{"id":264,"date":"2021-03-04T16:26:42","date_gmt":"2021-03-04T16:26:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=264"},"modified":"2021-03-04T16:39:49","modified_gmt":"2021-03-04T16:39:49","slug":"misusing-health-services","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/chapter\/misusing-health-services\/","title":{"raw":"Misusing Health Services","rendered":"Misusing Health Services"},"content":{"raw":"SAFER ET AL (1979)\u00a0devised a model on why patients delay treatment:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Appraisal delay\u00a0\u2013 the time taken for a person to interpret a physical symptom as a\u00a0 potential indicator of illness. This is affected by\u00a0<strong>immediate sensory information.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Illness delay\u00a0\u2013 the time taken between people recognizing that they are ill and\u00a0 actually seeking some form of medical assistance. This is affected by\u00a0 <strong>familiarity.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Utilization delay\u00a0\u2013 the time taken between deciding to seek medical attention and actually doing so. This is affected by\u00a0<strong>cost,<\/strong>\u00a0how\u00a0<strong>severe the pain<\/strong>\u00a0is and whether medication will cure the illness.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nFor more detailed information \u2013\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/alevelpsychologycie.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/04\/safer-et-al-1979\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Safer et al (1979)<\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Misuse: Hypochondriasis<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDescribed by\u00a0Sarafino (2006)\u00a0as:\r\n\r\n\u201cThe tendency of individuals\u00a0 to worry excessively about their own health, monitor their bodily sensations closely, make frequent unfounded medical complaints, and believe they are ill despite reassurances by physicians that they are not.\u201d\r\n\r\nFallon (2010)\u00a0suggested there are three types of hypochondriasis:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The obsessive-anxious type\u00a0\u2013 when people worry that they are ill despite the reassurances from doctors.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The depressive type\u00a0\u2013 when people think they are dying and think it is worthless to do tests or refuse to go to the doctor.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The somatoform type\u00a0\u2013 when people assume the worst when they are experiencing certain symptoms.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nBARLOW AND DURAND (1995)\u00a0researched a 21-year-old, who would think the worst whenever minor symptoms were experienced e.g. an headache would be associated to a brain tumor.\r\n\r\nIt was found out that the more\u00a0<strong>common features<\/strong>\u00a0showed when having this disorder are:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The fear of aging and death<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Presenting medical records in great detail.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Being especially concerned with one organ system.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe\u00a0<strong>possible causes<\/strong>\u00a0of the disorder could not be determined clearly but the factors below may play a role in developing it:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Serious illness in childhood<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Past diseases in family members<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Psychological stressors<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Being highly sensitive to physical pain<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Munchausen syndrome<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe syndrome was named after Karl Van Munchausen, a German officer in the 18th century. It is a\u00a0<strong>mental\u00a0disorder<\/strong>\u00a0in which a person repeatedly and deliberately acts as if they\u00a0 have a physical or mental illness when they are not really sick to draw attention, sympathy or reassurance.\r\n\r\nTurner and Reid (2002)\u00a0found three main features of the mental illness:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Simulated illness\u00a0\u2013 artificial symptoms draw upon one\u2019s self.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pseudologia fantastica\u00a0\u2013 pathological lying of health conditions and identities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Peregrination\u00a0\u2013 constantly changing hospital or health care centers when discovered by previous doctors.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<strong>Munchausen syndrome by proxy<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 a condition where a caregiver or spouse fabricates, exaggerates, or induces mental or physical health problems in those who are in their care, with the primary motive of gaining attention or sympathy from others.\r\n\r\nCriddle (2010)\u00a0found out there are three levels of this condition:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Mild\u00a0\u2013 fabrication of symptoms<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Moderate\u00a0\u2013 tampering evidence of illness<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Severe\u00a0\u2013 Induction of symptoms to cause an illness<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nALEEM AND AJARIM (1995)\u00a0was a case study on a 22-year-old female university student with Munchausen syndrome. She went to the hospital for painful swellings, but after a round of treatment, an abscess on her left breast was found.\r\n\r\nOne day, a nurse found needles and a syringe full of faecal matter under her bed after being tipped off by a patient, who shared a room with her. When she found out, the patient got angry, left the clinic and never returned.\r\n\r\n<strong>Strengths:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Cross-cultural study\u00a0\u2013 most cases of the syndrome have been discovered in North\u00a0 America and Western Europe since the societies are more educated and have easy access to hospitals. However, one case was reported from Saudi Arabia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ecological validity\u00a0\u2013 since it was a case study with a real patient, the evidence found is reliable since it could have not been affected by demand characteristics or social desirability.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Weaknesses:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Case study\u00a0\u2013 since the research was a case study, the evidence found is not generalizable or applicable to the general population due to individual differences.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ethical issues\u00a0\u2013 the nurse was informed by another patient, therefore privacy\/confidentiality was broken.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p>SAFER ET AL (1979)\u00a0devised a model on why patients delay treatment:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Appraisal delay\u00a0\u2013 the time taken for a person to interpret a physical symptom as a\u00a0 potential indicator of illness. This is affected by\u00a0<strong>immediate sensory information.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Illness delay\u00a0\u2013 the time taken between people recognizing that they are ill and\u00a0 actually seeking some form of medical assistance. This is affected by\u00a0 <strong>familiarity.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Utilization delay\u00a0\u2013 the time taken between deciding to seek medical attention and actually doing so. This is affected by\u00a0<strong>cost,<\/strong>\u00a0how\u00a0<strong>severe the pain<\/strong>\u00a0is and whether medication will cure the illness.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>For more detailed information \u2013\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/alevelpsychologycie.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/04\/safer-et-al-1979\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Safer et al (1979)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Misuse: Hypochondriasis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Described by\u00a0Sarafino (2006)\u00a0as:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe tendency of individuals\u00a0 to worry excessively about their own health, monitor their bodily sensations closely, make frequent unfounded medical complaints, and believe they are ill despite reassurances by physicians that they are not.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Fallon (2010)\u00a0suggested there are three types of hypochondriasis:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The obsessive-anxious type\u00a0\u2013 when people worry that they are ill despite the reassurances from doctors.<\/li>\n<li>The depressive type\u00a0\u2013 when people think they are dying and think it is worthless to do tests or refuse to go to the doctor.<\/li>\n<li>The somatoform type\u00a0\u2013 when people assume the worst when they are experiencing certain symptoms.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>BARLOW AND DURAND (1995)\u00a0researched a 21-year-old, who would think the worst whenever minor symptoms were experienced e.g. an headache would be associated to a brain tumor.<\/p>\n<p>It was found out that the more\u00a0<strong>common features<\/strong>\u00a0showed when having this disorder are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The fear of aging and death<\/li>\n<li>Presenting medical records in great detail.<\/li>\n<li>Being especially concerned with one organ system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>possible causes<\/strong>\u00a0of the disorder could not be determined clearly but the factors below may play a role in developing it:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Serious illness in childhood<\/li>\n<li>Past diseases in family members<\/li>\n<li>Psychological stressors<\/li>\n<li>Being highly sensitive to physical pain<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Munchausen syndrome<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The syndrome was named after Karl Van Munchausen, a German officer in the 18th century. It is a\u00a0<strong>mental\u00a0disorder<\/strong>\u00a0in which a person repeatedly and deliberately acts as if they\u00a0 have a physical or mental illness when they are not really sick to draw attention, sympathy or reassurance.<\/p>\n<p>Turner and Reid (2002)\u00a0found three main features of the mental illness:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Simulated illness\u00a0\u2013 artificial symptoms draw upon one\u2019s self.<\/li>\n<li>Pseudologia fantastica\u00a0\u2013 pathological lying of health conditions and identities.<\/li>\n<li>Peregrination\u00a0\u2013 constantly changing hospital or health care centers when discovered by previous doctors.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Munchausen syndrome by proxy<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 a condition where a caregiver or spouse fabricates, exaggerates, or induces mental or physical health problems in those who are in their care, with the primary motive of gaining attention or sympathy from others.<\/p>\n<p>Criddle (2010)\u00a0found out there are three levels of this condition:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Mild\u00a0\u2013 fabrication of symptoms<\/li>\n<li>Moderate\u00a0\u2013 tampering evidence of illness<\/li>\n<li>Severe\u00a0\u2013 Induction of symptoms to cause an illness<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>ALEEM AND AJARIM (1995)\u00a0was a case study on a 22-year-old female university student with Munchausen syndrome. She went to the hospital for painful swellings, but after a round of treatment, an abscess on her left breast was found.<\/p>\n<p>One day, a nurse found needles and a syringe full of faecal matter under her bed after being tipped off by a patient, who shared a room with her. When she found out, the patient got angry, left the clinic and never returned.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Strengths:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cross-cultural study\u00a0\u2013 most cases of the syndrome have been discovered in North\u00a0 America and Western Europe since the societies are more educated and have easy access to hospitals. However, one case was reported from Saudi Arabia.<\/li>\n<li>Ecological validity\u00a0\u2013 since it was a case study with a real patient, the evidence found is reliable since it could have not been affected by demand characteristics or social desirability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Weaknesses:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Case study\u00a0\u2013 since the research was a case study, the evidence found is not generalizable or applicable to the general population due to individual differences.<\/li>\n<li>Ethical issues\u00a0\u2013 the nurse was informed by another patient, therefore privacy\/confidentiality was broken.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-264\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Misusing Health Services JANUARY 4, 2018 \/ ALEVELPSYCHOLOGYCIE. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Blog CIE A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/alevelpsychologycie.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/04\/misusing-health-services\/\">https:\/\/alevelpsychologycie.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/04\/misusing-health-services\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":142337,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Misusing Health Services JANUARY 4, 2018 \/ ALEVELPSYCHOLOGYCIE\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Blog CIE A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/alevelpsychologycie.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/04\/misusing-health-services\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-264","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":97,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/264","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/142337"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/264\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":268,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/264\/revisions\/268"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/97"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/264\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=264"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=264"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=264"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-healthpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=264"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}