{"id":285,"date":"2018-09-24T15:20:32","date_gmt":"2018-09-24T15:20:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osintrobus\/chapter\/trends-in-financial-management-and-securities-markets\/"},"modified":"2018-10-12T19:47:34","modified_gmt":"2018-10-12T19:47:34","slug":"trends-in-financial-management-and-securities-markets","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/chapter\/trends-in-financial-management-and-securities-markets\/","title":{"raw":"Trends in Financial Management and Securities Markets","rendered":"Trends in Financial Management and Securities Markets"},"content":{"raw":"
    \r\n \t
  1. What are the current developments in financial management and the securities markets?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    Many of the key trends shaping the practice of financial management echo those in other disciplines. For example, technology is improving the efficiency with which financial managers run their operations. In the wake of a slowing economy and corporate scandals, the SEC assumed a stronger role and implemented additional regulations to protect investors from fraud and misinformation. A wave of merger mania hit the global securities markets as the securities exchanges themselves have begun to consolidate to capture larger shares of the world\u2019s trading volume in multiple types of securities. Online brokerage firms are seeking new ways to capture and keep their customers by broadening the services they offer and keeping the fees they charge highly competitive. Let\u2019s now look at two key trends in greater detail. In the era of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, CFOs find themselves balancing a strategic focus with overseeing corporate compliance with the act. The NYSE and NASDAQ are battling for supremacy as the regional exchanges look for niche markets to exploit.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n

    Finance Looks Outward<\/h3>\r\nNo longer does finance operate in its own little world of spreadsheets and banking relationships. Most CFOs want the finance function to be viewed by their company\u2019s business units as a strategic partner who can contribute to their success. Finance professionals therefore need a broad view of company operations to communicate effectively with business unit managers, board members, creditors, and investors. The goal is productive cooperation and teamwork between finance and the business units to meet corporate objectives. CFOs are more highly visible and active in company management than ever before. They serve as both business partner to the chief executive and a fiduciary to the board.\r\n

    In the aftermath of recent accounting scandals and the global recession of 2008\u20132009, CFOs consider accuracy of financial reporting their top priority, and they also must now provide more detailed explanations of what\u2019s behind the numbers to board members and other stakeholders. Rather than showering the board with financial reports and statistics, CFOs are crafting more focused presentations that deal with the company\u2019s overall financial health and future prospects.[footnote]\u201cThe CFO\u2019s Evolving Role,\u201d https:\/\/home.kpmg.com, August 1, 2017; John Maxfield, \u201cThe Dodd-Frank Act Explained,\u201d USA Today, https:\/\/www.usatoday.com, February 3, 2017.[\/footnote] They must also educate board members about the implications of Sarbanes-Oxley and other legislation, such as Dodd-Frank, and what the company is doing to comply with federal regulations.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    \r\n

    Vying for the Crown<\/h3>\r\n

    The NYSE and NASDAQ continue to wage a heated battle for supremacy in the global securities markets. The NYSE fell behind its more nimble rival, which already had an electronic platform. Its answer was to make sweeping changes in its organizational structure by going public and merging with Archipelago, a major ECN, to enter the electronic marketplace. NASDAQ responded immediately by acquiring another ECN, Instinet\u2019s INET. The NYSE then made history by signing an agreement to merge with Euronext and create the first exchange to span the Atlantic. Not to be outdone, the NASDAQ increased its ownership of shares in the London Stock Exchange to 25 percent. These transactions reduced the fragmentation in the marketplace and also eliminated many of the differences between the two exchanges.<\/p>\r\n

    But the competition between the two companies continued in 2017, as the London Stock Exchange looks for a buyer after the European Commission refused to allow a merger between LSE and Germany\u2019s Deutsche Borse.[footnote]Frank Chaparro, \u201cA Merger Between 2 Stock Exchange Behemoths Makes a Lot of Sense,\u201d Business Insider, http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com, April 12, 2017.[\/footnote] It remains to be seen whether either U.S. exchange is ready to purchase an international exchange; however, their recent strategic moves have made them stronger and more competitive.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n

    Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n
    \r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. How has the role of CFO changed since the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act?<\/li>\r\n \t
    2. Describe the major changes taking place in the U.S. securities markets. What trends are driving these changes?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
      \r\n

      Summary of Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. What are the current developments in financial management and the securities markets?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

        The role of the CFO has continued to expand since the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, with CFOs taking the central role in overseeing corporate compliance with the act and reestablishing public trust. CFOs must look outward and be business focused. Most CFOs are promoting strategic finance and encouraging finance staff to be team players who work closely with business units to achieve corporate goals.<\/p>\r\nCompetition among the world\u2019s major securities exchanges has changed the composition of the financial marketplace. The NYSE and NASDAQ went head to head in the United States. The NYSE became a for-profit company, acquired Archipelago, an electronic exchange, and merged with Euronext to form the first transatlantic exchange. NASDAQ also expanded by acquiring its own ECN and buying a 25 percent stake in the London Stock Exchange, which continues to look for a potential buyer.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

        \r\n

        Preparing for Tomorrow\u2019s Workplace Skills<\/h3>\r\n
          \r\n \t
        1. The head of your school\u2019s finance department has asked you to address a group of incoming business students about the importance of finance to their overall business education. Develop an outline with the key points you would cover in your speech. (Information)<\/li>\r\n \t
        2. You are the chief financial officer of Discovery Labs, a privately held biotechnology company that needs to raise $3 million to fund the development of a new drug. Prepare a report for the board of directors that discusses the types of long-term financing available to the firm, their pros and cons, and the key factors to consider in choosing a financing strategy. (Information)<\/li>\r\n \t
        3. Team Activity<\/strong> Does paying dividends enhance the value of a company? Some financial experts caution companies to look long and hard before beginning to pay dividends. They believe that committing yourself to a regular dividend curtails financial flexibility and reduces debt capacity. Dividends might also signal that the company doesn\u2019t have good growth opportunities in which to invest its excess cash. Others counter that dividends can help a company\u2019s stock by making it less volatile. Standard & Poor\u2019s data supports this; typically, dividend-paying stocks in the S&P 500 outperform nonpayers. Divide the class into two teams to debate whether dividends add value to a company\u2019s stock. (Interpersonal, Information)<\/li>\r\n \t
        4. Research the trends in the IPO marketplace from 2009 to 2017. Then select two IPO success stories and two failures. Prepare a report for the class on their performance. What lessons about the securities markets can you learn from their stories? (Information)<\/li>\r\n \t
        5. While having dinner at a Manhattan restaurant, you overhear two investment bankers at the next table. They are discussing the takeover of Bellamco Industries by Gildmart Corp., a deal that has not yet been announced. You have been thinking about buying Bellamco stock for a while, so the next day you buy 500 shares for $30 each. Two weeks later, Gildmart announces its acquisition of Bellamco at a price of $45 per share. Have you fairly earned a profit, or are you guilty of insider trading? What\u2019s wrong with insider trading? (Information)<\/li>\r\n \t
        6. Team Activity<\/strong> Is joining an investment club a good way to learn about investing in the stock market? Divide the class into groups of five to eight students to develop a strategy to form their own investment club. Use the National Association of Investors Corporation (NAIC) website at http:\/\/www.betterinvesting.org<\/strong> to learn how investment clubs operate and the investment strategy the organization teaches. Each group should then set up guidelines for their investment club and present their plan to the class. After the presentations, the class members should discuss whether they would prefer to start investing through an investment club or on their own. (Resources, Interpersonal, Information)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
          \r\n

          Ethics Activity<\/h3>\r\n

          In late July 2017, senior management at Equifax, a U.S. credit-reporting company, discovered that hackers had stolen the personal data of more than 145 million U.S. customers, including names, birthdates, Social Cecurity numbers, and driver\u2019s license information. In addition, the hackers stole credit card information for more than 200,000 Equifax customers.<\/p>\r\n

          If that weren\u2019t bad enough, reports soon surfaced that three top executives, including Equifax\u2019s chief financial officer, sold close to $2 million in shares of company stock days after learning about the breach and more than a month before the company announced the data hack publicly. In a company statement, Equifax says the executives \u201chad no knowledge that an intrusion had occurred at the time they sold their shares.\u201d The day after the company\u2019s announcement about the breach, Equifax\u2019s stock dropped by double digits, and the Department of Justice opened a criminal investigation.<\/p>\r\nLess than three weeks after the public announcement, Equifax announced its CEO, Richard Smith, would retire, taking a multimillion-dollar payout with him\u2014even after shareholders lost more than $5 billion<\/em> in stock value after the data breach was acknowledged.\r\n\r\nEthical Dilemma:<\/strong> Is it legal for company executives to sell stock shares for financial gain when they know impending bad news will cause the stock price to plummet? Does this constitute insider trading?\r\n

          Sources: Verne Kopytoff, \u201cEquifax Board Reviews Executive Stock Sales after Data Breach,\u201d Fortune,<\/em> http:\/\/fortune.com, September 29, 2017; Jen Wieczner, \u201cEquifax CEO Richard Smith Who Oversaw Breach to Collect $90 Million,\u201d Fortune,<\/em> http:\/\/www.fortune.com, September 26, 2017; Tom Schoenberg, Anders Melin, and Matt Robinson, \u201cEquifax Stock Sales Are the Focus of U.S. Criminal Probe,\u201d Bloomberg Markets,<\/em> https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com, September 18, 2017; Liz Moyer, \u201cSuspect Trading in Equifax Options before Breach Might Have Generated Millions in Profit,\u201d CNBC,<\/em> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com, September 8, 2017; Alina Selyukh, \u201c3 Equifax Executives Sold Stock Days after Hack That Wasn\u2019t Disclosed for a Month,\u201d NPR,<\/em> http:\/\/www.npr.org, September 8, 2017; Anders Melin, \u201cThree Equifax Managers Sold Stock Before Cyber Hack Revealed,\u201d Bloomberg News,<\/em> https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com, September 7, 2017.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

          \r\n

          Working the Net<\/h3>\r\n
            \r\n \t
          1. If factoring accounts receivable is still a mystery to you, visit the 21st Financial Solutions site, http:\/\/www.21stfinancialsolutions.com<\/strong>. Follow the links on the home page to answer these questions: What are factoring\u2019s advantages? What are the additional benefits, and what types of companies can use factoring to their advantage? Then summarize the factoring process.<\/li>\r\n \t
          2. Go to the AdvisoryHQ website at https:\/\/www.advisoryhq.com<\/strong>, and link to three different venture capital firms listed in the website\u2019s \u201cbest\u201d list. Compare the firms\u2019 investment strategies (industry specialization, age of companies in which they invest, etc.). Also do a web search to check out two angel investor firms. How do their requirements differ from the venture firms?<\/li>\r\n \t
          3. Compare the listing requirements of the NYSE and NASDAQ, using the information at their websites: http:\/\/www.nyse.com<\/strong> and http:\/\/www.nasdaq.com<\/strong>. Search the sites for listing requirements. What types of companies qualify for listing on each exchange? Why does NASDAQ offer alternative listing standards?<\/li>\r\n \t
          4. Choose a company currently traded on the NYSE (http:\/\/www.nyse.com<\/strong>). Find the company\u2019s website using a search engine such as Google. At the website, find the firm\u2019s investor relations information. Review the information, including, if available, the most recent online annual report. Follow up by researching if any SEC actions have been taken against the firm at the SEC website, http:\/\/www.sec.gov<\/strong>. Summarize your findings in a brief report that discusses whether you would recommend this company\u2019s stock as an investment.<\/li>\r\n \t
          5. Using the information and links available at the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association\u2019s (SIFMA) website, https:\/\/www.sifma.org,<\/strong> write a brief paper explaining the pros and cons of investing in corporate bonds. In your paper, provide at least three examples of currently available corporate bonds from a site such as http:\/\/www.investinginbonds.com<\/strong>, and explain why they would be good investments.<\/li>\r\n \t
          6. Research the job responsibilities of a corporate investor relations officer (IRO). If possible, try to interview an IRO, by either phone or email. The National Investor Relations Institute (http:\/\/www.niri.org<\/strong>), a trade association for IROs, is an alternate source of information. What types of experience and education does an IRO need in order to perform effectively? How are their roles changing? Write a paper summarizing your findings. (Interpersonal, Information)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
            \r\n

            Creative Thinking Case<\/h3>\r\n
            \r\n

            Blue Apron IPO Leaves a Bad Taste<\/h4>\r\n

            Founded in 2012, Blue Apron is one of the top meal-kit delivery services doing business in the United States. Started by three cofounders\u2014Matt Salzberg, Matt Wadiak, and Ilia Pappas\u2014Blue Apron provides preportioned ingredients (and recipes) for a meal, delivered to consumers\u2019 front doors.<\/p>\r\n

            According to recent research, the U.S. meal-kit delivery industry is an $800 million business with the potential to scale up quickly, as more and more consumers struggle to find time to go grocery shopping, make meals, and spend time with family and friends in their hectic daily lives.<\/p>\r\n

            As word spread among foodies about the quality and innovative meals put together by Blue Apron, the company\u2019s popularity took off, supported by millions in start-up funding. Costs to scale the business have not been cheap\u2014estimates suggest that Blue Apron\u2019s marketing costs have been high.<\/p>\r\n

            Despite the challenges, by early 2017 the company was selling more than 8 million meal kits a month and decided to go public in an effort to raise more money and scale its operations, including a new fulfillment facility in New Jersey. According to IPO paperwork filed with the SEC, the company had net revenues of $84 million in 2014, which increased to $795 million in 2016. However, those ambitious numbers were not without warnings: company losses increased in the same time period from $33 million to $55 million.<\/p>\r\n

            Even with those larges losses on its balance sheet, Blue Apron decided to go ahead with the IPO and hired Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, two top stock underwriters, to figure out the right price for the initial offering. While Blue Apron and its underwriters were finalizing stock prices, Amazon announced plans to acquire Whole Foods\u2014a move that could negatively affect Blue Apron\u2019s business going forward.<\/p>\r\n

            Even after Amazon\u2019s announcement, Blue Apron and its financial advisors priced the initial offering at $15 to $17 a share and met with investors across the country to inform them about the IPO, which would value the company on paper at more than $3 billion. As part of the IPO strategy, Blue Apron executives needed to communicate a strong financial picture while providing potential investors with an honest assessment of investor demand, especially for institutional investors, who typically are repeat buyers when it comes to IPOs.<\/p>\r\nAccording to sources close to the IPO experience, Blue Apron\u2019s bankers told investors late in the IPO pricing process that they were \u201cclosing their order books early,\u201d which meant there was a heightened demand for the stock\u2014a signal that the stock would be priced in the original $15\u2013$17 range.\r\n

            A day later, however, Blue Apron amended its prospectus with a price range between $10 and $11 a share, which shocked potential investors\u2014a move greeted with criticism that Blue Apron\u2019s messaging now lacked credibility in the eyes of the investment community if the company priced the IPO $5 lower per share than originally estimated. With that sudden change in the IPO offering, investors walked away, and the $10 initial offering for Blue Apron stock actually declined on its first day of trading. As of this writing, the stock has lost close to 40 percent from the original $10-per-share price.<\/p>\r\n

            With continued consolidation in the meal-kit delivery sector inevitable, Blue Apron is at a crossroads when it comes to generating revenue and stabilizing costs while trying to sign up more subscribers. One of its competitors, Plated, was recently acquired by the Alberstons grocery chain, and Amazon has already trademarked the phrase, \u201cWe do the prep. You be the chef,\u201d as it relates to prepared food kits.<\/p>\r\n

            Sources: Wolf Richter, \u201cBlue Apron\u2019s Cash Burn Is a Threat Just 3 Months after Its IPO,\u201d Business Insider,<\/em> http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com, October 19, 2017; Graham Rapier, \u201cBlue Apron CEO: Amazon and Whole Foods Aren\u2019t the Competition,\u201d Business Insider,<\/em> http:\/\/markets.businessinsider.com, September 13, 2017; Matthew Lynley, \u201cWhere Does Blue Apron Go after Amazon Wraps Up Its Whole Foods Deal?\u201d Tech Crunch,<\/em> https:\/\/techcrunch.com, August 27, 2017; Leslie Picker, \u201cInside Blue Apron\u2019s IPO: Communication Lapse Chased Away Investors,\u201d CNBC,<\/em> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com, August 23, 2017; Imani Moise, \u201cBlue Apron Co-Founder to Step Aside as Operating Chief,\u201d The Wall Street Journal,<\/em> https:\/\/www.wsj.com, July 25, 2017; Phil Lempert, \u201cUnderstanding Blue Apron\u2019s IPO and the Future of Meal Kits,\u201d Forbes,<\/em> http:\/\/www.forbes.com, June 2, 2017; John Kell, \u201cMeals in the Mail: How Blue Apron Got Started and Where It\u2019s Heading,\u201d Fortune,<\/em> http:\/\/fortune.com, September 11, 2016.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

            \r\n
            Critical Thinking Questions<\/div>\r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. What issues should executives of a company such as Blue Apron consider before deciding to go public? In your opinion, was the company ready for an IPO? Why or why not?<\/li>\r\n \t
            2. How else could Blue Apron have raised funds to continue to grow? Compare the risks of raising private funding to going public.<\/li>\r\n \t
            3. Use a search engine and a site such as Yahoo! Finance to learn about Blue Apron\u2019s current situation. Prepare a brief summary, including the company\u2019s current financial situation. Is it still a public company, and how has its stock fared? Would you invest in it? Explain your reasoning.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

              Sources: Wolf Richter, \u201cBlue Apron\u2019s Cash Burn Is a Threat Just 3 Months after Its IPO,\u201d Business Insider,<\/em> http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com, October 19, 2017; Graham Rapier, \u201cBlue Apron CEO: Amazon and Whole Foods Aren\u2019t the Competition,\u201d Business Insider,<\/em> http:\/\/markets.businessinsider.com, September 13, 2017; Matthew Lynley, \u201cWhere Does Blue Apron Go after Amazon Wraps Up Its Whole Foods Deal?\u201d Tech Crunch,<\/em> https:\/\/techcrunch.com, August 27, 2017; Leslie Picker, \u201cInside Blue Apron\u2019s IPO: Communication Lapse Chased Away Investors,\u201d CNBC,<\/em> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com, August 23, 2017; Imani Moise, \u201cBlue Apron Co-Founder to Step Aside as Operating Chief,\u201d The Wall Street Journal,<\/em> https:\/\/www.wsj.com, July 25, 2017; Phil Lempert, \u201cUnderstanding Blue Apron\u2019s IPO and the Future of Meal Kits,\u201d Forbes,<\/em> http:\/\/www.forbes.com, June 2, 2017; John Kell, \u201cMeals in the Mail: How Blue Apron Got Started and Where It\u2019s Heading,\u201d Fortune,<\/em> http:\/\/fortune.com, September 11, 2016.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

              \r\n

              Hot Links Address Book<\/h3>\r\n
                \r\n \t
              1. What challenges do today\u2019s financial managers face? To find out, browse through recent issues of CFO<\/em> magazine at http:\/\/www.cfo.com<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t
              2. Find an introduction to the types of cash management services banks offer their customers at the Royal Bank of Canada website, https:\/\/rbcbank.com<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t
              3. Start your online exploring at Yahoo! Finance, http:\/\/finance.yahoo.com,<\/strong> which offers everything from breaking business and world news to stock research, portfolio tracking tools, and educational articles.<\/li>\r\n \t
              4. For small businesses just starting out or entrepreneurs who have invented the next great product but need some financial assistance, several crowdfunding platforms can help. Both Kiva (https:\/\/www.kiva.org)<\/strong> and IndieGoGo (https:\/\/www.indiegogo.com)<\/strong> offer loans or financial backing to help people start up new businesses or match potential investors with entrepreneurs looking for some financial backing.<\/li>\r\n \t
              5. The Motley Fool, http:\/\/www.fool.com,<\/strong> is a favorite site for both novice and experienced investors. In addition to the latest stock picks, the website offers detailed information on a variety of topics, such as how to invest, retirement, and personal finance.<\/li>\r\n \t
              6. You\u2019ll find a minicourse on municipal bonds when you click on \u201cLearn More\u201d at the top of the page at http:\/\/www.investingbonds.com<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t
              7. Moneychimp (http:\/\/www.moneychimp.com<\/strong>) strives to educate investors by offering clear, practical articles on a complete range of finance and investing topics, including investment basics, understanding annual reports, stock valuation, and more.<\/li>\r\n \t
              8. Thinking of investing in a particular company? Go to the SEC\u2019s website to access the EDGAR database of the financial reports filed by all public companies with the SEC: http:\/\/www.sec.gov<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
                  \n
                1. What are the current developments in financial management and the securities markets?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Many of the key trends shaping the practice of financial management echo those in other disciplines. For example, technology is improving the efficiency with which financial managers run their operations. In the wake of a slowing economy and corporate scandals, the SEC assumed a stronger role and implemented additional regulations to protect investors from fraud and misinformation. A wave of merger mania hit the global securities markets as the securities exchanges themselves have begun to consolidate to capture larger shares of the world\u2019s trading volume in multiple types of securities. Online brokerage firms are seeking new ways to capture and keep their customers by broadening the services they offer and keeping the fees they charge highly competitive. Let\u2019s now look at two key trends in greater detail. In the era of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, CFOs find themselves balancing a strategic focus with overseeing corporate compliance with the act. The NYSE and NASDAQ are battling for supremacy as the regional exchanges look for niche markets to exploit.<\/p>\n

                  \n

                  Finance Looks Outward<\/h3>\n

                  No longer does finance operate in its own little world of spreadsheets and banking relationships. Most CFOs want the finance function to be viewed by their company\u2019s business units as a strategic partner who can contribute to their success. Finance professionals therefore need a broad view of company operations to communicate effectively with business unit managers, board members, creditors, and investors. The goal is productive cooperation and teamwork between finance and the business units to meet corporate objectives. CFOs are more highly visible and active in company management than ever before. They serve as both business partner to the chief executive and a fiduciary to the board.<\/p>\n

                  In the aftermath of recent accounting scandals and the global recession of 2008\u20132009, CFOs consider accuracy of financial reporting their top priority, and they also must now provide more detailed explanations of what\u2019s behind the numbers to board members and other stakeholders. Rather than showering the board with financial reports and statistics, CFOs are crafting more focused presentations that deal with the company\u2019s overall financial health and future prospects.[1]<\/sup><\/a> They must also educate board members about the implications of Sarbanes-Oxley and other legislation, such as Dodd-Frank, and what the company is doing to comply with federal regulations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                  \n

                  Vying for the Crown<\/h3>\n

                  The NYSE and NASDAQ continue to wage a heated battle for supremacy in the global securities markets. The NYSE fell behind its more nimble rival, which already had an electronic platform. Its answer was to make sweeping changes in its organizational structure by going public and merging with Archipelago, a major ECN, to enter the electronic marketplace. NASDAQ responded immediately by acquiring another ECN, Instinet\u2019s INET. The NYSE then made history by signing an agreement to merge with Euronext and create the first exchange to span the Atlantic. Not to be outdone, the NASDAQ increased its ownership of shares in the London Stock Exchange to 25 percent. These transactions reduced the fragmentation in the marketplace and also eliminated many of the differences between the two exchanges.<\/p>\n

                  But the competition between the two companies continued in 2017, as the London Stock Exchange looks for a buyer after the European Commission refused to allow a merger between LSE and Germany\u2019s Deutsche Borse.[2]<\/sup><\/a> It remains to be seen whether either U.S. exchange is ready to purchase an international exchange; however, their recent strategic moves have made them stronger and more competitive.<\/p>\n

                  \n

                  Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                    \n
                  1. How has the role of CFO changed since the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act?<\/li>\n
                  2. Describe the major changes taking place in the U.S. securities markets. What trends are driving these changes?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                    \n

                    Summary of Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n
                      \n
                    1. What are the current developments in financial management and the securities markets?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      The role of the CFO has continued to expand since the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, with CFOs taking the central role in overseeing corporate compliance with the act and reestablishing public trust. CFOs must look outward and be business focused. Most CFOs are promoting strategic finance and encouraging finance staff to be team players who work closely with business units to achieve corporate goals.<\/p>\n

                      Competition among the world\u2019s major securities exchanges has changed the composition of the financial marketplace. The NYSE and NASDAQ went head to head in the United States. The NYSE became a for-profit company, acquired Archipelago, an electronic exchange, and merged with Euronext to form the first transatlantic exchange. NASDAQ also expanded by acquiring its own ECN and buying a 25 percent stake in the London Stock Exchange, which continues to look for a potential buyer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                      \n

                      Preparing for Tomorrow\u2019s Workplace Skills<\/h3>\n
                        \n
                      1. The head of your school\u2019s finance department has asked you to address a group of incoming business students about the importance of finance to their overall business education. Develop an outline with the key points you would cover in your speech. (Information)<\/li>\n
                      2. You are the chief financial officer of Discovery Labs, a privately held biotechnology company that needs to raise $3 million to fund the development of a new drug. Prepare a report for the board of directors that discusses the types of long-term financing available to the firm, their pros and cons, and the key factors to consider in choosing a financing strategy. (Information)<\/li>\n
                      3. Team Activity<\/strong> Does paying dividends enhance the value of a company? Some financial experts caution companies to look long and hard before beginning to pay dividends. They believe that committing yourself to a regular dividend curtails financial flexibility and reduces debt capacity. Dividends might also signal that the company doesn\u2019t have good growth opportunities in which to invest its excess cash. Others counter that dividends can help a company\u2019s stock by making it less volatile. Standard & Poor\u2019s data supports this; typically, dividend-paying stocks in the S&P 500 outperform nonpayers. Divide the class into two teams to debate whether dividends add value to a company\u2019s stock. (Interpersonal, Information)<\/li>\n
                      4. Research the trends in the IPO marketplace from 2009 to 2017. Then select two IPO success stories and two failures. Prepare a report for the class on their performance. What lessons about the securities markets can you learn from their stories? (Information)<\/li>\n
                      5. While having dinner at a Manhattan restaurant, you overhear two investment bankers at the next table. They are discussing the takeover of Bellamco Industries by Gildmart Corp., a deal that has not yet been announced. You have been thinking about buying Bellamco stock for a while, so the next day you buy 500 shares for $30 each. Two weeks later, Gildmart announces its acquisition of Bellamco at a price of $45 per share. Have you fairly earned a profit, or are you guilty of insider trading? What\u2019s wrong with insider trading? (Information)<\/li>\n
                      6. Team Activity<\/strong> Is joining an investment club a good way to learn about investing in the stock market? Divide the class into groups of five to eight students to develop a strategy to form their own investment club. Use the National Association of Investors Corporation (NAIC) website at http:\/\/www.betterinvesting.org<\/strong> to learn how investment clubs operate and the investment strategy the organization teaches. Each group should then set up guidelines for their investment club and present their plan to the class. After the presentations, the class members should discuss whether they would prefer to start investing through an investment club or on their own. (Resources, Interpersonal, Information)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                        \n

                        Ethics Activity<\/h3>\n

                        In late July 2017, senior management at Equifax, a U.S. credit-reporting company, discovered that hackers had stolen the personal data of more than 145 million U.S. customers, including names, birthdates, Social Cecurity numbers, and driver\u2019s license information. In addition, the hackers stole credit card information for more than 200,000 Equifax customers.<\/p>\n

                        If that weren\u2019t bad enough, reports soon surfaced that three top executives, including Equifax\u2019s chief financial officer, sold close to $2 million in shares of company stock days after learning about the breach and more than a month before the company announced the data hack publicly. In a company statement, Equifax says the executives \u201chad no knowledge that an intrusion had occurred at the time they sold their shares.\u201d The day after the company\u2019s announcement about the breach, Equifax\u2019s stock dropped by double digits, and the Department of Justice opened a criminal investigation.<\/p>\n

                        Less than three weeks after the public announcement, Equifax announced its CEO, Richard Smith, would retire, taking a multimillion-dollar payout with him\u2014even after shareholders lost more than $5 billion<\/em> in stock value after the data breach was acknowledged.<\/p>\n

                        Ethical Dilemma:<\/strong> Is it legal for company executives to sell stock shares for financial gain when they know impending bad news will cause the stock price to plummet? Does this constitute insider trading?<\/p>\n

                        Sources: Verne Kopytoff, \u201cEquifax Board Reviews Executive Stock Sales after Data Breach,\u201d Fortune,<\/em> http:\/\/fortune.com, September 29, 2017; Jen Wieczner, \u201cEquifax CEO Richard Smith Who Oversaw Breach to Collect $90 Million,\u201d Fortune,<\/em> http:\/\/www.fortune.com, September 26, 2017; Tom Schoenberg, Anders Melin, and Matt Robinson, \u201cEquifax Stock Sales Are the Focus of U.S. Criminal Probe,\u201d Bloomberg Markets,<\/em> https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com, September 18, 2017; Liz Moyer, \u201cSuspect Trading in Equifax Options before Breach Might Have Generated Millions in Profit,\u201d CNBC,<\/em> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com, September 8, 2017; Alina Selyukh, \u201c3 Equifax Executives Sold Stock Days after Hack That Wasn\u2019t Disclosed for a Month,\u201d NPR,<\/em> http:\/\/www.npr.org, September 8, 2017; Anders Melin, \u201cThree Equifax Managers Sold Stock Before Cyber Hack Revealed,\u201d Bloomberg News,<\/em> https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com, September 7, 2017.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                        \n

                        Working the Net<\/h3>\n
                          \n
                        1. If factoring accounts receivable is still a mystery to you, visit the 21st Financial Solutions site, http:\/\/www.21stfinancialsolutions.com<\/strong>. Follow the links on the home page to answer these questions: What are factoring\u2019s advantages? What are the additional benefits, and what types of companies can use factoring to their advantage? Then summarize the factoring process.<\/li>\n
                        2. Go to the AdvisoryHQ website at https:\/\/www.advisoryhq.com<\/strong>, and link to three different venture capital firms listed in the website\u2019s \u201cbest\u201d list. Compare the firms\u2019 investment strategies (industry specialization, age of companies in which they invest, etc.). Also do a web search to check out two angel investor firms. How do their requirements differ from the venture firms?<\/li>\n
                        3. Compare the listing requirements of the NYSE and NASDAQ, using the information at their websites: http:\/\/www.nyse.com<\/strong> and http:\/\/www.nasdaq.com<\/strong>. Search the sites for listing requirements. What types of companies qualify for listing on each exchange? Why does NASDAQ offer alternative listing standards?<\/li>\n
                        4. Choose a company currently traded on the NYSE (http:\/\/www.nyse.com<\/strong>). Find the company\u2019s website using a search engine such as Google. At the website, find the firm\u2019s investor relations information. Review the information, including, if available, the most recent online annual report. Follow up by researching if any SEC actions have been taken against the firm at the SEC website, http:\/\/www.sec.gov<\/strong>. Summarize your findings in a brief report that discusses whether you would recommend this company\u2019s stock as an investment.<\/li>\n
                        5. Using the information and links available at the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association\u2019s (SIFMA) website, https:\/\/www.sifma.org,<\/strong> write a brief paper explaining the pros and cons of investing in corporate bonds. In your paper, provide at least three examples of currently available corporate bonds from a site such as http:\/\/www.investinginbonds.com<\/strong>, and explain why they would be good investments.<\/li>\n
                        6. Research the job responsibilities of a corporate investor relations officer (IRO). If possible, try to interview an IRO, by either phone or email. The National Investor Relations Institute (http:\/\/www.niri.org<\/strong>), a trade association for IROs, is an alternate source of information. What types of experience and education does an IRO need in order to perform effectively? How are their roles changing? Write a paper summarizing your findings. (Interpersonal, Information)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                          \n

                          Creative Thinking Case<\/h3>\n
                          \n

                          Blue Apron IPO Leaves a Bad Taste<\/h4>\n

                          Founded in 2012, Blue Apron is one of the top meal-kit delivery services doing business in the United States. Started by three cofounders\u2014Matt Salzberg, Matt Wadiak, and Ilia Pappas\u2014Blue Apron provides preportioned ingredients (and recipes) for a meal, delivered to consumers\u2019 front doors.<\/p>\n

                          According to recent research, the U.S. meal-kit delivery industry is an $800 million business with the potential to scale up quickly, as more and more consumers struggle to find time to go grocery shopping, make meals, and spend time with family and friends in their hectic daily lives.<\/p>\n

                          As word spread among foodies about the quality and innovative meals put together by Blue Apron, the company\u2019s popularity took off, supported by millions in start-up funding. Costs to scale the business have not been cheap\u2014estimates suggest that Blue Apron\u2019s marketing costs have been high.<\/p>\n

                          Despite the challenges, by early 2017 the company was selling more than 8 million meal kits a month and decided to go public in an effort to raise more money and scale its operations, including a new fulfillment facility in New Jersey. According to IPO paperwork filed with the SEC, the company had net revenues of $84 million in 2014, which increased to $795 million in 2016. However, those ambitious numbers were not without warnings: company losses increased in the same time period from $33 million to $55 million.<\/p>\n

                          Even with those larges losses on its balance sheet, Blue Apron decided to go ahead with the IPO and hired Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, two top stock underwriters, to figure out the right price for the initial offering. While Blue Apron and its underwriters were finalizing stock prices, Amazon announced plans to acquire Whole Foods\u2014a move that could negatively affect Blue Apron\u2019s business going forward.<\/p>\n

                          Even after Amazon\u2019s announcement, Blue Apron and its financial advisors priced the initial offering at $15 to $17 a share and met with investors across the country to inform them about the IPO, which would value the company on paper at more than $3 billion. As part of the IPO strategy, Blue Apron executives needed to communicate a strong financial picture while providing potential investors with an honest assessment of investor demand, especially for institutional investors, who typically are repeat buyers when it comes to IPOs.<\/p>\n

                          According to sources close to the IPO experience, Blue Apron\u2019s bankers told investors late in the IPO pricing process that they were \u201cclosing their order books early,\u201d which meant there was a heightened demand for the stock\u2014a signal that the stock would be priced in the original $15\u2013$17 range.<\/p>\n

                          A day later, however, Blue Apron amended its prospectus with a price range between $10 and $11 a share, which shocked potential investors\u2014a move greeted with criticism that Blue Apron\u2019s messaging now lacked credibility in the eyes of the investment community if the company priced the IPO $5 lower per share than originally estimated. With that sudden change in the IPO offering, investors walked away, and the $10 initial offering for Blue Apron stock actually declined on its first day of trading. As of this writing, the stock has lost close to 40 percent from the original $10-per-share price.<\/p>\n

                          With continued consolidation in the meal-kit delivery sector inevitable, Blue Apron is at a crossroads when it comes to generating revenue and stabilizing costs while trying to sign up more subscribers. One of its competitors, Plated, was recently acquired by the Alberstons grocery chain, and Amazon has already trademarked the phrase, \u201cWe do the prep. You be the chef,\u201d as it relates to prepared food kits.<\/p>\n

                          Sources: Wolf Richter, \u201cBlue Apron\u2019s Cash Burn Is a Threat Just 3 Months after Its IPO,\u201d Business Insider,<\/em> http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com, October 19, 2017; Graham Rapier, \u201cBlue Apron CEO: Amazon and Whole Foods Aren\u2019t the Competition,\u201d Business Insider,<\/em> http:\/\/markets.businessinsider.com, September 13, 2017; Matthew Lynley, \u201cWhere Does Blue Apron Go after Amazon Wraps Up Its Whole Foods Deal?\u201d Tech Crunch,<\/em> https:\/\/techcrunch.com, August 27, 2017; Leslie Picker, \u201cInside Blue Apron\u2019s IPO: Communication Lapse Chased Away Investors,\u201d CNBC,<\/em> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com, August 23, 2017; Imani Moise, \u201cBlue Apron Co-Founder to Step Aside as Operating Chief,\u201d The Wall Street Journal,<\/em> https:\/\/www.wsj.com, July 25, 2017; Phil Lempert, \u201cUnderstanding Blue Apron\u2019s IPO and the Future of Meal Kits,\u201d Forbes,<\/em> http:\/\/www.forbes.com, June 2, 2017; John Kell, \u201cMeals in the Mail: How Blue Apron Got Started and Where It\u2019s Heading,\u201d Fortune,<\/em> http:\/\/fortune.com, September 11, 2016.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                          Critical Thinking Questions<\/div>\n
                            \n
                          1. What issues should executives of a company such as Blue Apron consider before deciding to go public? In your opinion, was the company ready for an IPO? Why or why not?<\/li>\n
                          2. How else could Blue Apron have raised funds to continue to grow? Compare the risks of raising private funding to going public.<\/li>\n
                          3. Use a search engine and a site such as Yahoo! Finance to learn about Blue Apron\u2019s current situation. Prepare a brief summary, including the company\u2019s current financial situation. Is it still a public company, and how has its stock fared? Would you invest in it? Explain your reasoning.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

                            Sources: Wolf Richter, \u201cBlue Apron\u2019s Cash Burn Is a Threat Just 3 Months after Its IPO,\u201d Business Insider,<\/em> http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com, October 19, 2017; Graham Rapier, \u201cBlue Apron CEO: Amazon and Whole Foods Aren\u2019t the Competition,\u201d Business Insider,<\/em> http:\/\/markets.businessinsider.com, September 13, 2017; Matthew Lynley, \u201cWhere Does Blue Apron Go after Amazon Wraps Up Its Whole Foods Deal?\u201d Tech Crunch,<\/em> https:\/\/techcrunch.com, August 27, 2017; Leslie Picker, \u201cInside Blue Apron\u2019s IPO: Communication Lapse Chased Away Investors,\u201d CNBC,<\/em> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com, August 23, 2017; Imani Moise, \u201cBlue Apron Co-Founder to Step Aside as Operating Chief,\u201d The Wall Street Journal,<\/em> https:\/\/www.wsj.com, July 25, 2017; Phil Lempert, \u201cUnderstanding Blue Apron\u2019s IPO and the Future of Meal Kits,\u201d Forbes,<\/em> http:\/\/www.forbes.com, June 2, 2017; John Kell, \u201cMeals in the Mail: How Blue Apron Got Started and Where It\u2019s Heading,\u201d Fortune,<\/em> http:\/\/fortune.com, September 11, 2016.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                            \n

                            Hot Links Address Book<\/h3>\n
                              \n
                            1. What challenges do today\u2019s financial managers face? To find out, browse through recent issues of CFO<\/em> magazine at http:\/\/www.cfo.com<\/strong><\/li>\n
                            2. Find an introduction to the types of cash management services banks offer their customers at the Royal Bank of Canada website, https:\/\/rbcbank.com<\/strong><\/li>\n
                            3. Start your online exploring at Yahoo! Finance, http:\/\/finance.yahoo.com,<\/strong> which offers everything from breaking business and world news to stock research, portfolio tracking tools, and educational articles.<\/li>\n
                            4. For small businesses just starting out or entrepreneurs who have invented the next great product but need some financial assistance, several crowdfunding platforms can help. Both Kiva (https:\/\/www.kiva.org)<\/strong> and IndieGoGo (https:\/\/www.indiegogo.com)<\/strong> offer loans or financial backing to help people start up new businesses or match potential investors with entrepreneurs looking for some financial backing.<\/li>\n
                            5. The Motley Fool, http:\/\/www.fool.com,<\/strong> is a favorite site for both novice and experienced investors. In addition to the latest stock picks, the website offers detailed information on a variety of topics, such as how to invest, retirement, and personal finance.<\/li>\n
                            6. You\u2019ll find a minicourse on municipal bonds when you click on \u201cLearn More\u201d at the top of the page at http:\/\/www.investingbonds.com<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
                            7. Moneychimp (http:\/\/www.moneychimp.com<\/strong>) strives to educate investors by offering clear, practical articles on a complete range of finance and investing topics, including investment basics, understanding annual reports, stock valuation, and more.<\/li>\n
                            8. Thinking of investing in a particular company? Go to the SEC\u2019s website to access the EDGAR database of the financial reports filed by all public companies with the SEC: http:\/\/www.sec.gov<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t
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                              Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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                              CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div>