{"id":155,"date":"2021-02-09T15:11:44","date_gmt":"2021-02-09T15:11:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=155"},"modified":"2021-02-09T15:36:14","modified_gmt":"2021-02-09T15:36:14","slug":"health-related-components-of-physical-fitness","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/chapter\/health-related-components-of-physical-fitness\/","title":{"raw":"Health Related Components of Physical Fitness","rendered":"Health Related Components of Physical Fitness"},"content":{"raw":"<h2 class=\"entry-title\"><span style=\"color: #077fab;font-size: 1.15em;font-weight: 600;text-align: left\">Examining the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Health<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<div id=\"post-172\" class=\"standard post-172 chapter type-chapter status-publish hentry\">\r\n<div class=\"entry-content\">\r\n\r\nIn many studies covering a wide range of issues, researchers have focused on\u00a0<strong>exercise<\/strong>, as well as on the more broadly defined concept of physical activity. Exercise is a form of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and performed with the goal of improving health or fitness. So, although all exercise is physical activity, not all physical activity is exercise.\r\n\r\nStudies have examined the role of physical activity in many groups\u2014men and women, children, teens, adults, older adults, people with disabilities, and women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. These studies have focused on the role that physical activity plays in many health outcomes, including:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Premature (early) death;<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, some cancers, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and depression;<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Risk factors for disease, such as high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol;<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Physical fitness<\/strong>, such as\u00a0<strong>aerobic capacity<\/strong>, and muscle\u00a0<strong>strength<\/strong>\u00a0and endurance<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Functional capacity (the ability to engage in activities needed for daily living);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mental health, such as depression and cognitive function; and<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Injuries or sudden heart attacks.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThese studies have also prompted questions as to what type and how much physical activity is needed for various health benefits. To answer this question, investigators have studied three main kinds of physical activity: aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and bone-strengthening.\r\n<h3>Aerobic Activity<\/h3>\r\nIn this kind of physical activity (also called cardiorespiratory fitness), the body\u2019s large muscles move in a rhythmic manner for a sustained period of time. Brisk walking, running, bicycling, jumping rope, and swimming are all examples.\r\n\r\nAerobic activity causes a person\u2019s heart to beat faster than usual.\r\n\r\nAerobic physical activity has three components:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Intensity<\/strong>, or how hard a person works to do the activity. The intensities most often examined are moderate intensity (equivalent in effort to brisk walking) and vigorous intensity (equivalent in effort to running or jogging);<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Frequency<\/strong>, or how often a person does aerobic activity; and<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Duration<\/strong>, or how long a person does an activity in any one session.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Muscle-Strengthening Activity<\/h3>\r\nThis kind of activity, which includes\u00a0<strong>resistance training<\/strong>\u00a0and lifting weights, causes the body\u2019s muscles to work or hold against an applied force or weight. These activities often involve relatively heavy objects, such as weights, which are lifted multiple times to train various muscle groups. Muscle-strengthening activity can also be done by using elastic bands or body weight for resistance (climbing a tree or doing push-ups, for example).\r\n\r\nMuscle-strengthening activity also has three components:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Intensity<\/strong>, or how much weight or force is used relative to how much a person is able to lift;<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Frequency<\/strong>, or how often a person does muscle strengthening activity; and<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Repetitions<\/strong>, or how many times a person lifts a weight (analogous to duration for aerobic activity). The effects of muscle-strengthening activity are limited to the muscles doing the work. It\u2019s important to work all the major muscle groups of the body: the legs, hips, back, abdomen, chest, shoulders, and arms.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Bone-Strengthening Activity<\/h3>\r\nThis kind of activity (sometimes called weight-bearing or weight-loading activity) produces a force on the bones that promotes bone growth and strength. This force is commonly produced by impact with the ground. Examples of bone-strengthening activity include jumping jacks, running, brisk walking, and weight-lifting exercises. As these examples illustrate, bone-strengthening activities can also be aerobic and muscle strengthening.\r\n<h2>Overall Components of Physical Fitness<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>5 MAIN COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Cardiorespiratory fitness \u2013 ability to sustain aerobic activity for a prolonged period of time<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Muscular strength \u2013 amount of force a muscle is able to exert in one contraction<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Muscular endurance \u2013 ability of the muscle to continue to perform without fatigue<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Flexibility \u2013 ability to move joints freely through their full range of motion<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Body Composition \u2013 the relative proportions of fat mass and lean mass in the body<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<h2 class=\"entry-title\"><span style=\"color: #077fab;font-size: 1.15em;font-weight: 600;text-align: left\">Examining the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Health<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"post-172\" class=\"standard post-172 chapter type-chapter status-publish hentry\">\n<div class=\"entry-content\">\n<p>In many studies covering a wide range of issues, researchers have focused on\u00a0<strong>exercise<\/strong>, as well as on the more broadly defined concept of physical activity. Exercise is a form of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and performed with the goal of improving health or fitness. So, although all exercise is physical activity, not all physical activity is exercise.<\/p>\n<p>Studies have examined the role of physical activity in many groups\u2014men and women, children, teens, adults, older adults, people with disabilities, and women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. These studies have focused on the role that physical activity plays in many health outcomes, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Premature (early) death;<\/li>\n<li>Diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, some cancers, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and depression;<\/li>\n<li>Risk factors for disease, such as high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Physical fitness<\/strong>, such as\u00a0<strong>aerobic capacity<\/strong>, and muscle\u00a0<strong>strength<\/strong>\u00a0and endurance<\/li>\n<li>Functional capacity (the ability to engage in activities needed for daily living);<\/li>\n<li>Mental health, such as depression and cognitive function; and<\/li>\n<li>Injuries or sudden heart attacks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These studies have also prompted questions as to what type and how much physical activity is needed for various health benefits. To answer this question, investigators have studied three main kinds of physical activity: aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and bone-strengthening.<\/p>\n<h3>Aerobic Activity<\/h3>\n<p>In this kind of physical activity (also called cardiorespiratory fitness), the body\u2019s large muscles move in a rhythmic manner for a sustained period of time. Brisk walking, running, bicycling, jumping rope, and swimming are all examples.<\/p>\n<p>Aerobic activity causes a person\u2019s heart to beat faster than usual.<\/p>\n<p>Aerobic physical activity has three components:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Intensity<\/strong>, or how hard a person works to do the activity. The intensities most often examined are moderate intensity (equivalent in effort to brisk walking) and vigorous intensity (equivalent in effort to running or jogging);<\/li>\n<li><strong>Frequency<\/strong>, or how often a person does aerobic activity; and<\/li>\n<li><strong>Duration<\/strong>, or how long a person does an activity in any one session.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Muscle-Strengthening Activity<\/h3>\n<p>This kind of activity, which includes\u00a0<strong>resistance training<\/strong>\u00a0and lifting weights, causes the body\u2019s muscles to work or hold against an applied force or weight. These activities often involve relatively heavy objects, such as weights, which are lifted multiple times to train various muscle groups. Muscle-strengthening activity can also be done by using elastic bands or body weight for resistance (climbing a tree or doing push-ups, for example).<\/p>\n<p>Muscle-strengthening activity also has three components:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Intensity<\/strong>, or how much weight or force is used relative to how much a person is able to lift;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Frequency<\/strong>, or how often a person does muscle strengthening activity; and<\/li>\n<li><strong>Repetitions<\/strong>, or how many times a person lifts a weight (analogous to duration for aerobic activity). The effects of muscle-strengthening activity are limited to the muscles doing the work. It\u2019s important to work all the major muscle groups of the body: the legs, hips, back, abdomen, chest, shoulders, and arms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Bone-Strengthening Activity<\/h3>\n<p>This kind of activity (sometimes called weight-bearing or weight-loading activity) produces a force on the bones that promotes bone growth and strength. This force is commonly produced by impact with the ground. Examples of bone-strengthening activity include jumping jacks, running, brisk walking, and weight-lifting exercises. As these examples illustrate, bone-strengthening activities can also be aerobic and muscle strengthening.<\/p>\n<h2>Overall Components of Physical Fitness<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>5 MAIN COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Cardiorespiratory fitness \u2013 ability to sustain aerobic activity for a prolonged period of time<\/li>\n<li>Muscular strength \u2013 amount of force a muscle is able to exert in one contraction<\/li>\n<li>Muscular endurance \u2013 ability of the muscle to continue to perform without fatigue<\/li>\n<li>Flexibility \u2013 ability to move joints freely through their full range of motion<\/li>\n<li>Body Composition \u2013 the relative proportions of fat mass and lean mass in the body<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-155\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Lumen Learning authored content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Health Related Components of Physical Fitness. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":142337,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"lumen\",\"description\":\"Health Related Components of Physical Fitness\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-155","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":89,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/155","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/142337"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/155\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":156,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/155\/revisions\/156"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/89"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/155\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=155"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=155"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=155"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=155"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}