{"id":204,"date":"2015-08-25T20:58:33","date_gmt":"2015-08-25T20:58:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/introductiontocommunication1xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=204"},"modified":"2015-10-20T22:11:05","modified_gmt":"2015-10-20T22:11:05","slug":"chapter-8-references","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introductiontocommunication\/chapter\/chapter-8-references\/","title":{"raw":"Mass Communication References","rendered":"Mass Communication References"},"content":{"raw":"<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Academy of Pediatrics. (2004). \"Some things you should know about media violence and media literacy,\" [web page]. Available:<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aap.org\/advocacy\/childhealthmonth\/media.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.aap.org\/advocacy\/childhealthmonth\/media.htm<\/a> [2004, March 25th].<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Allen, R. L., &amp; Hatchett. (1986). \"The Media and Social Reality Effects: Self and System Orientations of Blacks.\" <i>Communication Research<\/i>, 13, 97-123. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Baran, Stanley J. <i>Introduction to Mass Communication: Media Literacy and Culture<\/i>. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2002. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Berger, Arthur Asa. <i>The Mass Comm Murders: Five Media Theorists Self-destruct<\/i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2002. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Briggs, Asa, and Peter Burke. <i>A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet<\/i>. Cambridge: Polity, 2009. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Brummett, Barry. <i>Rhetoric in Popular Culture<\/i>. Fourth ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publ., 2015. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Click. Video Game. Digital image. MourgeFile. N.p., Sept. 2004. Web. 15 Dec. 2014.&lt;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/mrg.bz\/GseqfR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/mrg.bz\/GseqfR<\/a>&gt;.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Elliott, Deni. \"Essential shared values and 21st century journalism.\" <i>The handbook of mass media ethics<\/i> (2009): 28-39.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Fidler, Roger F. <i>Mediamorphosis Understanding New Medi<\/i>a. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge, 1997. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gerbner, George. \"Epilogue: Advancing on the Path of Righteousness (Maybe).\" <i>Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research<\/i>. By Nancy Signorielli and Michael Morgan. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1990. 249-62. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gordon, Daphne. \"Redtailblogger: October 2004.\" Redtailblogger: October 2004. <i>The Toronto Star<\/i>, 28 Jan. 2003. Web. 15 Oct. 2014.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Habermas, J\u00fcrgen. <i>The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society<\/i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1989. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Heisenberg, Werner. <i>The Physicist's Conception of Nature<\/i>. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1958. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Heyman, Rob, and Jo Pierson. \"Blending Mass Self-Communication With Advertising In Facebook And Linkedin: Challenges For Social Media And User Empowerment.\" <i>International Journal Of Media &amp; Cultural Politics<\/i> 9.3 (2013): 229-245. Communication &amp; Mass Media Complete. Web. 15 Oct. 2014.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hinckley, David. \"Average American Watches 5 Hours of TV per Day.\" <i>NY Daily News<\/i>. N.p., 5 Mar. 2014. Web. 17 Dec. 2014.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Huston, Aletha C. <i>Big World, Small Screen: The Role of Television in American Society<\/i>. Lincoln: U of Nebraska, 1992. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Irvine, Martha. \"Corporate America Tries-and Sometimes Fails-when Using Slang Aimed at Young People.\" Editorial. <i>Gadsded Times<\/i> 13 Nov. 2002: A10. Gadsden Times - Google News Archive Search. Web. 15 Oct. 2014.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Jeffries, Leo W., and Richard M. Perloff. <i>Mass Media Effects<\/i>. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1997. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Jhally, Sut. <i>The Codes of Advertising: Fetishism and the Political Economy of Meaning in the Consumer Society<\/i>. New York: Routledge, 1990. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Johnsense. Magazine Stand. Digital image. Mourgefile.com. N.p., Sept. 2006. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. &lt;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/mrg.bz\/pdaDxR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/mrg.bz\/pdaDxR<\/a>&gt;.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kang, Minjeong. \"Media Use and the Selective Individual.\" <i>Communication Theories for Everyday Life<\/i>. By John R. Baldwin, Stephen D. Perry, and Mary Anne Moffitt. Boston: Pearson\/Allyn and Bacon, 2004. 201-11. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Katz, Elihu, and Paul F. Lazarsfeld. <i>Personal Influence; the Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications<\/i>. Glencoe, IL: Free, 1955. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kilbourne, Jean. <i>Deadly Persuasion: Why Women and Girls Must Fight the Addictive Power of Advertising<\/i>. New York, NY: Free, 1999. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Klapper, Joseph T. <i>The Effects of Mass Communication<\/i>. New York: Free of Glencoe, 1960. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lazarfeld, Paul F., and Robert K. Merton. \"Mass Communication, Popular Taste, and Organized Social Action.\" <i>The Process and Effects of Mass Communication<\/i>. By Wilbur Schramm and Donald F. Roberts. Urbana: U of Illinois, 1971. 554-78. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. <i>The People's Choice How the Voter Makes up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign<\/i>. New York: Columbia U Pr., 1944. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lee, Vanna. \"Global 2000: The World's Largest Media Companies Of 2014.\" Forbes. <i>Forbes Magazine<\/i>, 07 May 2015. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LeFleur, Melvin L. \"Where Have the Milestones Gone? The Decline of Significant Research on the Process and Effects of Mass Communication.\" <i>Mass Communication &amp; Society<\/i>. 2nd ed. Vol. 1.1. Boston: College of Communication, Boston U, 1998. 85-98. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lippmann, Walter. <i>Public Opinion<\/i>. New York: Greenbook Publications, 2010. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Littlejohn, Stephen W., and Karen A. Foss. <i>Theories of Human Communication<\/i>. 10th ed. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland, 2011. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lowery, Shearon, and Melvin L. DeFleur. <i>Milestones in Mass Communication Research Media Effects<\/i>. 3rd ed. White Plains, N.Y.: Longman USA, 1995. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lutz, Ashley. \"These 6 Corporations Control 90% Of The Media In America.\" <i>Business Insider<\/i>. Business Insider, Inc, 14 June 2012. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McChesney, Robert Waterman. <i>Corporate Media and the Threat to Democracy<\/i>. New York: Seven Stories, 1997. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mcleary, Paul., \u201cBlogging the Long War.\u201d <i>Columbia Journalism Review<\/i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Aug. 2015.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McLuhan, Marshall. <i>The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man<\/i>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McLuhan, Marshall. U<i>nderstanding Media: The Extensions of Man<\/i>. London: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul, 1964. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McLuhan, Marshall, and Quentin Fiore. <i>The Medium Is the Massage<\/i>. New York: Random House, 1967. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McLuhan, Marshall. <i>Essential McLuhan<\/i>. Ed. Eric McLuhan and Frank Zingrone. New York, NY: Basic, 1995. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McQuail, Denis. \"With the Benefit of Hindsight: Reflections on Uses and Gratifications Research.\" <i>Critical Studies in Mass Communication<\/i>,1984. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McQuail, Denis. (1994). <i>Mass Communication: An Introduction<\/i> (2nd). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">\"Mobile Technology Fact Sheet.\" <i>Pew Research Centers Internet American Life Project<\/i> RSS. Pew Research Center, 27 Dec. 2013. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Nellis, B. Kelly \u201cTechnology and Social Change: The Interactive Media Environment.\u201d In J. Baldwin, S. Perry, &amp; M. Moffat (Eds.). <i>Communication Theories for Everyday Life<\/i> 244-258. New York: Pearson. 2004. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">\"Newswire .\" Nielsen Estimates 116.3 Million TV Homes In the U.S., Up 0.4%. Nielson, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2014<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">O\u2019Sullivan, Patrick. B. (2003). \u201cMasspersonal Communication.\" Unpublished Paper, Illinois State University. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Paul, Bryant., Salwen, Micheal., &amp; Dupagne, Micheal. (2000). \"The Third-person Effect: A Meta-analysis of the Perceptual Hypothesis.\" <i>Mass Communication &amp; Society<\/i>, 3, 57-85.\" Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Potter, W. James. (1998). <i>Media Literacy<\/i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\" Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Quicksandala. Beachfront newspaper stand. Digital image. Mourgefile.com. N.p., Oct. 2013. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. &lt;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/mrg.bz\/VFLOIq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/mrg.bz\/VFLOIq<\/a>&gt;.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Romero, Aaron. A. (2003). \"Identity: Collectivity and the Self in IRC.\" <i>PsychNology Journal<\/i>, 1 (2), 87-130.\" Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sanders, J. (2003, January 19). \"Advertisers, the Middle-aged Dis Youth with Slang.\" <i>The San Francisco Chronicle<\/i>. Retrieved March 10, 2003 from Lexis-Nexis Database.\" Print<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Schramm, Wilbur. <i>Mass Communications: A Book of Readings Selected and Edited by the Director of the Institute for Communication Research at Stanford University<\/i>. Urbana: U of Illinois, 1949. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Smith, Bruce Lannes, Harold D. Lasswell, and Ralph D. Casey. <i>Propaganda, Communication, and Public Opinion; a Comprehensive Reference Guide<\/i>. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1946. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sparks, Glenn G., and Robert M. Ogles. \"The Difference between Fear of Victimization and the Probability of Being Victimized: Implications for Cultivation.\"<i>Journal of Broadcasting &amp; Electronic Media<\/i> 34.3 (1990): 351-58. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Spitulnik, Debra. \"The Social Circulation of Media Discourse and the Mediation of Communities.\" <i>Journal of Linguistic Anthropology<\/i> 6.2 (1996): 161-87. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Steinberg, S H, and John Trevitt. <i>Five Hundred Years of Printing<\/i>. London: British Library, 1996. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Troldahl, Verling C. \"A Field Test of a Modified \"Two-Step Flow of Communication\" Model.\" <i>Public Opinion Quarterly<\/i> 30.4 (1966): 609-29. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Troldahl, Verling C., and Robert Van Dam. \"Face-To-Face Communication About Major Topics in the News.\" <i>Public Opinion Quarterly<\/i> 29.4 (1965): 626-34. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">WGBH\/Frontline. \"Interview: Ben Bagdikian.\" PBS. PBS, 1999. Web. 15 Dec. 2014.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Wiio, Osmo. (1978). <i>Wiio\u2019s Laws-and Some Others<\/i>. Espoo, Finland: Welin-Goos.Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Wiio, Osmo. (1990). In G. M. Goldhaber (Ed.), <i>Organizational Communication<\/i> 5th Ed., Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. Print.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Wright, Charles R. \"Functional Analysis and Mass Communication.\" <i>Public Opinion Quarterly<\/i> 24.4 (1960): 605-20. Print.<\/p>","rendered":"<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Academy of Pediatrics. (2004). &#8220;Some things you should know about media violence and media literacy,&#8221; [web page]. Available:<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aap.org\/advocacy\/childhealthmonth\/media.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.aap.org\/advocacy\/childhealthmonth\/media.htm<\/a> [2004, March 25th].<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Allen, R. L., &amp; Hatchett. (1986). &#8220;The Media and Social Reality Effects: Self and System Orientations of Blacks.&#8221; <i>Communication Research<\/i>, 13, 97-123. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Baran, Stanley J. <i>Introduction to Mass Communication: Media Literacy and Culture<\/i>. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2002. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Berger, Arthur Asa. <i>The Mass Comm Murders: Five Media Theorists Self-destruct<\/i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2002. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Briggs, Asa, and Peter Burke. <i>A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet<\/i>. Cambridge: Polity, 2009. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Brummett, Barry. <i>Rhetoric in Popular Culture<\/i>. Fourth ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publ., 2015. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Click. Video Game. Digital image. MourgeFile. N.p., Sept. 2004. Web. 15 Dec. 2014.&lt;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/mrg.bz\/GseqfR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/mrg.bz\/GseqfR<\/a>&gt;.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Elliott, Deni. &#8220;Essential shared values and 21st century journalism.&#8221; <i>The handbook of mass media ethics<\/i> (2009): 28-39.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Fidler, Roger F. <i>Mediamorphosis Understanding New Medi<\/i>a. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge, 1997. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gerbner, George. &#8220;Epilogue: Advancing on the Path of Righteousness (Maybe).&#8221; <i>Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research<\/i>. By Nancy Signorielli and Michael Morgan. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1990. 249-62. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gordon, Daphne. &#8220;Redtailblogger: October 2004.&#8221; Redtailblogger: October 2004. <i>The Toronto Star<\/i>, 28 Jan. 2003. Web. 15 Oct. 2014.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Habermas, J\u00fcrgen. <i>The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society<\/i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1989. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Heisenberg, Werner. <i>The Physicist&#8217;s Conception of Nature<\/i>. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1958. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Heyman, Rob, and Jo Pierson. &#8220;Blending Mass Self-Communication With Advertising In Facebook And Linkedin: Challenges For Social Media And User Empowerment.&#8221; <i>International Journal Of Media &amp; Cultural Politics<\/i> 9.3 (2013): 229-245. Communication &amp; Mass Media Complete. Web. 15 Oct. 2014.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hinckley, David. &#8220;Average American Watches 5 Hours of TV per Day.&#8221; <i>NY Daily News<\/i>. N.p., 5 Mar. 2014. Web. 17 Dec. 2014.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Huston, Aletha C. <i>Big World, Small Screen: The Role of Television in American Society<\/i>. Lincoln: U of Nebraska, 1992. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Irvine, Martha. &#8220;Corporate America Tries-and Sometimes Fails-when Using Slang Aimed at Young People.&#8221; Editorial. <i>Gadsded Times<\/i> 13 Nov. 2002: A10. Gadsden Times &#8211; Google News Archive Search. Web. 15 Oct. 2014.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Jeffries, Leo W., and Richard M. Perloff. <i>Mass Media Effects<\/i>. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1997. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Jhally, Sut. <i>The Codes of Advertising: Fetishism and the Political Economy of Meaning in the Consumer Society<\/i>. New York: Routledge, 1990. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Johnsense. Magazine Stand. Digital image. Mourgefile.com. N.p., Sept. 2006. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. &lt;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/mrg.bz\/pdaDxR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/mrg.bz\/pdaDxR<\/a>&gt;.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kang, Minjeong. &#8220;Media Use and the Selective Individual.&#8221; <i>Communication Theories for Everyday Life<\/i>. By John R. Baldwin, Stephen D. Perry, and Mary Anne Moffitt. Boston: Pearson\/Allyn and Bacon, 2004. 201-11. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Katz, Elihu, and Paul F. Lazarsfeld. <i>Personal Influence; the Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications<\/i>. Glencoe, IL: Free, 1955. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kilbourne, Jean. <i>Deadly Persuasion: Why Women and Girls Must Fight the Addictive Power of Advertising<\/i>. New York, NY: Free, 1999. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Klapper, Joseph T. <i>The Effects of Mass Communication<\/i>. New York: Free of Glencoe, 1960. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lazarfeld, Paul F., and Robert K. Merton. &#8220;Mass Communication, Popular Taste, and Organized Social Action.&#8221; <i>The Process and Effects of Mass Communication<\/i>. By Wilbur Schramm and Donald F. Roberts. Urbana: U of Illinois, 1971. 554-78. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. <i>The People&#8217;s Choice How the Voter Makes up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign<\/i>. New York: Columbia U Pr., 1944. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lee, Vanna. &#8220;Global 2000: The World&#8217;s Largest Media Companies Of 2014.&#8221; Forbes. <i>Forbes Magazine<\/i>, 07 May 2015. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LeFleur, Melvin L. &#8220;Where Have the Milestones Gone? The Decline of Significant Research on the Process and Effects of Mass Communication.&#8221; <i>Mass Communication &amp; Society<\/i>. 2nd ed. Vol. 1.1. Boston: College of Communication, Boston U, 1998. 85-98. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lippmann, Walter. <i>Public Opinion<\/i>. New York: Greenbook Publications, 2010. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Littlejohn, Stephen W., and Karen A. Foss. <i>Theories of Human Communication<\/i>. 10th ed. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland, 2011. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lowery, Shearon, and Melvin L. DeFleur. <i>Milestones in Mass Communication Research Media Effects<\/i>. 3rd ed. White Plains, N.Y.: Longman USA, 1995. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lutz, Ashley. &#8220;These 6 Corporations Control 90% Of The Media In America.&#8221; <i>Business Insider<\/i>. Business Insider, Inc, 14 June 2012. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McChesney, Robert Waterman. <i>Corporate Media and the Threat to Democracy<\/i>. New York: Seven Stories, 1997. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mcleary, Paul., \u201cBlogging the Long War.\u201d <i>Columbia Journalism Review<\/i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Aug. 2015.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McLuhan, Marshall. <i>The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man<\/i>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McLuhan, Marshall. U<i>nderstanding Media: The Extensions of Man<\/i>. London: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul, 1964. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McLuhan, Marshall, and Quentin Fiore. <i>The Medium Is the Massage<\/i>. New York: Random House, 1967. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McLuhan, Marshall. <i>Essential McLuhan<\/i>. Ed. Eric McLuhan and Frank Zingrone. New York, NY: Basic, 1995. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McQuail, Denis. &#8220;With the Benefit of Hindsight: Reflections on Uses and Gratifications Research.&#8221; <i>Critical Studies in Mass Communication<\/i>,1984. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McQuail, Denis. (1994). <i>Mass Communication: An Introduction<\/i> (2nd). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">&#8220;Mobile Technology Fact Sheet.&#8221; <i>Pew Research Centers Internet American Life Project<\/i> RSS. Pew Research Center, 27 Dec. 2013. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Nellis, B. Kelly \u201cTechnology and Social Change: The Interactive Media Environment.\u201d In J. Baldwin, S. Perry, &amp; M. Moffat (Eds.). <i>Communication Theories for Everyday Life<\/i> 244-258. New York: Pearson. 2004. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">&#8220;Newswire .&#8221; Nielsen Estimates 116.3 Million TV Homes In the U.S., Up 0.4%. Nielson, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2014<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">O\u2019Sullivan, Patrick. B. (2003). \u201cMasspersonal Communication.&#8221; Unpublished Paper, Illinois State University. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Paul, Bryant., Salwen, Micheal., &amp; Dupagne, Micheal. (2000). &#8220;The Third-person Effect: A Meta-analysis of the Perceptual Hypothesis.&#8221; <i>Mass Communication &amp; Society<\/i>, 3, 57-85.&#8221; Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Potter, W. James. (1998). <i>Media Literacy<\/i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.&#8221; Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Quicksandala. Beachfront newspaper stand. Digital image. Mourgefile.com. N.p., Oct. 2013. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. &lt;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/mrg.bz\/VFLOIq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/mrg.bz\/VFLOIq<\/a>&gt;.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Romero, Aaron. A. (2003). &#8220;Identity: Collectivity and the Self in IRC.&#8221; <i>PsychNology Journal<\/i>, 1 (2), 87-130.&#8221; Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sanders, J. (2003, January 19). &#8220;Advertisers, the Middle-aged Dis Youth with Slang.&#8221; <i>The San Francisco Chronicle<\/i>. Retrieved March 10, 2003 from Lexis-Nexis Database.&#8221; Print<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Schramm, Wilbur. <i>Mass Communications: A Book of Readings Selected and Edited by the Director of the Institute for Communication Research at Stanford University<\/i>. Urbana: U of Illinois, 1949. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Smith, Bruce Lannes, Harold D. Lasswell, and Ralph D. Casey. <i>Propaganda, Communication, and Public Opinion; a Comprehensive Reference Guide<\/i>. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1946. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sparks, Glenn G., and Robert M. Ogles. &#8220;The Difference between Fear of Victimization and the Probability of Being Victimized: Implications for Cultivation.&#8221;<i>Journal of Broadcasting &amp; Electronic Media<\/i> 34.3 (1990): 351-58. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Spitulnik, Debra. &#8220;The Social Circulation of Media Discourse and the Mediation of Communities.&#8221; <i>Journal of Linguistic Anthropology<\/i> 6.2 (1996): 161-87. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Steinberg, S H, and John Trevitt. <i>Five Hundred Years of Printing<\/i>. London: British Library, 1996. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Troldahl, Verling C. &#8220;A Field Test of a Modified &#8220;Two-Step Flow of Communication&#8221; Model.&#8221; <i>Public Opinion Quarterly<\/i> 30.4 (1966): 609-29. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Troldahl, Verling C., and Robert Van Dam. &#8220;Face-To-Face Communication About Major Topics in the News.&#8221; <i>Public Opinion Quarterly<\/i> 29.4 (1965): 626-34. Print.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">WGBH\/Frontline. &#8220;Interview: Ben Bagdikian.&#8221; PBS. PBS, 1999. Web. 15 Dec. 2014.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Wiio, Osmo. 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