies that sell products that are goods. New-product failure rates for household and grocery products can approach 80 percent. Overall, companies report that only 3 percent of their products exceed their initial sales targets in Year 1. Even companies such as Facebook<\/span>, which launched Facebook Home in 2013 at an initial price of $99 per year, have experienced new product failures.[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nIndustrial goods failure rates tend to be lower than those for consumer goods. To increase their chances for success, most firms use the following product development process, which is also summarized in (Figure)<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<\/p>\nSteps to Develop New Products That Satisfy Customers (Attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY 4.0 license.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n- \n
Set new-product goals:<\/em> New-product goals are usually stated as financial objectives. For example, a company may want to recover its investment in three years or less. Or it may want to earn at least a 15 percent return on the investment. Nonfinancial goals may include using existing equipment or facilities.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
Develop new-product ideas:<\/em> Smaller firms usually depend on employees, customers, investors, and distributors for new ideas. Larger companies use these sources and more-structured marketing research techniques, such as focus groups and brainstorming. A focus group consists of eight to 12 participants led by a moderator in an in-depth discussion on one particular topic or concept. The goal of focus group research is to learn and understand what people have to say and why. The emphasis is on getting people to speak at length and in detail about the subject at hand. The intent is to find out how they feel about a product, concept, idea, or organization; how it fits into their lives; and their emotional involvement with it. Focus groups often generate excellent product ideas. A few examples of focus group\u2013influenced products are the interior design of the Toyota<\/span> RAV4, Stick Ups room deodorizers, Swiffer WetJet, and Wendy\u2019s<\/span> Salad Sensations. In the business market, machine tools, keyboard designs, aircraft interiors, and backhoe accessories evolved from focus groups.<\/p>\nBrainstorming is also used to generate new-product ideas. With brainstorming, the members of a group think of as many ways to vary a product or solve a problem as possible. Criticism is avoided, no matter how ridiculous an idea seems at the time. The emphasis is on sheer numbers of ideas. Evaluation of these ideas is postponed to later steps of development.<\/li>\n
- \n
Screen ideas and concepts:<\/em> As ideas emerge, they are checked against the firm\u2019s new-product goals and its long-range strategies. Many product concepts are rejected because they don\u2019t fit well with existing products, needed technology is not available, the company doesn\u2019t have enough resources, or the sales potential is low.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
Develop the concept:<\/em> Developing the new-product concept involves creating a prototype of the product, testing the prototype, and building the marketing strategy. Building the marketing strategy means developing a test set of 5Ps. The type and amount of product testing varies, depending on such factors as the company\u2019s experience with similar products, how easy it is to make the item, and how easy it will be for consumers to use it. If Kraft wanted to develop a new salad dressing flavor, the company would benefit from the fact that the company already has a lot of experience in this area. The new dressing will go directly into advanced taste tests and perhaps home-use tests. To develop a new line of soft drinks, however, Kraft<\/span> would most likely do a great deal of testing. It would study many aspects of the new product before actually making it.<\/p>\nWhile the product is tested, the marketing strategy is refined. Channels of distribution are selected, pricing policies are developed and tested, the target market is further defined, and demand for the product is estimated. Management also continually updates the profit plan.<\/p>\n
As the marketing strategy and prototype tests mature, a communication strategy is developed. A logo and package wording are created. As part of the communication strategy, promotion themes are developed, and the product is introduced to the sales force.<\/li>\n
- \n
Test-market the new product:<\/em> Test-marketing is testing the product among potential users. It allows management to evaluate various strategies and to see how well the parts of the marketing mix fit together. Few new-product concepts reach this stage. For those that pass this stage, the firm must decide whether to introduce the product on a regional or national basis.<\/p>\nCompanies that don\u2019t test-market their products run a strong risk of product failure. In essence, test-marketing is the \u201cacid test\u201d of new-product development. The product is put into the marketplace, and then the manufacturer can see how it performs against the competition.<\/li>\n
- \n
Introduce the product:<\/em> A product that passes test-marketing is ready for market introduction, called rollout,<\/em> which requires a lot of logistical coordination. Various divisions of the company must be encouraged to give the new item the attention it deserves. Packaging and labeling in a different language may be required. Sales training sessions must be scheduled, spare parts inventoried, service personnel trained, advertising and promotion campaigns readied, and wholesalers and retailers informed about the new item. If the new product is to be sold internationally, it may have to be altered to meet the requirements of the target countries. For instance, electrical products may have to run on different electrical currents.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nFor services companies, the new product develop process is similar, but developing the prototype can take less time and resources. It will mean developing the service and training service personnel on the new service in order to test it in the market.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\nThe Role of the Product Manager<\/h3>\n
When a new product enters the marketplace in large organizations, it is often placed under the control of a product or brand manager. A product manager develops and implements a complete strategy and marketing program for a specific product or brand of product. Some companies may have numerous brands of the same type of product, such as many versions of laundry soap, each with different target markets, brand names, and attributes. Product management first appeared at Procter & Gamble<\/span> in 1929. A new company soap, Camay, was not doing well, so a young Procter & Gamble<\/span> executive was assigned to devote his exclusive attention to developing and promoting this product. He was successful, and the company soon added other product managers. Since then, many firms, especially consumer products companies, have set up product management organizations.<\/p>\n\n\nKey Takeaways<\/h3>\n\n- How do companies organize for new-product development?<\/li>\n
- What are the steps in the new-product development process?<\/li>\n
- How does new-product development differ for services companies?<\/li>\n
- Explain the role of the product manager.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
Summary of Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n\n- How do organizations create new products?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
To succeed, most firms must continue to design new products to satisfy changing customer demands. But new-product development can be risky. Many new products fail. The steps in new-product development are setting new-product goals, exploring ideas, screening ideas, developing the concept (creating a prototype and building the marketing strategy), test-marketing, and introducing the product. When the product enters the marketplace, it is often managed by a product manager.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\nGlossary<\/h3>\n\n- brainstorming<\/dt>\n
- A method of generating ideas in which group members suggest as many possibilities as they can without criticizing or evaluating any of the suggestions.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n- focus group<\/dt>\n
- A group of eight to 12 participants led by a moderator in an in-depth discussion on one particular topic or concept.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n- line extension<\/dt>\n
- A new flavor, size, or model using an existing brand name in an existing category.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n- product manager<\/dt>\n
- The person who develops and implements a complete strategy and marketing program for a specific product or brand.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n- test marketing<\/dt>\n
- The process of testing a new product among potential users.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div>- Intro to Business. Authored by<\/strong>: Gitman, et. al. Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. Located at<\/strong>: http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4e09771f-a8aa-40ce-9063-aa58cc24e77f@8.2<\/a>. License<\/strong>: CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4e09771f-a8aa-40ce-9063-aa58cc24e77f@8.2<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>
- Gary Hamel and Nancy Tenant, \u201cThe Five Requirements of a Truly Innovative Company,\u201d Harvard Business Review,<\/em> https:\/\/hbr.org, April 27, 2015. ↵<\/a><\/li>
- Drake Baer and Jay Yarrow, \u201c22 of the Most Epic Product Failures in History,\u201d Business Insider<\/em>, http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com, July 31, 2014. ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":5759,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Intro to Business\",\"author\":\"Gitman, et. al\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4e09771f-a8aa-40ce-9063-aa58cc24e77f@8.2\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4e09771f-a8aa-40ce-9063-aa58cc24e77f@8.2\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-199","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":187,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/199","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5759"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/199\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":536,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/199\/revisions\/536"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/187"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/199\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=199"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=199"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=199"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=199"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Steps to Develop New Products That Satisfy Customers (Attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY 4.0 license.)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n- \r\n \t
- \r\n
Set new-product goals:<\/em> New-product goals are usually stated as financial objectives. For example, a company may want to recover its investment in three years or less. Or it may want to earn at least a 15 percent return on the investment. Nonfinancial goals may include using existing equipment or facilities.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- \r\n
Develop new-product ideas:<\/em> Smaller firms usually depend on employees, customers, investors, and distributors for new ideas. Larger companies use these sources and more-structured marketing research techniques, such as focus groups and brainstorming. A focus group consists of eight to 12 participants led by a moderator in an in-depth discussion on one particular topic or concept. The goal of focus group research is to learn and understand what people have to say and why. The emphasis is on getting people to speak at length and in detail about the subject at hand. The intent is to find out how they feel about a product, concept, idea, or organization; how it fits into their lives; and their emotional involvement with it. Focus groups often generate excellent product ideas. A few examples of focus group\u2013influenced products are the interior design of the Toyota<\/span> RAV4, Stick Ups room deodorizers, Swiffer WetJet, and Wendy\u2019s<\/span> Salad Sensations. In the business market, machine tools, keyboard designs, aircraft interiors, and backhoe accessories evolved from focus groups.<\/p>\r\nBrainstorming is also used to generate new-product ideas. With brainstorming, the members of a group think of as many ways to vary a product or solve a problem as possible. Criticism is avoided, no matter how ridiculous an idea seems at the time. The emphasis is on sheer numbers of ideas. Evaluation of these ideas is postponed to later steps of development.<\/li>\r\n \t
- \r\n
Screen ideas and concepts:<\/em> As ideas emerge, they are checked against the firm\u2019s new-product goals and its long-range strategies. Many product concepts are rejected because they don\u2019t fit well with existing products, needed technology is not available, the company doesn\u2019t have enough resources, or the sales potential is low.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- \r\n
Develop the concept:<\/em> Developing the new-product concept involves creating a prototype of the product, testing the prototype, and building the marketing strategy. Building the marketing strategy means developing a test set of 5Ps. The type and amount of product testing varies, depending on such factors as the company\u2019s experience with similar products, how easy it is to make the item, and how easy it will be for consumers to use it. If Kraft wanted to develop a new salad dressing flavor, the company would benefit from the fact that the company already has a lot of experience in this area. The new dressing will go directly into advanced taste tests and perhaps home-use tests. To develop a new line of soft drinks, however, Kraft<\/span> would most likely do a great deal of testing. It would study many aspects of the new product before actually making it.<\/p>\r\n
While the product is tested, the marketing strategy is refined. Channels of distribution are selected, pricing policies are developed and tested, the target market is further defined, and demand for the product is estimated. Management also continually updates the profit plan.<\/p>\r\nAs the marketing strategy and prototype tests mature, a communication strategy is developed. A logo and package wording are created. As part of the communication strategy, promotion themes are developed, and the product is introduced to the sales force.<\/li>\r\n \t
- \r\n
Test-market the new product:<\/em> Test-marketing is testing the product among potential users. It allows management to evaluate various strategies and to see how well the parts of the marketing mix fit together. Few new-product concepts reach this stage. For those that pass this stage, the firm must decide whether to introduce the product on a regional or national basis.<\/p>\r\nCompanies that don\u2019t test-market their products run a strong risk of product failure. In essence, test-marketing is the \u201cacid test\u201d of new-product development. The product is put into the marketplace, and then the manufacturer can see how it performs against the competition.<\/li>\r\n \t
- \r\n
Introduce the product:<\/em> A product that passes test-marketing is ready for market introduction, called rollout,<\/em> which requires a lot of logistical coordination. Various divisions of the company must be encouraged to give the new item the attention it deserves. Packaging and labeling in a different language may be required. Sales training sessions must be scheduled, spare parts inventoried, service personnel trained, advertising and promotion campaigns readied, and wholesalers and retailers informed about the new item. If the new product is to be sold internationally, it may have to be altered to meet the requirements of the target countries. For instance, electrical products may have to run on different electrical currents.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nFor services companies, the new product develop process is similar, but developing the prototype can take less time and resources. It will mean developing the service and training service personnel on the new service in order to test it in the market.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\nThe Role of the Product Manager<\/h3>\r\n
When a new product enters the marketplace in large organizations, it is often placed under the control of a product or brand manager. A product manager develops and implements a complete strategy and marketing program for a specific product or brand of product. Some companies may have numerous brands of the same type of product, such as many versions of laundry soap, each with different target markets, brand names, and attributes. Product management first appeared at Procter & Gamble<\/span> in 1929. A new company soap, Camay, was not doing well, so a young Procter & Gamble<\/span> executive was assigned to devote his exclusive attention to developing and promoting this product. He was successful, and the company soon added other product managers. Since then, many firms, especially consumer products companies, have set up product management organizations.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\nKey Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- How do companies organize for new-product development?<\/li>\r\n \t
- What are the steps in the new-product development process?<\/li>\r\n \t
- How does new-product development differ for services companies?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Explain the role of the product manager.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
Summary of Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- How do organizations create new products?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
To succeed, most firms must continue to design new products to satisfy changing customer demands. But new-product development can be risky. Many new products fail. The steps in new-product development are setting new-product goals, exploring ideas, screening ideas, developing the concept (creating a prototype and building the marketing strategy), test-marketing, and introducing the product. When the product enters the marketplace, it is often managed by a product manager.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\nGlossary<\/h3>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- brainstorming<\/dt>\r\n \t
- A method of generating ideas in which group members suggest as many possibilities as they can without criticizing or evaluating any of the suggestions.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- focus group<\/dt>\r\n \t
- A group of eight to 12 participants led by a moderator in an in-depth discussion on one particular topic or concept.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- line extension<\/dt>\r\n \t
- A new flavor, size, or model using an existing brand name in an existing category.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- product manager<\/dt>\r\n \t
- The person who develops and implements a complete strategy and marketing program for a specific product or brand.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- test marketing<\/dt>\r\n \t
- The process of testing a new product among potential users.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
7. How do organizations create new products?<\/p>\n
New products pump life into company sales, enabling the firm not only to survive but also to grow. Companies like Allegheny Ludlum<\/span> (steel), Dow<\/span> (chemicals), Samsung<\/span> (electronics), Campbell Soup<\/span> (foods), and Stryker<\/span> (medical products) get most of their profits from new products. Companies that lead their industries in profitability and sales growth get a large percentage of their revenues from products developed within the last five years. A recent McKinsey<\/span> survey found that 94 percent of top executives believed that their companies\u2019 innovation approach and process needed to be updated, signaling how important new products are as the lifeblood of a company.[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n
Marketers have several different terms for new products, depending on how the product fits into a company\u2019s existing product line. When a firm introduces a product that has a new brand name and is in a product category new to the organization, it is classified as a new product.<\/p>\n
A new flavor, size, or model using an existing brand name in an existing category is called a line extension. Diet Cherry Coke and caffeine-free Coke are line extensions. The strategy of expanding the line by adding new models has enabled companies like Seiko (watches), Kraft (cheeses), Oscar Mayer (lunch meats), and Sony (consumer electronics) to tie up a large amount of shelf space and brand recognition in a product category. Crayola now offers Crayola bubble bath shampoo. Services companies also develop new products\u2014new services based on market research\u2014or make changes in ongoing services. Services companies can often introduce and adapt their products faster than companies that manufacture goods because service delivery can be more flexible and changes can often be made immediately. Due to this, customers often expect and require immediate improvements to services.<\/p>\n
\nHow New Products Are Developed<\/h3>\n
Developing new products is both costly and risky, especially for companies that sell products that are goods. New-product failure rates for household and grocery products can approach 80 percent. Overall, companies report that only 3 percent of their products exceed their initial sales targets in Year 1. Even companies such as Facebook<\/span>, which launched Facebook Home in 2013 at an initial price of $99 per year, have experienced new product failures.[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n
Industrial goods failure rates tend to be lower than those for consumer goods. To increase their chances for success, most firms use the following product development process, which is also summarized in (Figure)<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n
\n<\/p>\nSteps to Develop New Products That Satisfy Customers (Attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY 4.0 license.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
- \n
- \n
Set new-product goals:<\/em> New-product goals are usually stated as financial objectives. For example, a company may want to recover its investment in three years or less. Or it may want to earn at least a 15 percent return on the investment. Nonfinancial goals may include using existing equipment or facilities.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
- \n
Develop new-product ideas:<\/em> Smaller firms usually depend on employees, customers, investors, and distributors for new ideas. Larger companies use these sources and more-structured marketing research techniques, such as focus groups and brainstorming. A focus group consists of eight to 12 participants led by a moderator in an in-depth discussion on one particular topic or concept. The goal of focus group research is to learn and understand what people have to say and why. The emphasis is on getting people to speak at length and in detail about the subject at hand. The intent is to find out how they feel about a product, concept, idea, or organization; how it fits into their lives; and their emotional involvement with it. Focus groups often generate excellent product ideas. A few examples of focus group\u2013influenced products are the interior design of the Toyota<\/span> RAV4, Stick Ups room deodorizers, Swiffer WetJet, and Wendy\u2019s<\/span> Salad Sensations. In the business market, machine tools, keyboard designs, aircraft interiors, and backhoe accessories evolved from focus groups.<\/p>\n
Brainstorming is also used to generate new-product ideas. With brainstorming, the members of a group think of as many ways to vary a product or solve a problem as possible. Criticism is avoided, no matter how ridiculous an idea seems at the time. The emphasis is on sheer numbers of ideas. Evaluation of these ideas is postponed to later steps of development.<\/li>\n
- \n
Screen ideas and concepts:<\/em> As ideas emerge, they are checked against the firm\u2019s new-product goals and its long-range strategies. Many product concepts are rejected because they don\u2019t fit well with existing products, needed technology is not available, the company doesn\u2019t have enough resources, or the sales potential is low.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
- \n
Develop the concept:<\/em> Developing the new-product concept involves creating a prototype of the product, testing the prototype, and building the marketing strategy. Building the marketing strategy means developing a test set of 5Ps. The type and amount of product testing varies, depending on such factors as the company\u2019s experience with similar products, how easy it is to make the item, and how easy it will be for consumers to use it. If Kraft wanted to develop a new salad dressing flavor, the company would benefit from the fact that the company already has a lot of experience in this area. The new dressing will go directly into advanced taste tests and perhaps home-use tests. To develop a new line of soft drinks, however, Kraft<\/span> would most likely do a great deal of testing. It would study many aspects of the new product before actually making it.<\/p>\n
While the product is tested, the marketing strategy is refined. Channels of distribution are selected, pricing policies are developed and tested, the target market is further defined, and demand for the product is estimated. Management also continually updates the profit plan.<\/p>\n
As the marketing strategy and prototype tests mature, a communication strategy is developed. A logo and package wording are created. As part of the communication strategy, promotion themes are developed, and the product is introduced to the sales force.<\/li>\n
- \n
Test-market the new product:<\/em> Test-marketing is testing the product among potential users. It allows management to evaluate various strategies and to see how well the parts of the marketing mix fit together. Few new-product concepts reach this stage. For those that pass this stage, the firm must decide whether to introduce the product on a regional or national basis.<\/p>\n
Companies that don\u2019t test-market their products run a strong risk of product failure. In essence, test-marketing is the \u201cacid test\u201d of new-product development. The product is put into the marketplace, and then the manufacturer can see how it performs against the competition.<\/li>\n
- \n
Introduce the product:<\/em> A product that passes test-marketing is ready for market introduction, called rollout,<\/em> which requires a lot of logistical coordination. Various divisions of the company must be encouraged to give the new item the attention it deserves. Packaging and labeling in a different language may be required. Sales training sessions must be scheduled, spare parts inventoried, service personnel trained, advertising and promotion campaigns readied, and wholesalers and retailers informed about the new item. If the new product is to be sold internationally, it may have to be altered to meet the requirements of the target countries. For instance, electrical products may have to run on different electrical currents.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
For services companies, the new product develop process is similar, but developing the prototype can take less time and resources. It will mean developing the service and training service personnel on the new service in order to test it in the market.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\nThe Role of the Product Manager<\/h3>\n
When a new product enters the marketplace in large organizations, it is often placed under the control of a product or brand manager. A product manager develops and implements a complete strategy and marketing program for a specific product or brand of product. Some companies may have numerous brands of the same type of product, such as many versions of laundry soap, each with different target markets, brand names, and attributes. Product management first appeared at Procter & Gamble<\/span> in 1929. A new company soap, Camay, was not doing well, so a young Procter & Gamble<\/span> executive was assigned to devote his exclusive attention to developing and promoting this product. He was successful, and the company soon added other product managers. Since then, many firms, especially consumer products companies, have set up product management organizations.<\/p>\n
\n\nKey Takeaways<\/h3>\n
- \n
- How do companies organize for new-product development?<\/li>\n
- What are the steps in the new-product development process?<\/li>\n
- How does new-product development differ for services companies?<\/li>\n
- Explain the role of the product manager.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
Summary of Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n
- \n
- How do organizations create new products?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
To succeed, most firms must continue to design new products to satisfy changing customer demands. But new-product development can be risky. Many new products fail. The steps in new-product development are setting new-product goals, exploring ideas, screening ideas, developing the concept (creating a prototype and building the marketing strategy), test-marketing, and introducing the product. When the product enters the marketplace, it is often managed by a product manager.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\nGlossary<\/h3>\n
- \n
- brainstorming<\/dt>\n
- A method of generating ideas in which group members suggest as many possibilities as they can without criticizing or evaluating any of the suggestions.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
- \n
- focus group<\/dt>\n
- A group of eight to 12 participants led by a moderator in an in-depth discussion on one particular topic or concept.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
- \n
- line extension<\/dt>\n
- A new flavor, size, or model using an existing brand name in an existing category.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
- \n
- product manager<\/dt>\n
- The person who develops and implements a complete strategy and marketing program for a specific product or brand.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
- \n
- test marketing<\/dt>\n
- The process of testing a new product among potential users.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div>- Intro to Business. Authored by<\/strong>: Gitman, et. al. Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. Located at<\/strong>: http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4e09771f-a8aa-40ce-9063-aa58cc24e77f@8.2<\/a>. License<\/strong>: CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4e09771f-a8aa-40ce-9063-aa58cc24e77f@8.2<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>
- Gary Hamel and Nancy Tenant, \u201cThe Five Requirements of a Truly Innovative Company,\u201d Harvard Business Review,<\/em> https:\/\/hbr.org, April 27, 2015. ↵<\/a><\/li>
- Drake Baer and Jay Yarrow, \u201c22 of the Most Epic Product Failures in History,\u201d Business Insider<\/em>, http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com, July 31, 2014. ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":5759,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Intro to Business\",\"author\":\"Gitman, et. al\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4e09771f-a8aa-40ce-9063-aa58cc24e77f@8.2\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4e09771f-a8aa-40ce-9063-aa58cc24e77f@8.2\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-199","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":187,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/199","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5759"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/199\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":536,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/199\/revisions\/536"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/187"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/199\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=199"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=199"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=199"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=199"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
- Gary Hamel and Nancy Tenant, \u201cThe Five Requirements of a Truly Innovative Company,\u201d Harvard Business Review,<\/em> https:\/\/hbr.org, April 27, 2015. ↵<\/a><\/li>
- Intro to Business. Authored by<\/strong>: Gitman, et. al. Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. Located at<\/strong>: http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4e09771f-a8aa-40ce-9063-aa58cc24e77f@8.2<\/a>. License<\/strong>: CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4e09771f-a8aa-40ce-9063-aa58cc24e77f@8.2<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>
- How do organizations create new products?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
- \n
- \n
- How do organizations create new products?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
- \r\n