{"id":6955,"date":"2021-01-21T04:43:34","date_gmt":"2021-01-21T04:43:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-lifespandevelopment4\/?post_type=chapter&p=6955"},"modified":"2021-04-10T16:53:34","modified_gmt":"2021-04-10T16:53:34","slug":"glossary-8","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-lifespandevelopment4\/chapter\/glossary-8\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary","rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"raw":"
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\r\n\r\nactive life expectancy: the number of years a person can expect to live without disability<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nalarm reaction:\u00a0first stage of the general adaptation syndrome; characterized as the body\u2019s immediate physiological reaction to a threatening situation or some other emergency; analogous to the fight-or-flight response\r\n\r\nandropause: age-related hormone changes in men due to lower testosterone levels\r\n\r\narthritis: arthritis is inflammation of one or more of the joints, characterized by joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age\r\n\r\nartificial insemination: the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female's cervix in order to become pregnant by means other than sexual intercourse\r\n\r\nbiofeedback:\u00a0stress-reduction technique using electronic equipment to measure a person\u2019s involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity and provide feedback to help the person gain a level of voluntary control over these processes\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
blue zones: regions of the world where Dan Buettner claims people live much longer than average<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\ncardiovascular disorders:\u00a0disorders that involve the heart and blood circulation system<\/span>stage of exhaustion:\u00a0third stage of the general adaptation syndrome; the body\u2019s ability to resist stress becomes depleted; illness, disease, and even death may occur\r\n\r\ncentenarians: people aged 100 or older\r\n\r\nchlamydia: a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis\r\n\r\nchronic inflammation: when the body's immune system is working to fight off infections and toxins for prolonged periods of time, having a negative impact on tissues and organs\r\n\r\nclimacteric: term used to describe the menopausal period and hormonal changes associated with the gradual change in ovarian production\r\n\r\ncochlear implant: electronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain\r\n\r\nconductive hearing loss: failure in the vibration of the eardrum and\/or movement of the ossicles\r\n\r\ncoping:\u00a0mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including its cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces\r\n\r\ncortisol:\u00a0stress hormone released by the adrenal glands when encountering a stressor; helps to provide a boost of energy, thereby preparing the individual to take action<\/span>\r\n\r\ndaily hassles:\u00a0minor irritations and annoyances that are part of our everyday lives and are capable of producing stress<\/span>\r\n\r\ndistress:\u00a0bad form of stress; usually high in intensity; often leads to exhaustion, fatigue, feeling burned out; associated with erosions in performance and health<\/span>\r\n\r\nendometriosis: a condition in which the layer of tissue that normally covers the inside of the uterus, grows outside of it<\/span>\r\n\r\neustress:\u00a0good form of stress; low to moderate in intensity; associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance\r\n\r\nfight-or-flight response:\u00a0set of physiological reactions (increases in blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, and sweat) that occur when an individual encounters a perceived threat; these reactions are produced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system\r\n\r\nfree radical theory of aging (FRTA): theory that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time<\/span>\r\n\r\ngamete intrafallopian tube transfer: involves implanting both sperm and ova into the fallopian tube which allows fertilization to occur naturally\r\n\r\ngeneral adaptation syndrome:\u00a0Hans Selye\u2019s three-stage model of the body\u2019s physiological reactions to stress and the process of stress adaptation: alarm reaction, stage of resistance, and stage of exhaustion<\/span>\r\n\r\ngeneralized slowing hypothesis: the theory that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, is less efficient\r\n\r\ngonorrhea: a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium neisseria gonorrhoeae\r\n\r\nHayflick limit: the number of times a normal human cell population will divide before cell division stops\r\n
\r\n\r\nhealth psychology:\u00a0subfield of psychology devoted to studying psychological influences on health, illness, and how people respond when they become ill\r\nheart disease:\u00a0several types of adverse heart conditions, including those that involve the heart\u2019s arteries or valves or those involving the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body\u2019s needs; can include heart attack and stroke\r\n\r\nhypertension: high blood pressure that can lead to severe complications and increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and death<\/span>\r\n\r\nhypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis:\u00a0set of structures found in both the limbic system (hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary gland and adrenal glands) that regulate many of the body\u2019s physiological reactions to stress through the release of hormones\r\n\r\nimmune system:\u00a0various structures, cells, and mechanisms that protect the body from foreign substances that can damage the body\u2019s tissues and organs<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
immunosuppression:\u00a0decreased effectiveness of the immune system<\/div>\r\nin vitro fertilization: this procedure involves removing eggs from the female, fertilizing the eggs outside the woman\u2019s body, and then reinserting into the woman\u2019s uterus\r\n\r\nlife expectancy: a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other\u00a0demographic\u00a0factors including gender\r\n\r\njob burnout:\u00a0general sense of emotional exhaustion and cynicism in relation to one\u2019s job; consists of three dimensions: exhaustion, depersonalization, and sense of diminished personal accomplishment\r\n\r\njob strain:\u00a0work situation involving the combination of excessive job demands and workload with little decision making latitude or job control<\/span>\r\n\r\nlymphocytes:\u00a0white blood cells that circulate in the body\u2019s fluids and are especially important in the body\u2019s immune response\r\n\r\nM\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease: results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear\r\n\r\nmenopause: \u00a0period of transition in which a woman's ovaries stop releasing eggs and the level of estrogen and progesterone production decreases\r\n\r\nosteoporosis: a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet\r\n\r\nprimary aging: aging that is irreversible and is due to genetic predisposition\r\n\r\nprimary appraisal:\u00a0judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail<\/span>\r\n\r\npsychoneuroimmunology:\u00a0field that studies how\u00a0psychophysiological disorders:\u00a0physical disorders or diseases in which symptoms are brought about or worsened by stress and emotional factors<\/span>psychological factors (such as stress) influence the immune system and immune functioning<\/span>\r\n\r\nosteosarcopenia: when someone has both sarcopenia and osteoporosis, or both muscle and bone tissue loss\r\n\r\nParkinson's disease: long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system which mainly affects the motor system, first characterized by shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking, but thinking and behavioral problems may also occur\r\n\r\nperceived control:\u00a0peoples\u2019 beliefs concerning their capacity to influence and shape outcomes in their lives\r\n\r\npelvic inflammatory disease: an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system, namely the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis\r\n\r\nperipheral slowing hypothesis: the theory that overall processing speed declines with age in the peripheral nervous system\r\n\r\npresbycusis: age-related sensorineural hearing loss resulting from degeneration of the cochlea or associated structures of the inner ear or auditory nerves\r\n\r\npresbyopia: farsightedness caused by loss of flexibility of the lens of the eye as a result of aging\r\n\r\nquality of life: the general well-being of individuals and societies, including life satisfaction, physical health, family, education, employment, wealth, safety, security, freedom, religious beliefs, and the environment\r\n\r\nrelaxation response technique:\u00a0stress reduction technique combining elements of relaxation and meditation\r\n\r\nsarcopenia: the technical term for the loss of muscle tissue and function as we age\r\n\r\nsecondary aging: refers to changes that are caused by illness or disease\r\n\r\nsecondary appraisal:\u00a0judgment of options available to cope with a stressor and their potential effectiveness<\/span>\r\n\r\nSelective Optimization with Compensation (SOC): a strategy for improving health and well being in older adults and a model for successful aging\r\n\r\nsenescence: biological aging and the gradual deterioration of functional abilities\r\n\r\nsensorineural hearing loss: failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain\r\n\r\nSocial Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS):\u00a0popular scale designed to measure stress; consists of 43 potentially stressful events, each of which has a numerical value quantifying how much readjustment is associated with the event<\/span>\r\n\r\nsocial support:\u00a0soothing and often beneficial support of others; can take different forms, such as advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance\r\n
\r\n\r\nstage of resistance:\u00a0second stage of the general adaptation syndrome; the body adapts to a stressor for a period of time\r\n\r\nstress:\u00a0process whereby an individual perceives and responds to events that one appraises as overwhelming or threatening to one\u2019s well-being\r\nstressors:\u00a0environmental events that may be judged as threatening or demanding; stimuli that initiate the stress process\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\ntemporal theory of pitch perception: sound\u2019s frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron\r\n\r\nType A:\u00a0psychological and behavior pattern exhibited by individuals who tend to be extremely competitive, impatient, rushed, and hostile toward others\r\n
Type B:\u00a0psychological and behavior pattern exhibited by a person who is relaxed and laid back<\/div>\r\ntype 2 diabetes (T2D): diabetes characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin primarily from obesity or lack of exercise\r\n\r\nvertigo: spinning sensation\r\n\r\nzygote intrafallopian tube transfer: sperm and ova are fertilized outside of the woman\u2019s body and the zygote is then implanted in the fallopian tube to allow the zygote to travel and embed in the lining of the uterus naturally","rendered":"
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active life expectancy: the number of years a person can expect to live without disability<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

alarm reaction:\u00a0first stage of the general adaptation syndrome; characterized as the body\u2019s immediate physiological reaction to a threatening situation or some other emergency; analogous to the fight-or-flight response<\/p>\n

andropause: age-related hormone changes in men due to lower testosterone levels<\/p>\n

arthritis: arthritis is inflammation of one or more of the joints, characterized by joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age<\/p>\n

artificial insemination: the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female’s cervix in order to become pregnant by means other than sexual intercourse<\/p>\n

biofeedback:\u00a0stress-reduction technique using electronic equipment to measure a person\u2019s involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity and provide feedback to help the person gain a level of voluntary control over these processes<\/p>\n

\n
\n
blue zones: regions of the world where Dan Buettner claims people live much longer than average<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

cardiovascular disorders:\u00a0disorders that involve the heart and blood circulation system<\/span>stage of exhaustion:\u00a0third stage of the general adaptation syndrome; the body\u2019s ability to resist stress becomes depleted; illness, disease, and even death may occur<\/p>\n

centenarians: people aged 100 or older<\/p>\n

chlamydia: a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis<\/p>\n

chronic inflammation: when the body’s immune system is working to fight off infections and toxins for prolonged periods of time, having a negative impact on tissues and organs<\/p>\n

climacteric: term used to describe the menopausal period and hormonal changes associated with the gradual change in ovarian production<\/p>\n

cochlear implant: electronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain<\/p>\n

conductive hearing loss: failure in the vibration of the eardrum and\/or movement of the ossicles<\/p>\n

coping:\u00a0mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including its cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces<\/p>\n

cortisol:\u00a0stress hormone released by the adrenal glands when encountering a stressor; helps to provide a boost of energy, thereby preparing the individual to take action<\/span><\/p>\n

daily hassles:\u00a0minor irritations and annoyances that are part of our everyday lives and are capable of producing stress<\/span><\/p>\n

distress:\u00a0bad form of stress; usually high in intensity; often leads to exhaustion, fatigue, feeling burned out; associated with erosions in performance and health<\/span><\/p>\n

endometriosis: a condition in which the layer of tissue that normally covers the inside of the uterus, grows outside of it<\/span><\/p>\n

eustress:\u00a0good form of stress; low to moderate in intensity; associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance<\/p>\n

fight-or-flight response:\u00a0set of physiological reactions (increases in blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, and sweat) that occur when an individual encounters a perceived threat; these reactions are produced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system<\/p>\n

free radical theory of aging (FRTA): theory that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time<\/span><\/p>\n

gamete intrafallopian tube transfer: involves implanting both sperm and ova into the fallopian tube which allows fertilization to occur naturally<\/p>\n

general adaptation syndrome:\u00a0Hans Selye\u2019s three-stage model of the body\u2019s physiological reactions to stress and the process of stress adaptation: alarm reaction, stage of resistance, and stage of exhaustion<\/span><\/p>\n

generalized slowing hypothesis: the theory that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, is less efficient<\/p>\n

gonorrhea: a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/p>\n

Hayflick limit: the number of times a normal human cell population will divide before cell division stops<\/p>\n

\n

health psychology:\u00a0subfield of psychology devoted to studying psychological influences on health, illness, and how people respond when they become ill
\nheart disease:\u00a0several types of adverse heart conditions, including those that involve the heart\u2019s arteries or valves or those involving the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body\u2019s needs; can include heart attack and stroke<\/p>\n

hypertension: high blood pressure that can lead to severe complications and increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and death<\/span><\/p>\n

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis:\u00a0set of structures found in both the limbic system (hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary gland and adrenal glands) that regulate many of the body\u2019s physiological reactions to stress through the release of hormones<\/p>\n

immune system:\u00a0various structures, cells, and mechanisms that protect the body from foreign substances that can damage the body\u2019s tissues and organs<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

immunosuppression:\u00a0decreased effectiveness of the immune system<\/div>\n

in vitro fertilization: this procedure involves removing eggs from the female, fertilizing the eggs outside the woman\u2019s body, and then reinserting into the woman\u2019s uterus<\/p>\n

life expectancy: a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other\u00a0demographic\u00a0factors including gender<\/p>\n

job burnout:\u00a0general sense of emotional exhaustion and cynicism in relation to one\u2019s job; consists of three dimensions: exhaustion, depersonalization, and sense of diminished personal accomplishment<\/p>\n

job strain:\u00a0work situation involving the combination of excessive job demands and workload with little decision making latitude or job control<\/span><\/p>\n

lymphocytes:\u00a0white blood cells that circulate in the body\u2019s fluids and are especially important in the body\u2019s immune response<\/p>\n

M\u00e9ni\u00e8re’s disease: results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear<\/p>\n

menopause: \u00a0period of transition in which a woman’s ovaries stop releasing eggs and the level of estrogen and progesterone production decreases<\/p>\n

osteoporosis: a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet<\/p>\n

primary aging: aging that is irreversible and is due to genetic predisposition<\/p>\n

primary appraisal:\u00a0judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail<\/span><\/p>\n

psychoneuroimmunology:\u00a0field that studies how\u00a0psychophysiological disorders:\u00a0physical disorders or diseases in which symptoms are brought about or worsened by stress and emotional factors<\/span>psychological factors (such as stress) influence the immune system and immune functioning<\/span><\/p>\n

osteosarcopenia: when someone has both sarcopenia and osteoporosis, or both muscle and bone tissue loss<\/p>\n

Parkinson’s disease: long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system which mainly affects the motor system, first characterized by shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking, but thinking and behavioral problems may also occur<\/p>\n

perceived control:\u00a0peoples\u2019 beliefs concerning their capacity to influence and shape outcomes in their lives<\/p>\n

pelvic inflammatory disease: an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system, namely the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis<\/p>\n

peripheral slowing hypothesis: the theory that overall processing speed declines with age in the peripheral nervous system<\/p>\n

presbycusis: age-related sensorineural hearing loss resulting from degeneration of the cochlea or associated structures of the inner ear or auditory nerves<\/p>\n

presbyopia: farsightedness caused by loss of flexibility of the lens of the eye as a result of aging<\/p>\n

quality of life: the general well-being of individuals and societies, including life satisfaction, physical health, family, education, employment, wealth, safety, security, freedom, religious beliefs, and the environment<\/p>\n

relaxation response technique:\u00a0stress reduction technique combining elements of relaxation and meditation<\/p>\n

sarcopenia: the technical term for the loss of muscle tissue and function as we age<\/p>\n

secondary aging: refers to changes that are caused by illness or disease<\/p>\n

secondary appraisal:\u00a0judgment of options available to cope with a stressor and their potential effectiveness<\/span><\/p>\n

Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC): a strategy for improving health and well being in older adults and a model for successful aging<\/p>\n

senescence: biological aging and the gradual deterioration of functional abilities<\/p>\n

sensorineural hearing loss: failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain<\/p>\n

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS):\u00a0popular scale designed to measure stress; consists of 43 potentially stressful events, each of which has a numerical value quantifying how much readjustment is associated with the event<\/span><\/p>\n

social support:\u00a0soothing and often beneficial support of others; can take different forms, such as advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance<\/p>\n

\n

stage of resistance:\u00a0second stage of the general adaptation syndrome; the body adapts to a stressor for a period of time<\/p>\n

stress:\u00a0process whereby an individual perceives and responds to events that one appraises as overwhelming or threatening to one\u2019s well-being
\nstressors:\u00a0environmental events that may be judged as threatening or demanding; stimuli that initiate the stress process<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

temporal theory of pitch perception: sound\u2019s frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron<\/p>\n

Type A:\u00a0psychological and behavior pattern exhibited by individuals who tend to be extremely competitive, impatient, rushed, and hostile toward others<\/p>\n

Type B:\u00a0psychological and behavior pattern exhibited by a person who is relaxed and laid back<\/div>\n

type 2 diabetes (T2D): diabetes characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin primarily from obesity or lack of exercise<\/p>\n

vertigo: spinning sensation<\/p>\n

zygote intrafallopian tube transfer: sperm and ova are fertilized outside of the woman\u2019s body and the zygote is then implanted in the fallopian tube to allow the zygote to travel and embed in the lining of the uterus naturally<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":185983,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-6955","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":308,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-lifespandevelopment4\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/6955","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-lifespandevelopment4\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-lifespandevelopment4\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-lifespandevelopment4\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/185983"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-lifespandevelopment4\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/6955\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7196,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-lifespandevelopment4\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/6955\/revisions\/7196"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-lifespandevelopment4\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/308"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-lifespandevelopment4\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/6955\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-lifespandevelopment4\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6955"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-lifespandevelopment4\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=6955"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-lifespandevelopment4\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=6955"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hvcc-lifespandevelopment4\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=6955"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}