{"id":79,"date":"2018-09-28T15:33:18","date_gmt":"2018-09-28T15:33:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osintrobus\/?post_type=chapter&p=79"},"modified":"2018-09-28T15:33:18","modified_gmt":"2018-09-28T15:33:18","slug":"specialized-forms-of-business-organization","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-herkimer-osintrobus\/chapter\/specialized-forms-of-business-organization\/","title":{"raw":"Specialized Forms of Business Organization","rendered":"Specialized Forms of Business Organization"},"content":{"raw":"
    \r\n \t
  1. What other options for business organization does a company have in addition to sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    In addition to the three main forms, several specialized types of business organization also play an important role in our economy. We will look at cooperatives and joint ventures in this section and take a detailed look at franchising in the following section.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n

    Cooperatives<\/h3>\r\n

    When you eat a Sunkist orange or spread Land O\u2019Lakes butter on your toast, you are consuming foods produced by cooperatives. A cooperative<\/strong> is a legal entity with several corporate features,<\/em> such as limited liability, an unlimited life span, an elected board of directors, and an administrative staff. Member-owners pay annual fees to the cooperative and share in the profits, which are distributed to members in proportion to their contributions. Because they do not retain any profits, cooperatives are not subject to taxes.<\/p>\r\n

    There are currently 2.6 million cooperatives with one billion members employing more than 12.5 million employees in more than 145 countries worldwide.[footnote]\u201cMeasuring the Size and Scope of the Cooperative Economy: Results of the 2014 Global Census on Co-operatives,\u201d prepared by Dave Grace and Associates for the United Nation\u2019s Secretariat Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Social Policy and Development, April 2014.[\/footnote] Cooperatives operate in every industry, including agriculture, childcare, energy, financial services, food retailing and distribution, health care, insurance, housing, purchasing and shared services, and telecommunications, among others. They range in size from large enterprises such as Fortune 500<\/span> companies to small local storefronts and fall into four distinct categories: consumer, producer, worker, and purchasing\/shared services.<\/p>\r\n

    Cooperatives are autonomous businesses owned and democratically controlled by their members\u2014the people who buy their goods or use their services\u2014not by investors. Unlike investor-owned businesses, cooperatives are organized solely to meet the needs of the member-owners, not to accumulate capital for investors. As democratically controlled businesses, many cooperatives practice the principle of \u201cone member, one vote,\u201d providing members with equal control over the cooperative.<\/p>\r\n

    There are two types of cooperatives. Buyer cooperatives<\/strong> combine members\u2019 purchasing power. Pooling buying power and buying in volume increases purchasing power and efficiency, resulting in lower prices. At the end of the year, members get shares of the profits based on how much they bought. Obtaining discounts to lower costs gives the corner Ace Hardware<\/span> store the chance to survive against retailing giants such as Home Depot<\/span> Inc. and Lowe\u2019s<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n

    Founded in 1924, Ace Hardware<\/span> is one of the nation\u2019s largest cooperatives and is wholly owned by its independent hardware retailer members in stores spanning all 50 states and 70 countries. In August 2017, Ace opened its 5,000th store. In 2017, the company reported its revenues in the second quarter were $1.5 billion, which was an increase of 4.6 percent from 2016\u2019s second quarter. The net income for the second quarter of 2017 was $51.1 million.[footnote]\u201cAce Hardware Reports Second Quarter 2017 Results,\u201d http:\/\/www.acehardware.com, accessed August 17, 2017.[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n

    Seller cooperatives<\/strong> are popular in agriculture, wherein individual producers join to compete more effectively with large producers. Member dues support market development, national advertising, and other business activities. In addition to Sunkist<\/span> and Land O\u2019Lakes<\/span>, other familiar cooperatives are Calavo<\/span> (avocados), Ocean Spray<\/span> (cranberries and juices), and Blue Diamond<\/span> (nuts). CHS<\/span> Inc., the largest cooperative in the United States, sells energy, supply, food, and grain.<\/p>\r\n

    Cooperatives empower people to improve their quality of life and enhance their economic opportunities through self-help. Throughout the world, cooperatives are providing members with credit and financial services, energy, consumer goods, affordable housing, telecommunications, and other services that would not otherwise be available to them. There are several principles that cooperatives must follow, according to San Luis Valley REC<\/span>, International Co-operative Alliance<\/span>, and Daman Prakash, author of The Principles of Cooperation.<\/em> They include (1) open membership, which means that cooperatives are open to all people to use its services; (2) democratic member control, which means that organizations are controlled by their members; (3) members\u2019 economic participation, which means that members contribute equally to the capital of the cooperative; (4) autonomy, which means cooperatives are self-help organizations controlled by their members; and (5) education and training, which means that cooperatives provide education and training for their members while also electing representatives, managers, and employees.[footnote]\u201c7 Cooperative Principles,\u201d San Luis Valley REC, https:\/\/www.slvrec.com; \u201cCo-operative Principles,\u201d International Co-operative Alliance, ica.coop; and \u201cThe Principles of Cooperation,\u201d Daman Prakash, www.uwcc.wisc.edu.[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    \r\n

    Joint Ventures<\/h3>\r\n

    In a joint venture<\/strong>, two or more companies form an alliance to pursue a specific project, usually for a specified time period. There are many reasons for joint ventures. The project may be too large for one company to handle on its own, and joint ventures also afford companies access to new markets, products, or technology. Both large and small companies can benefit from joint ventures.<\/p>\r\n

    In 2005, South Korea\u2019s Hyundai<\/span> Motor Company announced it signed a $1.24 billion deal to form a joint venture with China\u2019s Guangzhou Automobile Group<\/span>. The arrangement gave the South Korean automaker access to the commercial vehicle market in China, where its passenger cars are already the top selling foreign brand. Each side will hold equal stakes in the new entity, named Guangzhou Hyundai Motor Company. The new plant began production in 2007 with an annual capacity of 200,000 units producing small to large trucks and buses as well as commercial vehicles. According to Reuters, Hyundai made plans to build a fifth factory in China. With five factories in operation, Hyundai\u2019s annual Chinese production capacity will be 1.65 million vehicles.[footnote]Joyce Lee, \u201cHyundai Motor to Begin Production at Fifth China Factory in August,\u201d Thomson Reuters, July 18, 2017; Jin, Hyunjoo, and Samuel Shen, \u201cHyundai Motor to Build Two New Plants in China Instead of One: Sources,\" Thomson Reuters, accessed August 17, 2017; Seon-Jin Cha, \u201cHyundai Forms China Joint Venture,\u201d The Wall Street Journal, June 22, 2005, p. B4.[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n
    \r\n

    Concept check<\/h3>\r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. Describe the two types of cooperatives and the advantages of each.<\/li>\r\n \t
    2. What are the benefits of joint ventures?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\nSummary of Learning Outcomes<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
      \r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. What other options for business organization does a company have in addition to sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

        Businesses can also organize as limited liability companies, cooperatives, joint ventures, and franchises. A limited liability company (LLC) provides limited liability for its owners but is taxed like a partnership. These two features make it an attractive form of business organization for many small firms. Cooperatives are collectively owned by individuals or businesses with similar interests that combine to achieve more economic power. Cooperatives distribute all profits to their members. Two types of cooperatives are buyer and seller cooperatives. A joint venture is an alliance of two or more companies formed to undertake a special project. Joint ventures can be set up in various ways, through partnerships or special-purpose corporations. By sharing management expertise, technology, products, and financial and operational resources, companies can reduce the risk of new enterprises.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

        \r\n

        Glossary<\/h3>\r\n
        \r\n \t
        buyer cooperative<\/dt>\r\n \t
        A group of cooperative members who unite for combined purchasing power.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
        \r\n \t
        cooperative<\/dt>\r\n \t
        A legal entity typically formed by people with similar interests, such as suppliers or customers, to reduce costs and gain economic power. A cooperative has limited liability, an unlimited life span, an elected board of directors, and an administrative staff; all profits are distributed to the member-owners in proportion to their contributions.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
        \r\n \t
        joint venture<\/dt>\r\n \t
        Two or more companies that form an alliance to pursue a specific project, usually for a specified time period.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
        \r\n \t
        seller cooperative<\/dt>\r\n \t
        Individual producers who join together to compete more effectively with large producers.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
          \n
        1. What other options for business organization does a company have in addition to sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          In addition to the three main forms, several specialized types of business organization also play an important role in our economy. We will look at cooperatives and joint ventures in this section and take a detailed look at franchising in the following section.<\/p>\n

          \n

          Cooperatives<\/h3>\n

          When you eat a Sunkist orange or spread Land O\u2019Lakes butter on your toast, you are consuming foods produced by cooperatives. A cooperative<\/strong> is a legal entity with several corporate features,<\/em> such as limited liability, an unlimited life span, an elected board of directors, and an administrative staff. Member-owners pay annual fees to the cooperative and share in the profits, which are distributed to members in proportion to their contributions. Because they do not retain any profits, cooperatives are not subject to taxes.<\/p>\n

          There are currently 2.6 million cooperatives with one billion members employing more than 12.5 million employees in more than 145 countries worldwide.[1]<\/sup><\/a> Cooperatives operate in every industry, including agriculture, childcare, energy, financial services, food retailing and distribution, health care, insurance, housing, purchasing and shared services, and telecommunications, among others. They range in size from large enterprises such as Fortune 500<\/span> companies to small local storefronts and fall into four distinct categories: consumer, producer, worker, and purchasing\/shared services.<\/p>\n

          Cooperatives are autonomous businesses owned and democratically controlled by their members\u2014the people who buy their goods or use their services\u2014not by investors. Unlike investor-owned businesses, cooperatives are organized solely to meet the needs of the member-owners, not to accumulate capital for investors. As democratically controlled businesses, many cooperatives practice the principle of \u201cone member, one vote,\u201d providing members with equal control over the cooperative.<\/p>\n

          There are two types of cooperatives. Buyer cooperatives<\/strong> combine members\u2019 purchasing power. Pooling buying power and buying in volume increases purchasing power and efficiency, resulting in lower prices. At the end of the year, members get shares of the profits based on how much they bought. Obtaining discounts to lower costs gives the corner Ace Hardware<\/span> store the chance to survive against retailing giants such as Home Depot<\/span> Inc. and Lowe\u2019s<\/span>.<\/p>\n

          Founded in 1924, Ace Hardware<\/span> is one of the nation\u2019s largest cooperatives and is wholly owned by its independent hardware retailer members in stores spanning all 50 states and 70 countries. In August 2017, Ace opened its 5,000th store. In 2017, the company reported its revenues in the second quarter were $1.5 billion, which was an increase of 4.6 percent from 2016\u2019s second quarter. The net income for the second quarter of 2017 was $51.1 million.[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

          Seller cooperatives<\/strong> are popular in agriculture, wherein individual producers join to compete more effectively with large producers. Member dues support market development, national advertising, and other business activities. In addition to Sunkist<\/span> and Land O\u2019Lakes<\/span>, other familiar cooperatives are Calavo<\/span> (avocados), Ocean Spray<\/span> (cranberries and juices), and Blue Diamond<\/span> (nuts). CHS<\/span> Inc., the largest cooperative in the United States, sells energy, supply, food, and grain.<\/p>\n

          Cooperatives empower people to improve their quality of life and enhance their economic opportunities through self-help. Throughout the world, cooperatives are providing members with credit and financial services, energy, consumer goods, affordable housing, telecommunications, and other services that would not otherwise be available to them. There are several principles that cooperatives must follow, according to San Luis Valley REC<\/span>, International Co-operative Alliance<\/span>, and Daman Prakash, author of The Principles of Cooperation.<\/em> They include (1) open membership, which means that cooperatives are open to all people to use its services; (2) democratic member control, which means that organizations are controlled by their members; (3) members\u2019 economic participation, which means that members contribute equally to the capital of the cooperative; (4) autonomy, which means cooperatives are self-help organizations controlled by their members; and (5) education and training, which means that cooperatives provide education and training for their members while also electing representatives, managers, and employees.[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

          \n

          Joint Ventures<\/h3>\n

          In a joint venture<\/strong>, two or more companies form an alliance to pursue a specific project, usually for a specified time period. There are many reasons for joint ventures. The project may be too large for one company to handle on its own, and joint ventures also afford companies access to new markets, products, or technology. Both large and small companies can benefit from joint ventures.<\/p>\n

          In 2005, South Korea\u2019s Hyundai<\/span> Motor Company announced it signed a $1.24 billion deal to form a joint venture with China\u2019s Guangzhou Automobile Group<\/span>. The arrangement gave the South Korean automaker access to the commercial vehicle market in China, where its passenger cars are already the top selling foreign brand. Each side will hold equal stakes in the new entity, named Guangzhou Hyundai Motor Company. The new plant began production in 2007 with an annual capacity of 200,000 units producing small to large trucks and buses as well as commercial vehicles. According to Reuters, Hyundai made plans to build a fifth factory in China. With five factories in operation, Hyundai\u2019s annual Chinese production capacity will be 1.65 million vehicles.[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

          \n
          \n

          Concept check<\/h3>\n
            \n
          1. Describe the two types of cooperatives and the advantages of each.<\/li>\n
          2. What are the benefits of joint ventures?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

            Summary of Learning Outcomes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

            \n
              \n
            1. What other options for business organization does a company have in addition to sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Businesses can also organize as limited liability companies, cooperatives, joint ventures, and franchises. A limited liability company (LLC) provides limited liability for its owners but is taxed like a partnership. These two features make it an attractive form of business organization for many small firms. Cooperatives are collectively owned by individuals or businesses with similar interests that combine to achieve more economic power. Cooperatives distribute all profits to their members. Two types of cooperatives are buyer and seller cooperatives. A joint venture is an alliance of two or more companies formed to undertake a special project. Joint ventures can be set up in various ways, through partnerships or special-purpose corporations. By sharing management expertise, technology, products, and financial and operational resources, companies can reduce the risk of new enterprises.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

              \n

              Glossary<\/h3>\n
              \n
              buyer cooperative<\/dt>\n
              A group of cooperative members who unite for combined purchasing power.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
              \n
              cooperative<\/dt>\n
              A legal entity typically formed by people with similar interests, such as suppliers or customers, to reduce costs and gain economic power. A cooperative has limited liability, an unlimited life span, an elected board of directors, and an administrative staff; all profits are distributed to the member-owners in proportion to their contributions.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
              \n
              joint venture<\/dt>\n
              Two or more companies that form an alliance to pursue a specific project, usually for a specified time period.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
              \n
              seller cooperative<\/dt>\n
              Individual producers who join together to compete more effectively with large producers.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t
              \n\t\t\t

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