Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Chemical Substances at 25°C

Substance	ΔH_f° (kJ/mol)	ΔG_f° (kJ/mol)	S° (J/mol K)
Aluminum:
Al(s)	0.0	0.0	28.3
Al(g)	330.0	289.4	164.6
AlCl₃(s)	−704.2	−628.8	109.3
Al₂O₃(s)	−1675.7	−1582.3	50.9
Barium:
Ba(s)	0.0	0.0	62.5
Ba(g)	180.0	146.0	170.2
BaO(s)	−548.0	−520.3	72.1
BaCO₃(s)	−1213.0	−1134.4	112.1
BaSO₄(s)	−1473.2	−1362.2	132.2
Beryllium:
Be(s)	0.0	0.0	9.5
Be(g)	324.0	286.6	136.3
Be(OH)₂(s)	−902.5	−815.0	45.5
BeO(s)	−609.4	−580.1	13.8
Bismuth:
Bi(s)	0.0	0.0	56.7
Bi(g)	207.1	168.2	187.0
Bromine:
Br(g)	111.9	82.4	175.0
Br₂(l)	0.0	0.0	152.2
Br⁻(aq)	−121.6	−104.0	82.4
Br₂(g)	30.9	3.1	245.5
HBr(g)	−36.3	−53.4	198.7
HBr(aq)	−121.6	−104.0	82.4
Cadmium:
Cd(s)	0.0	0.0	51.8
Cd(g)	111.8	—	167.7
CdCl₂(s)	−391.5	−343.9	115.3
CdS(s)	−161.9	−156.5	64.9
Calcium:
Ca(s)	0.0	0.0	41.6
Ca(g)	177.8	144.0	154.9
CaCl₂(s)	−795.4	−748.8	108.4
CaF₂(s)	−1228.0	−1175.6	68.5
Ca(OH)₂(s)	−985.2	−897.5	83.4
CaO(s)	−634.9	−603.3	38.1
CaSO₄(s)	−1434.5	−1322.0	106.5
CaCO₃(s, calcite)	−1207.6	−1129.1	91.7
CaCO₃(s, aragonite)	−1207.8	−1128.2	88.0
Carbon:
C(s, graphite)	0.0	0.0	5.7
C(s, diamond)	1.9	2.9	2.4
C(s, fullerene—C₆₀)	2327.0	2302.0	426.0
C(s, fullerene—C₇₀)	2555.0	2537.0	464.0
C(g)	716.7	671.3	158.1
C(g, fullerene—C₆₀)	2502.0	2442.0	544.0
C(g, fullerene—C₇₀)	2755.0	2692.0	614.0
CBr₄(s)	29.4	47.7	212.5
CBr₄(g)	83.9	67.0	358.1
CCl₂F₂(g)	−477.4	−439.4	300.8
CCl₂O(g)	−219.1	−204.9	283.5
CCl₄(l)	−128.2	−62.6	216.2
CCl₄(g)	−95.7	−53.6	309.9
CF₄(g)	−933.6	−888.3	261.6
CHCl₃(l)	−134.1	−73.7	201.7
CHCl₃(g)	−102.7	6.0	295.7
CH₂Cl₂(l)	−124.2	—	177.8
CH₂Cl₂(g)	−95.4	−68.9	270.2
CH₃Cl(g)	−81.9	−58.5	234.6
CH₄(g)	−74.6	−50.5	186.3
CH₃COOH(l)	−484.3	−389.9	159.8
CH₃OH(l)	−239.2	−166.6	126.8
CH₃OH(g)	−201.0	−162.3	239.9
CH₃NH₂(l)	−47.3	35.7	150.2
CH₃NH₂(g)	−22.5	32.7	242.9
CH₃CN(l)	40.6	86.5	149.6
CH₃CN(g)	74.0	91.9	243.4
CO(g)	−110.5	−137.2	197.7
CO₂(g)	−393.5	−394.4	213.8
CS₂(l)	89.0	64.6	151.3
CS₂(g)	116.7	67.1	237.8
C₂H₂(g)	227.4	209.9	200.9
C₂H₄(g)	52.4	68.4	219.3
C₂H₆(g)	−84.0	−32.0	229.2
C₃H₈(g)	−103.8	−23.4	270.3
C₃H₆O₃(s) (lactic acid)	−694.1	−522.9	142.3
C₆H₆(l)	49.1	124.5	173.4
C₆H₆(g)	82.9	129.7	269.2
C₆H₁₂O₆(s) (glucose)	−1273.3	−910.4	212.1
C₂H₅OH(l)	−277.6	−174.8	160.7
C₂H₅OH(g)	−234.8	−167.9	281.6
(CH₃)₂O(l)	−203.3	—	—
(CH₃)₂O(g)	−184.1	−112.6	266.4
CH₃CO₂⁻(aq)	−486.0	−369.3	86.6
n-C₁₂H₂₆(l) (dodecane)	−350.9	28.1	490.6
Cesium:
Cs(s)	0.0	0.0	85.2
Cs(g)	76.5	49.6	175.6
CsCl(s)	−443.0	−414.5	101.2
Chlorine:
Cl(g)	121.3	105.3	165.2
Cl₂(g)	0.0	0.0	223.1
Cl⁻(aq)	−167.2	−131.2	56.5
HCl(g)	−92.3	−95.3	186.9
HCl(aq)	−167.2	−131.2	56.5
ClF₃(g)	−163.2	−123.0	281.6
Chromium:
Cr(s)	0.0	0.0	23.8
Cr(g)	396.6	351.8	174.5
CrCl₃(s)	−556.5	−486.1	123.0
CrO₃(g)	−292.9	—	266.2
Cr₂O₃(s)	−1139.7	−1058.1	81.2
Cobalt:
Co(s)	0.0	0.0	30.0
Co(g)	424.7	380.3	179.5
CoCl₂(s)	−312.5	−269.8	109.2
Copper:
Cu(s)	0.0	0.0	33.2
Cu(g)	337.4	297.7	166.4
CuCl(s)	−137.2	−119.9	86.2
CuCl₂(s)	−220.1	−175.7	108.1
CuO(s)	−157.3	−129.7	42.6
Cu₂O(s)	−168.6	−146.0	93.1
CuS(s)	−53.1	−53.6	66.5
Cu₂S(s)	−79.5	−86.2	120.9
CuCN(s)	96.2	111.3	84.5
Fluorine:
F(g)	79.4	62.3	158.8
F⁻(aq)	−332.6	−278.8	−13.8
F₂(g)	0.0	0.0	202.8
HF(g)	−273.3	−275.4	173.8
HF(aq)	−332.6	−278.8	−13.8
Hydrogen:
H(g)	218.0	203.3	114.7
H₂(g)	0.0	0.0	130.7
H⁺(aq)	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iodine:
I(g)	106.8	70.2	180.8
I⁻(aq)	−55.2	−51.6	111.3
I₂(s)	0.0	0.0	116.1
I₂(g)	62.4	19.3	260.7
HI(g)	26.5	1.7	206.6
HI(aq)	−55.2	−51.6	111.3
Iron:
Fe(s)	0.0	0.0	27.3
Fe(g)	416.3	370.7	180.5
Fe²⁺(aq)	−89.1	−78.9	−137.7
Fe³⁺(aq)	−48.5	−4.7	−315.9
FeCl₂(s)	−341.8	−302.3	118.0
FeCl₃(s)	−399.5	−334.0	142.3
FeO(s)	−272.0	−251.4	60.7
Fe₂O₃(s)	−824.2	−742.2	87.4
Fe₃O₄(s)	−1118.4	−1015.4	146.4
FeS₂(s)	−178.2	−166.9	52.9
FeCO₃(s)	−740.6	−666.7	92.9
Lead:
Pb(s)	0.0	0.0	64.8
Pb(g)	195.2	162.2	175.4
PbO(s, red or litharge)	−219.0	−188.9	66.5
PbO(s, yellow or massicot)	−217.3	−187.9	68.7
PbO₂(s)	−277.4	−217.3	68.6
PbCl₂(s)	−359.4	−314.1	136.0
PbS(s)	−100.4	−98.7	91.2
PbSO₄(s)	−920.0	−813.0	148.5
PbCO₃(s)	−699.1	−625.5	131.0
Pb(NO₃)₂(s)	−451.9	—	—
Pb(NO₃)₂(aq)	−416.3	−246.9	303.3
Lithium:
Li(s)	0.0	0.0	29.1
Li(g)	159.3	126.6	138.8
Li⁺(aq)	−278.5	−293.3	13.4
LiCl(s)	−408.6	−384.4	59.3
Li₂O(s)	−597.9	−561.2	37.6
Magnesium:
Mg(s)	0.0	0.0	32.7
Mg(g)	147.1	112.5	148.6
MgCl₂(s)	−641.3	−591.8	89.6
MgO(s)	−601.6	−569.3	27.0
Mg(OH)₂(s)	−924.5	−833.5	63.2
MgSO₄(s)	−1284.9	−1170.6	91.6
MgS(s)	−346.0	−341.8	50.3
Manganese:
Mn(s)	0.0	0.0	32.0
Mn(g)	280.7	238.5	173.7
MnCl₂(s)	−481.3	−440.5	118.2
MnO(s)	−385.2	−362.9	59.7
MnO₂(s)	−520.0	−465.1	53.1
KMnO₄(s)	−837.2	−737.6	171.7
MnO₄⁻(aq)	−541.4	−447.2	191.2
Mercury:
Hg(l)	0.0	0.0	75.9
Hg(g)	61.4	31.8	175.0
HgCl₂(s)	−224.3	−178.6	146.0
Hg₂Cl₂(s)	−265.4	−210.7	191.6
HgO(s)	−90.8	−58.5	70.3
HgS(s, red)	−58.2	−50.6	82.4
Hg₂(g)	108.8	68.2	288.1
Molybdenum:
Mo(s)	0.0	0.0	28.7
Mo(g)	658.1	612.5	182.0
MoO₂(s)	−588.9	−533.0	46.3
MoO₃(s)	−745.1	−668.0	77.7
Nickel:
Ni(s)	0.0	0.0	29.9
Ni(g)	429.7	384.5	182.2
NiCl₂(s)	−305.3	−259.0	97.7
Ni(OH)₂(s)	−529.7	−447.2	88.0
Nitrogen:
N(g)	472.7	455.5	153.3
N₂(g)	0.0	0.0	191.6
NH₃(g)	−45.9	−16.4	192.8
NH₄⁺(aq)	−132.5	−79.3	113.4
N₂H₄(l)	50.6	149.3	121.2
N₂H₄(g)	95.4	159.4	238.5
NH₄Cl(s)	−314.4	−202.9	94.6
NH₄OH(l)	−361.2	−254.0	165.6
NH₄NO₃(s)	−365.6	−183.9	151.1
(NH₄)₂SO₄(s)	−1180.9	−901.7	220.1
NO(g)	91.3	87.6	210.8
NO₂(g)	33.2	51.3	240.1
N₂O(g)	81.6	103.7	220.0
N₂O₄(l)	−19.5	97.5	209.2
N₂O₄(g)	11.1	99.8	304.4
HNO₂(g)	−79.5	−46.0	254.1
HNO₃(l)	−174.1	−80.7	155.6
HNO₃(g)	−133.9	−73.5	266.9
HNO₃(aq)	−207.4	−111.3	146.4
NF₃(g)	−132.1	−90.6	260.8
HCN(l)	108.9	125.0	112.8
HCN(g)	135.1	124.7	201.8
Osmium:
Os(s)	0.0	0.0	32.6
Os(g)	791.0	745.0	192.6
OsO₄(s)	−394.1	−304.9	143.9
OsO₄(g)	−337.2	−292.8	293.8
Oxygen:
O(g)	249.2	231.7	161.1
O₂(g)	0.0	0.0	205.2
O₃(g)	142.7	163.2	238.9
OH⁻(aq)	−230.0	−157.2	−10.8
H₂O(l)	−285.8	−237.1	70.0
H₂O(g)	−241.8	−228.6	188.8
H₂O₂(l)	−187.8	−120.4	109.6
H₂O₂(g)	−136.3	−105.6	232.7
Phosphorus:
P(s, white)	0.0	0.0	41.1
P(s, red) −17.6	−17.6	−12.5	22.8
P(s, black)	−39.3	—	—
P(g, white)	316.5	280.1	163.2
P₂(g)	144.0	103.5	218.1
P₄(g)	58.9	24.4	280.0
PCl₃(l)	−319.7	−272.3	217.1
PCl₃(g)	−287.0	−267.8	311.8
POCl₃(l)	−597.1	−520.8	222.5
POCl₃(g)	−558.5	−512.9	325.5
PCl₅(g)	−374.9	−305.0	364.6
PH₃(g)	5.4	13.5	210.2
H₃PO₄(s)	−1284.4	−1124.3	110.5
H₃PO₄(l)	−1271.7	−1123.6	150.8
Potassium:
K(s)	0.0	0.0	64.7
K(g)	89.0	60.5	160.3
KBr(s)	−393.8	−380.7	95.9
KCl(s)	−436.5	−408.5	82.6
KClO₃(s)	−397.7	−296.3	143.1
K₂O(s)	−361.5	−322.1	94.1
K₂O₂(s)	−494.1	−425.1	102.1
KNO₂(s)	−369.8	−306.6	152.1
KNO₃(s)	−494.6	−394.9	133.1
KSCN(s)	−200.2	−178.3	124.3
K₂CO₃(s)	−1151.0	−1063.5	155.5
K₂SO₄(s)	−1437.8	−1321.4	175.6
Rubidium:
Rb(s)	0.0	0.0	76.8
Rb(g)	80.9	53.1	170.1
RbCl(s)	−435.4	−407.8	95.9
Selenium:
Se(s, gray)	0.0	0.0	42.4
Se(g, gray)	227.1	187.0	176.7
H₂Se(g)	29.7	15.9	219.0
Silicon:
Si(s)	0.0	0.0	18.8
Si(g)	450.0	405.5	168.0
SiCl₄(l)	−687.0	−619.8	239.7
SiCl₄(g)	−657.0	−617.0	330.7
SiH₄(g)	34.3	56.9	204.6
SiC(s, cubic)	−65.3	−62.8	16.6
SiC(s, hexagonal)	−62.8	−60.2	16.5
Silver:
Ag(s)	0.0	0.0	42.6
Ag(g)	284.9	246.0	173.0
Ag⁺(aq)	105.6	77.1	72.7
AgBr(s)	−100.4	−96.9	107.1
AgCl(s)	−127.0	−109.8	96.3
AgNO₃(s)	−124.4	−33.4	140.9
Ag₂O(s)	−31.1	−11.2	121.3
Ag₂S(s)	−32.6	−40.7	144.0
Sodium:
Na(s)	0.0	0.0	51.3
Na(g)	107.5	77.0	153.7
Na⁺(aq)	−240.1	−261.9	59.0
NaF(s)	−576.6	−546.3	51.1
NaF(aq)	−572.8	−540.7	45.2
NaCl(s)	−411.2	−384.1	72.1
NaCl(aq)	−407.3	−393.1	115.5
NaBr(s)	−361.1	−349.0	86.8
NaBr(g)	−143.1	−177.1	241.2
NaBr(aq)	−361.7	−365.8	141.4
NaO₂(s)	−260.2	−218.4	115.9
Na₂O(s)	−414.2	−375.5	75.1
Na₂O₂(s)	−510.9	−447.7	95.0
NaCN(s)	−87.5	−76.4	115.6
NaNO₃(aq)	−447.5	−373.2	205.4
NaNO₃(s)	−467.9	−367.0	116.5
NaN₃(s)	21.7	93.8	96.9
Na₂CO₃(s)	−1130.7	−1044.4	135.0
Na₂SO₄(s)	−1387.1	−1270.2	149.6
Sulfur:
S(s, rhombic)	0.0	0.0	32.1
S(g, rhombic)	277.2	236.7	167.8
SO₂(g)	−296.8	−300.1	248.2
SO₃(g)	−395.7	−371.1	256.8
SO₄²⁻(aq)	−909.3	−744.5	20.1
SOCl₂(g)	−212.5	−198.3	309.8
H₂S(g)	−20.6	−33.4	205.8
H₂SO₄(aq)	−909.3	−744.5	20.1
Tin:
Sn(s, white)	0.0	0.0	51.2
Sn(s, gray)	−2.1	0.1	44.1
Sn(g, white)	301.2	266.2	168.5
SnCl₄(l)	−511.3	−440.1	258.6
SnCl₄(g)	−471.5	−432.2	365.8
SnO₂(s)	−557.6	−515.8	49.0
Titanium:
Ti(s)	0.0	0.0	30.7
Ti(g)	473.0	428.4	180.3
TiCl₂(s)	−513.8	−464.4	87.4
TiCl₃(s)	−720.9	−653.5	139.7
TiCl₄(l)	−804.2	−737.2	252.3
TiCl₄(g)	−763.2	−726.3	353.2
TiO₂(s)	−944.0	−888.8	50.6
Uranium:
U(s)	0.0	0.0	50.2
U(g)	533.0	488.4	199.8
UO₂(s)	−1085.0	−1031.8	77.0
UO₂(g)	−465.7	−471.5	274.6
UF₄(s)	−1914.2	−1823.3	151.7
UF₄(g)	−1598.7	−1572.7	368.0
UF₆(s)	−2197.0	−2068.5	227.6
UF₆(g)	−2147.4	−2063.7	377.9
Vanadium:
V(s)	0.0	0.0	28.9
V(g)	514.2	754.4	182.3
VCl₃(s)	−580.7	−511.2	131.0
VCl₄(l)	−569.4	−503.7	255.0
VCl₄(g)	−525.5	−492.0	362.4
V₂O₅(s)	−1550.6	−1419.5	131.0
Zinc:
Zn(s)	0.0	0.0	41.6
Zn(g)	130.4	94.8	161.0
ZnCl₂(s)	−415.1	−369.4	111.5
Zn(NO₃)₂(s)	−483.7	—	—
ZnS(s, sphalerite)	−206.0	−201.3	57.7
ZnSO₄(s)	−982.8	−871.5	110.5
Zirconium:
Zr(s)	0.0	0.0	39.0
Zr(g)	608.8	566.5	181.4
ZrCl₂(s)	−502.0	−386	110
ZrCl₄(s)	−980.5	−889.9	181.6

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Original Source of data: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,84th Edition (2004).