{"id":77,"date":"2014-09-03T20:12:23","date_gmt":"2014-09-03T20:12:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/internationalbusiness1xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&p=77"},"modified":"2015-02-16T20:15:16","modified_gmt":"2015-02-16T20:15:16","slug":"reading-free-enterprise","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-internationalbusiness\/chapter\/reading-free-enterprise\/","title":{"raw":"Reading: Free-Enterprise","rendered":"Reading: Free-Enterprise"},"content":{"raw":"

A free-enterprise system is based on private ownership as the means of production.<\/h2>\r\n

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KEY\u00a0Points<\/h3>\r\n
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  • Free-market systems operate in capitalist economies.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • There are multiple variants of capitalism depending on interpretation and practice.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Economists emphasize the degree to which markets are free of government control (laissez faire) in capitalism.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Political economists focus on the presence of private property, as well as power,wage, and class relations.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Mixed economies and state capitalism are systems that incorporate different amounts of planned and market-driven elements in the state's\u00a0economic system.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

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    Terms<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n
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    • Laissez-faire<\/em>:\u00a0 A policy of governmental non-interference in economic affairs.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Mixed economy<\/em>:\u00a0 Mixed economy is an economic system in which both the state and private sector direct the economy, reflecting characteristics of both market economies and planned economies. Most\u00a0mixed economies\u00a0can be described as market economies with strong regulatory oversight, in addition to having a variety of government-sponsored aspects.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • State capitalism<\/em>:\u00a0 The term state capitalism has various meanings, but is usually described as commercial (profit-seeking) economic activity undertaken by the state with management of the productive forces in a capitalist manner, even if the state is nominally socialist. State capitalism is usually characterized by the dominance or existence of a significant number of state-owned business\u00a0enterprises.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
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      Examples<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n
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      • China is seen as the primary example of a successful state capitalist system. Political scientist Ian Bremmer describes China as the primary driver for the rise of state capitalism as a challenge to the free market economies of the developed world, particularly in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis.\u00a0 \u00a0Bremmer states, \"In this system, governments use various kinds of state-owned companies to manage the exploitation of resources that they consider the state's crown jewels and to create and maintain large numbers of jobs. They use select privately owned companies to dominate certain economic sectors. They use so-called sovereign wealth funds to invest their extra cash in ways that maximize the state's profits. In all three cases, the state is using markets to create wealth that can be directed as political officials see fit. And in all three cases, the ultimate motive is not economic (maximizing growth) but political (maximizing the state's power and the\u00a0leadership's chances of survival). This is a form of capitalism but one in which the state acts as the dominant economic player and uses markets primarily for political gain. \"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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        Free-Enterprise Defined\u00a0<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nThe definition of free enterprise is a business governed by the laws of supply and demand, where the government has no involvement in its decisions or actions. This economic system is based solely on private ownership as the means of production.\r\n\r\nIt is a private system in which all means of production are privately owned and operated.\r\n

        Link to Capitalism<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nThis is an example of capitalism in which government policies generally target the regulation and not the money.\r\n\r\nCapitalism is generally considered to be an economic system that is based on private ownership of the means of production and the creation of\u00a0goods\u00a0or services for\u00a0profit\u00a0by privately-owned business enterprises.\r\n\r\nSome have also used the term as a synonym for competitive markets, wage labor, capital accumulation, voluntary exchange, and personal\u00a0finance. The designation is applied to a variety of historical cases, varying in time, geography, politics, and culture.\r\n

        Variations of Capitalism<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nThere are multiple variants of capitalism, including laissez faire, mixed economy, and\u00a0state capitalism. There is, however, a general agreement that capitalism became dominant in the Western world following the demise of feudalism.\r\n\r\nEconomists, political economists, and historians have taken different perspectives on the analysis of capitalism. Economists usually emphasize the degree to which government does not have control over markets (laissez faire), as well as the importance of property\u00a0rights.\r\n\r\nMost political economists emphasize private property as well, in addition to power relations, wage labor, class, and the uniqueness of capitalism as a historical formation.\r\n\r\nThe extent to which different markets are free, as well as the rules defining private property, is a matter of politics and policy. Many states have what are termed mixed economies, referring to the varying degree of planned and market-driven elements in a state's economic system.\r\n\r\nA number of political ideologies have emerged in support of various types of capitalism, the most prominent being economic liberalism.\r\n\r\nCapitalism gradually spread throughout the Western world in the 19th<\/sup>\u00a0and 20th\u00a0<\/sup>centuries.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n
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        Key Term GLOSSARY<\/h3>\r\n
        \r\n\r\nEconomic system<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAn economic system is the combination of the various agencies, entities (or even sectors as described by some authors) that provide the economic structure that defines the social community.\r\n\r\nEnterprise<\/strong>\r\n\r\nA company, business, organization, or other purposeful endeavor.\r\n\r\nFinance<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTo provide or obtain funding for a transaction or undertaking; to back; to support.\u00a0the science of management of money and other assets.\r\n\r\nGood<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAn object produced for market.\r\n\r\nLeadership<\/strong>\r\n\r\nA process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. The capacity of someone to lead.\u00a0the capacity of someone to lead.\r\n\r\nManage<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTo handle or control a situation or job.\r\n\r\nMixed Economies<\/strong>\r\n\r\nA system in which both the state and private sector direct the way goods and services are bought and sold.\r\n\r\nProfits<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCollective form of profit.\r\n\r\nResource<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSomething that one uses to achieve an objective, e.g. raw materials or personnel.\r\n\r\nRight<\/strong>\r\n\r\nA legal or moral entitlement.\r\n\r\nServices<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThat which is produced, then traded, bought or sold, then finally consumed and consists of an action or work.\r\n\r\nWage<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAn amount of money paid to a worker for a specified quantity of work, usually expressed on an hourly basis.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n ","rendered":"

        A free-enterprise system is based on private ownership as the means of production.<\/h2>\n

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        KEY\u00a0Points<\/h3>\n
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