{"id":37,"date":"2018-09-24T14:20:51","date_gmt":"2018-09-24T14:20:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osintrobus\/chapter\/competing-in-a-free-market\/"},"modified":"2018-09-26T16:07:13","modified_gmt":"2018-09-26T16:07:13","slug":"competing-in-a-free-market","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/chapter\/competing-in-a-free-market\/","title":{"raw":"Competing in a Free Market","rendered":"Competing in a Free Market"},"content":{"raw":"<ol id=\"bl-025\" start=\"7\">\r\n \t<li>What are the four types of market structure?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm243385760\">One of the characteristics of a free-market system is that suppliers have the right to compete with one another. The number of suppliers in a market defines the <strong>market structure<\/strong>. Economists identify four types of market structures: (1) perfect competition, (2) pure monopoly, (3) monopolistic competition, and (4) oligopoly. <strong><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#btab-003\">(Figure)<\/a><\/strong> summarizes the characteristics of each of these market structures.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"bsec-044\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h3>Perfect Competition<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm237046832\">Characteristics of <strong>perfect (pure) competition<\/strong> include:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"bl-026\">\r\n \t<li>A large number of small firms are in the market.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The firms sell similar products; that is, each firm\u2019s product is very much like the products sold by other firms in the market.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Buyers and sellers in the market have good information about prices, sources of supply, and so on.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It is easy to open a new business or close an existing one.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table id=\"btab-003\" summary=\"\"><caption>Table 1.3<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"5\">Comparison of Market Structures<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Characteristics<\/th>\r\n<th>Perfect Competition<\/th>\r\n<th>Pure Monopoly<\/th>\r\n<th>Monopolistic Competition<\/th>\r\n<th>Oligopoly<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Number of firms in market<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Many<\/td>\r\n<td>One<\/td>\r\n<td>Many, but fewer than perfect competition<\/td>\r\n<td>Few<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Firm\u2019s ability to control price<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>None<\/td>\r\n<td>High<\/td>\r\n<td>Some<\/td>\r\n<td>Some<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Barriers to entry<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>None<\/td>\r\n<td>Subject to government regulation<\/td>\r\n<td>Few<\/td>\r\n<td>Many<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Product differentiation<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Very little<\/td>\r\n<td>No products that compete directly<\/td>\r\n<td>Emphasis on showing perceived differences in products<\/td>\r\n<td>Some differences<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Examples<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Farm products such as wheat and corn<\/td>\r\n<td>Utilities such as gas, water, cable television<\/td>\r\n<td>Retail specialty clothing stores<\/td>\r\n<td>Steel, automobiles, airlines, aircraft manufacturers<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm245569392\">In a perfectly competitive market, firms sell their products at prices determined solely by forces beyond their control. Because the products are very similar and each firm contributes only a small amount to the total quantity supplied by the industry, price is determined by supply and demand. A firm that raised its price even a little above the going rate would lose customers. In the wheat market, for example, the product is essentially the same from one wheat producer to the next. Thus, none of the producers has control over the price of wheat.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm234984800\">Perfect competition is an ideal. No industry shows all its characteristics, but the stock market and some agricultural markets, such as those for wheat and corn, come closest. Farmers, for example, can sell all of their crops through national commodity exchanges at the current market price.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"bsec-045\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h3>Pure Monopoly<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm253489696\">At the other end of the spectrum is <strong>pure monopoly<\/strong>, the market structure in which a single firm accounts for all industry sales of a particular good or service. The firm <em>is<\/em> the industry. This market structure is characterized by <strong>barriers to entry<\/strong>\u2014factors that prevent new firms from competing equally with the existing firm. Often the barriers are technological or legal conditions. Polaroid, for example, held major patents on instant photography for years. When <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Kodak<\/span> tried to market its own instant camera, <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Polaroid<\/span> sued, claiming patent violations. <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Polaroid<\/span> collected millions of dollars from <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Kodak<\/span>. Another barrier may be one firm\u2019s control of a natural resource. <span class=\"no-emphasis\">DeBeers Consolidated Mines Ltd.<\/span>, for example, controls most of the world\u2019s supply of uncut diamonds.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm247728864\">Public utilities, such as gas and water companies, are pure monopolies. Some monopolies are created by a government order that outlaws competition. The <span class=\"no-emphasis\">U.S. Postal Service<\/span> is currently one such monopoly.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"bsec-046\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h3>Monopolistic Competition<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm235273120\">Three characteristics define the market structure known as <strong>monopolistic competition<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"bl-027\">\r\n \t<li>Many firms are in the market.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The firms offer products that are close substitutes but still differ from one another.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It is relatively easy to enter the market.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm239650576\">Under monopolistic competition, firms take advantage of product differentiation. Industries where monopolistic competition occurs include clothing, food, and similar consumer products. Firms under monopolistic competition have more control over pricing than do firms under perfect competition because consumers do not view the products as perfect substitutes. Nevertheless, firms must demonstrate product differences to justify their prices to customers. Consequently, companies use advertising to distinguish their products from others. Such distinctions may be significant or superficial. For example, <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Nike<\/span> says \u201cJust Do It,\u201d and <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Tylenol<\/span> is advertised as being easier on the stomach than aspirin.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"bsec-047\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h3>Oligopoly<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm253262368\">An <strong>oligopoly<\/strong> has two characteristics:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"bl-028\">\r\n \t<li>A few firms produce most or all of the output.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Large capital requirements or other factors limit the number of firms.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm244162832\"><span class=\"no-emphasis\">Boeing<\/span> and <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Airbus Industries<\/span> (aircraft manufacturers) and <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Apple<\/span> and <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Google<\/span> (operating systems for smartphones) are major players in different oligopolistic industries.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm236783568\">With so few firms in an oligopoly, what one firm does has an impact on the other firms. Thus, the firms in an oligopoly watch one another closely for new technologies, product changes and innovations, promotional campaigns, pricing, production, and other developments. Sometimes they go so far as to coordinate their pricing and output decisions, which is illegal. Many antitrust cases\u2014legal challenges arising out of laws designed to control anticompetitive behavior\u2014occur in oligopolies.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm236318272\">The market structure of an industry can change over time. Take, for example, telecommunications. At one time, <span class=\"no-emphasis\">AT&amp;T<\/span> had a monopoly on long-distance telephone service nationwide. Then the U.S. government divided the company into seven regional phone companies in 1984, opening the door to greater competition. Other companies such as <span class=\"no-emphasis\">MCI<\/span> and <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Sprint<\/span> entered the fray and built state-of-the-art fiber-optic networks to win customers from the traditional providers of phone service. The <span class=\"no-emphasis\">1996 Telecommunications Act<\/span> changed the competitive environment yet again by allowing local phone companies to offer long-distance service in exchange for letting competition into their local markets. Today, the broadcasting, computer, telephone, and video industries are converging as companies consolidate through merger and acquisition.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"bnote-009\" class=\"concept-check\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"bsec-047\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<div id=\"bnote-009\" class=\"concept-check\">\r\n<ol id=\"bl-029\">\r\n \t<li>What is meant by market structure?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Compare and contrast perfect competition and pure monopoly. Why is it rare to find perfect competition?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does an oligopoly differ from monopolistic competition?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Summary of Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"bsec-049\" class=\"section-summary\">\r\n<ol id=\"bl-030\" start=\"7\">\r\n \t<li>What are the four types of market structure?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm248635696\">Market structure is the number of suppliers in a market. Perfect competition is characterized by a large number of buyers and sellers, very similar products, good market information for both buyers and sellers, and ease of entry into and exit from the market. In a pure monopoly, there is a single seller in a market. In monopolistic competition, many firms sell close substitutes in a market that is fairly easy to enter. In an oligopoly, a few firms produce most or all of the industry\u2019s output. An oligopoly is also difficult to enter, and what one firm does will influence others.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm251267360\">\r\n \t<dt>barriers to entry<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm251965184\">Factors, such as technological or legal conditions, that prevent new firms from competing equally with an existing firm.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm241684208\">\r\n \t<dt>market structure<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm239172208\">The number of suppliers in a market.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm245374816\">\r\n \t<dt>monopolistic competition<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm233446176\">A market structure in which many firms offer products that are close substitutes and in which entry is relatively easy.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm232399440\">\r\n \t<dt>oligopoly<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm245544256\">A market structure in which a few firms produce most or all of the output and in which large capital requirements or other factors limit the number of firms.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm242453088\">\r\n \t<dt>perfect (pure) competition<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm244172976\">A market structure in which a large number of small firms sell similar products, buyers and sellers have good information, and businesses can be easily opened or closed.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm241045248\">\r\n \t<dt>pure monopoly<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm234150224\">A market structure in which a single firm accounts for all industry sales of a particular good or service and in which there are <em>barriers to entry<\/em>.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<ol id=\"bl-025\" start=\"7\">\n<li>What are the four types of market structure?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p id=\"fs-idm243385760\">One of the characteristics of a free-market system is that suppliers have the right to compete with one another. The number of suppliers in a market defines the <strong>market structure<\/strong>. Economists identify four types of market structures: (1) perfect competition, (2) pure monopoly, (3) monopolistic competition, and (4) oligopoly. <strong><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#btab-003\">(Figure)<\/a><\/strong> summarizes the characteristics of each of these market structures.<\/p>\n<div id=\"bsec-044\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h3>Perfect Competition<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm237046832\">Characteristics of <strong>perfect (pure) competition<\/strong> include:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"bl-026\">\n<li>A large number of small firms are in the market.<\/li>\n<li>The firms sell similar products; that is, each firm\u2019s product is very much like the products sold by other firms in the market.<\/li>\n<li>Buyers and sellers in the market have good information about prices, sources of supply, and so on.<\/li>\n<li>It is easy to open a new business or close an existing one.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table id=\"btab-003\" summary=\"\">\n<caption>Table 1.3<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"5\">Comparison of Market Structures<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Characteristics<\/th>\n<th>Perfect Competition<\/th>\n<th>Pure Monopoly<\/th>\n<th>Monopolistic Competition<\/th>\n<th>Oligopoly<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Number of firms in market<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Many<\/td>\n<td>One<\/td>\n<td>Many, but fewer than perfect competition<\/td>\n<td>Few<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Firm\u2019s ability to control price<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<td>High<\/td>\n<td>Some<\/td>\n<td>Some<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Barriers to entry<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<td>Subject to government regulation<\/td>\n<td>Few<\/td>\n<td>Many<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Product differentiation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Very little<\/td>\n<td>No products that compete directly<\/td>\n<td>Emphasis on showing perceived differences in products<\/td>\n<td>Some differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Examples<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Farm products such as wheat and corn<\/td>\n<td>Utilities such as gas, water, cable television<\/td>\n<td>Retail specialty clothing stores<\/td>\n<td>Steel, automobiles, airlines, aircraft manufacturers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"fs-idm245569392\">In a perfectly competitive market, firms sell their products at prices determined solely by forces beyond their control. Because the products are very similar and each firm contributes only a small amount to the total quantity supplied by the industry, price is determined by supply and demand. A firm that raised its price even a little above the going rate would lose customers. In the wheat market, for example, the product is essentially the same from one wheat producer to the next. Thus, none of the producers has control over the price of wheat.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm234984800\">Perfect competition is an ideal. No industry shows all its characteristics, but the stock market and some agricultural markets, such as those for wheat and corn, come closest. Farmers, for example, can sell all of their crops through national commodity exchanges at the current market price.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"bsec-045\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h3>Pure Monopoly<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm253489696\">At the other end of the spectrum is <strong>pure monopoly<\/strong>, the market structure in which a single firm accounts for all industry sales of a particular good or service. The firm <em>is<\/em> the industry. This market structure is characterized by <strong>barriers to entry<\/strong>\u2014factors that prevent new firms from competing equally with the existing firm. Often the barriers are technological or legal conditions. Polaroid, for example, held major patents on instant photography for years. When <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Kodak<\/span> tried to market its own instant camera, <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Polaroid<\/span> sued, claiming patent violations. <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Polaroid<\/span> collected millions of dollars from <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Kodak<\/span>. Another barrier may be one firm\u2019s control of a natural resource. <span class=\"no-emphasis\">DeBeers Consolidated Mines Ltd.<\/span>, for example, controls most of the world\u2019s supply of uncut diamonds.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm247728864\">Public utilities, such as gas and water companies, are pure monopolies. Some monopolies are created by a government order that outlaws competition. The <span class=\"no-emphasis\">U.S. Postal Service<\/span> is currently one such monopoly.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"bsec-046\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h3>Monopolistic Competition<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm235273120\">Three characteristics define the market structure known as <strong>monopolistic competition<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"bl-027\">\n<li>Many firms are in the market.<\/li>\n<li>The firms offer products that are close substitutes but still differ from one another.<\/li>\n<li>It is relatively easy to enter the market.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"fs-idm239650576\">Under monopolistic competition, firms take advantage of product differentiation. Industries where monopolistic competition occurs include clothing, food, and similar consumer products. Firms under monopolistic competition have more control over pricing than do firms under perfect competition because consumers do not view the products as perfect substitutes. Nevertheless, firms must demonstrate product differences to justify their prices to customers. Consequently, companies use advertising to distinguish their products from others. Such distinctions may be significant or superficial. For example, <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Nike<\/span> says \u201cJust Do It,\u201d and <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Tylenol<\/span> is advertised as being easier on the stomach than aspirin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"bsec-047\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h3>Oligopoly<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm253262368\">An <strong>oligopoly<\/strong> has two characteristics:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"bl-028\">\n<li>A few firms produce most or all of the output.<\/li>\n<li>Large capital requirements or other factors limit the number of firms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"fs-idm244162832\"><span class=\"no-emphasis\">Boeing<\/span> and <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Airbus Industries<\/span> (aircraft manufacturers) and <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Apple<\/span> and <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Google<\/span> (operating systems for smartphones) are major players in different oligopolistic industries.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm236783568\">With so few firms in an oligopoly, what one firm does has an impact on the other firms. Thus, the firms in an oligopoly watch one another closely for new technologies, product changes and innovations, promotional campaigns, pricing, production, and other developments. Sometimes they go so far as to coordinate their pricing and output decisions, which is illegal. Many antitrust cases\u2014legal challenges arising out of laws designed to control anticompetitive behavior\u2014occur in oligopolies.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm236318272\">The market structure of an industry can change over time. Take, for example, telecommunications. At one time, <span class=\"no-emphasis\">AT&amp;T<\/span> had a monopoly on long-distance telephone service nationwide. Then the U.S. government divided the company into seven regional phone companies in 1984, opening the door to greater competition. Other companies such as <span class=\"no-emphasis\">MCI<\/span> and <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Sprint<\/span> entered the fray and built state-of-the-art fiber-optic networks to win customers from the traditional providers of phone service. The <span class=\"no-emphasis\">1996 Telecommunications Act<\/span> changed the competitive environment yet again by allowing local phone companies to offer long-distance service in exchange for letting competition into their local markets. Today, the broadcasting, computer, telephone, and video industries are converging as companies consolidate through merger and acquisition.<\/p>\n<div id=\"bnote-009\" class=\"concept-check\">\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<div id=\"bsec-047\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<div id=\"bnote-009\" class=\"concept-check\">\n<ol id=\"bl-029\">\n<li>What is meant by market structure?<\/li>\n<li>Compare and contrast perfect competition and pure monopoly. Why is it rare to find perfect competition?<\/li>\n<li>How does an oligopoly differ from monopolistic competition?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Summary of Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"bsec-049\" class=\"section-summary\">\n<ol id=\"bl-030\" start=\"7\">\n<li>What are the four types of market structure?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p id=\"fs-idm248635696\">Market structure is the number of suppliers in a market. Perfect competition is characterized by a large number of buyers and sellers, very similar products, good market information for both buyers and sellers, and ease of entry into and exit from the market. In a pure monopoly, there is a single seller in a market. In monopolistic competition, many firms sell close substitutes in a market that is fairly easy to enter. In an oligopoly, a few firms produce most or all of the industry\u2019s output. An oligopoly is also difficult to enter, and what one firm does will influence others.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm251267360\">\n<dt>barriers to entry<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm251965184\">Factors, such as technological or legal conditions, that prevent new firms from competing equally with an existing firm.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm241684208\">\n<dt>market structure<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm239172208\">The number of suppliers in a market.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm245374816\">\n<dt>monopolistic competition<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm233446176\">A market structure in which many firms offer products that are close substitutes and in which entry is relatively easy.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm232399440\">\n<dt>oligopoly<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm245544256\">A market structure in which a few firms produce most or all of the output and in which large capital requirements or other factors limit the number of firms.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm242453088\">\n<dt>perfect (pure) competition<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm244172976\">A market structure in which a large number of small firms sell similar products, buyers and sellers have good information, and businesses can be easily opened or closed.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm241045248\">\n<dt>pure monopoly<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm234150224\">A market structure in which a single firm accounts for all industry sales of a particular good or service and in which there are <em>barriers to entry<\/em>.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-37\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Intro to Business. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Gitman, et. al. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4e09771f-a8aa-40ce-9063-aa58cc24e77f@8.2\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4e09771f-a8aa-40ce-9063-aa58cc24e77f@8.2<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4e09771f-a8aa-40ce-9063-aa58cc24e77f@8.2<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":5759,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Intro to Business\",\"author\":\"Gitman, et. al\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4e09771f-a8aa-40ce-9063-aa58cc24e77f@8.2\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at 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